美國兒童和青少年的肥胖盛行率呈現持續上升的趨勢，其中青少年的肥胖盛行率皆高於學齡兒童。青少年肥胖短期的影響可能會有社交與人際關係的問題；長期則可能增加罹患慢性疾病的風險，進而對健康產生持久的影響。除此之外，青少年憂鬱症是一個經常被低估的主要心理健康問題，可能導致自我價值感下降，感到無助、絕望，進而產生自殺的念頭。隨著母親的勞動參與率逐年提高，因為工作而遠離孩子的時間可能會抵消就業所帶來的好處，過去文獻多研究母親對孩子的影響多為學齡兒童階段，且大多著重在體重的部分，本文則根據母親在孩子不同年齡下的就業時間點，探討與其青少年時期孩子身體及心理健康狀況之間的關聯。
本文使用美國全國青少年追蹤調查 (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, NLSY)的數據，在多個群體資料中，母親的資料採用NLSY79，孩子的資料採用NLSY79 Children/Young Adults (2004 – 2014，共六波)，並對母親與孩子資料加以串檔。母親就業時間點為孩子7歲、11歲、15歲、17或18歲時，身體健康使用BMI及是否過重進行評斷，心理健康則是採用憂鬱量表(Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression, CES-D) 衡量分數以及是否變為憂鬱高風險人口。
模型使用普通最小平方法 (OLS) 及二元機率模型 (Probit Model) 分析母親就業下的青少年，結果發現，母親在孩子國小後期 (11歲) 從事非白班工作對青少年心理健康的負面影響主要發生在女性樣本中，與憂鬱量表的分數增加及傾向成為高憂鬱風險人口有關；母親在孩子開始就讀小學時 (7歲) 平均每週多工作一小時對青少年身體健康的負面影響則發生在男性樣本中，與BMI提高及過重機率增加有關。不同工作形態下的長期效果發現，母親在孩子7歲至17歲持續從事晚班工作與男性及女性青少年過重機率降低、BMI減少有關；從事夜班工作對則是與男性青少年過重機率提高，女性青少年CES-D分數增加有關；選擇其他或不規則的工作型態與男性青少年 CES-D分數增加以及傾向變為高憂鬱風險人口有關。

The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents in the United States has shown a continuous upward trend, and the prevalence of obesity among adolescents is higher than that of school-age children. The short-term effects of obesity in adolescents may be social and interpersonal problems; the long-term may increase the risk of chronic diseases, which can have lasting effects on health. Beyond that, adolescent depression is an often underestimated major mental health problem that can lead to a decreased sense of self-worth, feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and suicidal thoughts. As the labor force participation rate of maternal increases year by year, the time away from children due to work may offset employment benefits. In the past, most studies have studied the influence of maternal on children, mostly in the school-age stage, and most of them focus on weight. This paper explores the relationship between maternal employment and adolescents' physical and psychological health, according to the time point of maternal employment at different ages of children.
This research uses data drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). It chooses one of the cohorts to represent the mother NLSY79, NLSY79 Children/Young Adults represent the child, and connect them. The maternal employment time point is when the child is 7, 11, 15, 17 or 18 years old. BMI measures physical health and whether one is overweight. Mental health is measured by the Depression Scale (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression, CES-D). It provides the score, which also determines whether one becomes a population at high risk for depression.
The result indicates that the adverse impact of the maternal non-regular day schedules on the mental health of the adolescents in the school-age children mainly occurred in the female sample, which was related to the increase in the scores on the depression scale and the tendency to be a high-risk population for depression. The negative impact of maternal working an average of one hour more per week when their children start elementary school on adolescents' physical health occurs in male samples. It was associated with increased BMI and the probability of being overweight. 
The long-term effects of different work forms indicate that the mother who continues to work evening shifts from her child’s age of 7 to 17 was associated with lower odds of being overweight and BMI in male and female adolescents; night shift work is associated with a greater likelihood of being overweight in male adolescents and increased CES-D scores in female adolescents; choosing other or irregular job types is associated with increased CES-D scores of male adolescents and a propensity to become a population with a high risk of depression.

目錄
第一章	緒論	1
第二章	文獻回顧	3
第一節	標準上班時間表與平均一週工作時數	3
第二節	母親就業與孩子身體健康	4
第三節	母親就業與孩子心理健康	5
第四節	影響母親就業與孩子身心健康的因素	6
第三章	資料	8
第一節	資料來源	8
第二節	樣本篩選	9
第三節	變數定義	10
第四節	敘述統計	15
第四章	實證模型設定與結果	21
第一節	實證模型設定	21
第二節	母親平均一週工作時數與青少年身體健康的關聯	22
第三節	母親平均一週工作時數與青少年心理健康的關聯	29
第四節	母親從事非白班工作與青少年身體健康的關聯	37
第五節	母親從事非白班工作與青少年心理健康的關聯	46
第六節	母親就業型態的長期效果	52
第五章	結論	58
參考文獻	60

表目錄
表 1 母親在孩子不同年齡下就業狀況 敘述統計表(全體)	17
表 2 母親在孩子不同年齡下就業狀況 敘述統計表(男性)	17
表 3 母親在孩子不同年齡下就業狀況 敘述統計表(女性)	17
表 4 孩子身體與心理的健康狀況與其他控制變數(全體)	18
表 5 孩子身體與心理的健康狀況與其他控制變數(男性)	19
表 6 孩子身體與心理的健康狀況與其他控制變數(女性)	20
表 7 母親平均一週工作時數與青少年BMI的關聯 － OLS	24
表 8 母親平均一週工作時數與青少年過重的關聯 － Probit model	27
表 9 母親平均一週工作時數與青少年CES-D分數的關聯 － OLS	31
表 10 母親平均一週工作時數與青少年CES-D分數的關聯 － 交乘項	33
表 11 母親平均一週工作時數與青少年CES-D的關聯 － Probit model	35
表 12 母親從事非白班工作與青少年BMI的關聯 – OLS	39
表 13 母親從事非白班工作與青少年BMI的關聯 – 交乘項	42
表 14 母親從事非白班工作與青少年過重的關聯 － Probit model	44
表 15 母親從事非白班工作與青少年CES-D分數的關聯 － OLS	47
表 16 母親從事非白班工作與青少年CES-D的關聯 － Probit model	50
表 17 母親不同工作形態下與青少年身心健康的關聯 － OLS	54
表 18 母親不同工作形態下與青少年身心健康的關聯 － Probit model	56

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