本論文是受到女性主義，後殖民主義，生態批評，批判性植物和動物研究(Critical Plant Studies, Critical Animal Studies)的學者們的啟發，來自他們對於壓迫和受苦的根源的研究。 這篇論文將著重於多個少數族群和有關於他們的書寫。 所謂的少數族群是指那些受到了父權、殖民主義或者物種歧視者的制度壓迫和貶低的族群。 所謂的物種其事者是指認為人類比其他物種更優等且更有資格優先的獲取地球上的資源，另一個說法是人類例外論。 本文中所著重討論的少數族裔為非裔美國人、波多黎各人、北美原住民、北海道的愛奴人、澳洲原住民和女性。 非人類的動物和植物的群體在是如何在人類的群體之中被歸做少數群體。 除此之外我也會談到卡累利阿人(Karelian)。  在二次世界大戰之前，布爾什維克黨(馬克思列寧主義)試圖要從根本上解決族裔間的問題，並且有些情況下成功了，有些情況下失敗了，甚至之後在泛俄羅斯的思想下復闢了帝國主義。 本論文中也試圖去探討為什麼壓迫的系統是無法輕易的根除的，根據這個問題，我會提供一些批判性動植物研究的論點，因為這相關的論點並沒有如期他的理論，像是馬克思主義、女性主義、生態批評和後殖民主義那樣知名。

This thesis is inspired by feminist, postcolonial, ecocritical, critical plant studies, and critical animal studies scholars’ efforts to understand sources of suffering and oppression. I focus on several minority groups and write about them through a reading of literary texts. By minority groups, I mean groups who have been oppressed and debased under patriarchal, colonialist, or speciesist regimes. speciesism refers to the idea that humans are superior to other beings and deserve first right of access to the planet. Another term for this is human exceptionalism.  The human minority groups that I focus on are African Americans, Puerto Ricans, Native Americans, the Ainu people of Hokkaido, First Nations Australians, and women. I also discuss (nonhuman) animal and plant communities in the context of how they are minority populations in comparison with human populations. Also, I discuss the human minority of the Karelian people. Around the time prior to World War II, Bolshevik (Marxist-Leninist) revolutionaries tried to resolve the problems that minority groups of humans faced. In some cases, these revolutionaries succeeded. In other cases, they failed and even reinforced imperialism under the idea of a pan-Russia. My thesis also is aimed at asking why oppressive systems of governance are not easily rooted out. In asking this question I also will provide some further comments about critical animal studies and critical plant studies as these areas are not as well-known as or studied as much as the areas of Marxism, feminism, ecocriticism, and postcolonialism. 

Chapter 1 Introduction..............................................................1

Chapter 2..........................................................................13
    Part 1 Racism, Ethnocentrism, and  Colonialism.................................13

    Part 2 Orientalism, Male Chauvinism, and Colonialism...........................25 

    Part 3 Speciesism, Colonialism, and Eco-Colonialism............................41

Chapter 3 Conclusion...............................................................56

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