自1990年代初期脫離蘇聯後，愛沙尼亞便開始推動數位政策，逐步構建全球領先的數位政府。儘管愛沙尼亞是小國，但在全球數位政策領域中，已成為先驅，尤其在數位身分證、網路投票與網路安全三大關鍵領域，展示其科技創新與影響力。
詳細考察愛沙尼亞的地理背景、經濟改革和政治轉型，並深入探討數位政策的發展歷程。案例分析聚焦於數位身分證的技術實施、網路投票系統的運作、2017年ROCA漏洞事件及2007年網路攻擊對愛沙尼亞及北約網路安全政策的影響，剖析愛沙尼亞在推動歐盟數位政策中的作用。
愛沙尼亞透過數位政策和創新技術成功實現國家治理的現代化，提升政府的效率和透明度，及該國在數位治理和網路安全方面的領導地位。此外，愛沙尼亞在應對網路威脅和促進歐盟數位政策的過程中展現的能力，亦反映其作為小國在國際舞台上的重要影響力。由於愛沙尼亞的數位政策全球領先，且發展較早，X-Road系統相對顯得陳舊，也是否有其他因素影響選民使用網路投票意願，值得關注。

Since breaking away from the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, Estonia has been actively promoting digital policies, gradually building a world-leading digital government. Despite being a small country, Estonia has become a pioneer in global digital policy, particularly demonstrating its technological innovation and influence in three key areas: digital identity cards, online voting, and cybersecurity.
A detailed examination of Estonia's geographical background, economic reforms, and political transformation is required to deeply explore the development of its digital policies. Case studies focus on the technical implementation of digital identity cards, the operation of the online voting system, the 2017 ROCA vulnerability incident, and the impact of the 2007 cyber-attacks on Estonia and NATO's cybersecurity policies, analyzing Estonia's role in advancing EU digital policies.
Through digital policies and innovative technologies, Estonia has successfully modernized national governance, enhancing government efficiency and transparency, as well as its leadership in digital governance and cybersecurity. Furthermore, Estonia's ability to address cyber threats and promote EU digital policies reflects its significant influence on the international stage despite being a small country. Given Estonia's leading and early developed digital policies, the X-Road system appears relatively outdated, and whether there are other factors affecting voter willingness to use online voting remains a point of interest.

第一章	緒論	1
第一節	研究動機與研究目的	1
第二節	研究途徑與方法	3
第三節	文獻回顧	7
第四節	研究範圍與研究限制	20
第五節	研究架構與章節安排	22
第二章	愛沙尼亞數位政策起源與進程	27
第一節	愛沙尼亞歷史地理	27
第二節	經濟改革與政治轉型	31
第三節	轉型策略與教育創新	33
第四節	愛沙尼亞數位政策發展歷程	36
第五節	小結	40
第三章	愛沙尼亞的數位身分證	41
第一節 愛沙尼亞數位身分證之背景	42
第二節 數位身分證發展與評估	45
第三節 數位身分證的技術與應用	52
第四節2017年ROCA漏洞	60
第五節 小結	66
第四章	愛沙尼亞的網路投票	69
第一節 背景及法律評析	70
第二節 網路投票發展與評估	80
第三節 投票程序與驗證機制	90
第四節 網路投票之安全漏洞	96
第五節 小結	101
第五章	愛沙尼亞的網路策略	103
第一節2007年網路攻擊案例起因	104
第二節2007年網路攻擊之解決辦法	108
第三節 愛沙尼亞網路治理之影響	110
第四節 北約網路政策之影響	118
第五節 小結	124
第六章 愛沙尼亞與歐盟	127
第一節 歐盟數位政策及愛沙尼亞的角色	128
第二節 小國影響力	131
第三節 輪值主席國職能及愛沙尼亞之背景	135
第四節 愛沙尼亞擔任輪值主席國之作為	143
第五節 小結	148
第七章 結論	151
第一節 研究發現	152
第二節 後續研究建議	154
參考文獻	159

圖 1-1論文架構	25
圖2-1愛沙尼亞地圖	28
圖3-1愛沙尼亞身分證	48
圖3-2 愛沙尼亞數位身分證	49
圖3-4 愛沙尼亞人口與身分證統計趨勢（2003-2016年）	58
圖3-5 愛沙尼亞各年齡組人口比例與有效身分證分佈情況	59
圖4-1 愛沙尼亞網路投票之變化趨勢（2005-2019年）	86
圖4-2雙信封之投票之流程	91
圖4-3 IVXV系統之流程	92
圖5-1 在俄文論壇中，對愛沙尼亞網站發起網路攻擊之指南	106

表2-1愛沙尼亞數位化政府數位措施之時間軸	37
表3-1愛沙尼亞數位身分認證發展之時間軸	        51
表3-2愛沙尼亞政府應對ROCA漏洞之時間軸	63

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（六）檔案資料
張福昌，〈歐盟政治制度與組織運作〉，《110學年度第1學期淡江大學歐洲研究所碩士班課程資料》，2021 年 9 月 22 日，頁25。

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