| 系統識別號 | U0002-2806202216520800 |
|---|---|
| DOI | 10.6846/TKU.2022.00808 |
| 論文名稱(中文) | 2000年到2020年間美國平面媒體上台灣相關報導的研究與探討 |
| 論文名稱(英文) | An Investigation of Taiwan Coverage in US Print Media: 2000-2020 |
| 第三語言論文名稱 | |
| 校院名稱 | 淡江大學 |
| 系所名稱(中文) | 臺灣與亞太研究全英語碩士學位學程 |
| 系所名稱(英文) | Master's Program in Taiwan and Asia-Pacific Studies, College of International Studies (English-Taught Program) |
| 外國學位學校名稱 | |
| 外國學位學院名稱 | |
| 外國學位研究所名稱 | |
| 學年度 | 110 |
| 學期 | 2 |
| 出版年 | 111 |
| 研究生(中文) | 波莎霞 |
| 研究生(英文) | Alexandra Porter |
| 學號 | 609245013 |
| 學位類別 | 碩士 |
| 語言別 | 英文 |
| 第二語言別 | |
| 口試日期 | 2022-06-13 |
| 論文頁數 | 134頁 |
| 口試委員 |
指導教授
-
馮慕文(faban.fonseca@gmail.com)
口試委員 - 陳小雀(luciachen0102@gmail.com ) 共同指導教授 - 李大中(126251@mail.tku.edu.tw) |
| 關鍵字(中) |
美國平面媒體 新聞趨勢 兩岸關係 美台關係 |
| 關鍵字(英) |
US print media News trends Cross-Strait relations US-Taiwan relations |
| 第三語言關鍵字 | |
| 學科別分類 | |
| 中文摘要 |
儘管和美國有著(非正式)密切的關係,台灣報導出現在美國新聞上頻率不一。截至目前為止,並無任何台灣在美國平面媒體上實際上有多少報導的相關研究,也沒有任何在特定的年份區間內觀察報導趨勢和內容的研究。而以這樣的方法做研究,其意義是非常重大的,因為媒體在形塑美國大眾意見和美國外交政策上扮演著關鍵性的角色。
這個研究將以兩個主要的階段進行來填補上面所述的研究空缺,同時,以英文撰寫可以更容易地被國際的讀者索閱覽。前述所提的兩個階段為:第一,它將會蒐集以及統計有關於台灣在2000年至2020年出現在美國平面媒體的報導趨勢的數據;它將會審視報導的數量和內容。第二,此研究將會以時事來探討和深入分析數據;它將會探討是否有某種可遵循的模式相應於美中台關係或其他政策的轉變。
|
| 英文摘要 |
Despite sharing a close (though unofficial) relationship with the United States, Taiwan has had varying levels of coverage in American news. To date, there have been no studies looking at exactly how much coverage Taiwan has had in American print media, and moreover, there have been no studies looking at the trends in coverage and content over time. This is a critical oversight because the media is an important actor in in shaping both US public opinion and US foreign policy. This study seeks to address this oversight by doing two things that have not yet been done in English for an international audience. First, it intends to generate data about trends in Taiwan coverage in US print media from 2000-2020. It will look at trends in both the amount of coverage over time and the content of the coverage. Second, this study intends to go deeper and analyze these trends based on the context in which they occur. It will attempt to examine if any patterns occur in response to changes in US-cross-strait relations or other policy shifts. |
| 第三語言摘要 | |
| 論文目次 |
Chapter I: Introduction......................1 Introduction.................................1 A Brief Introduction of Taiwan ..............1 Research Background and Motivations .........3 Research Objectives..........................9 Research Questions...........................10 Research Constraints.........................11 Conclusion ..................................12 Chapter II: Research Design .................13 Introduction.................................13 Theoretical Framework........................13 Literature Review............................16 Research Methods.............................22 Conclusion ..................................26 Chapter III: Media Trends from 2000-2020 Part I.......27 Introduction..........................................27 Coverage and Category Trends: 2000-2020 ..............27 News Trends By United States Presidential Administrations: Bush Administration ..35 Conclusion ...........................................54 Chapter IV: Media Trends from 2000-2020 Part II ......................................................55 Introduction:.........................................55 News Trends By United States Presidential Administrations: Obama Administration ..55 News Trends By United States Presidential Administrations: Trump Administration...74 Conclusion ...........................................96 Chapter V: Discussion and Conclusion .................97 Introduction:.........................................97 How did the Intensity of Coverage Change over Time?...97 What were the Trends in Media Content over Time? .....99 How has Media Content and Coverage Changed Regarding Cross-Strait Relations?..104 What Factors Could Potentially Explain these Changes in Amount and Content? ..106 Conclusion ..........................................110 Bibliography ........................................113 List of Tables Table 1: Number of News Articles per Newspaper...........................27 Table 2: New Articles per Category 2000-2020 ............................29 Table 3: Category by Newspaper...........................................35 Table 4: News by Category 2000-2007 .................................... 38 Table 5: News Articles per Category 2008-2015 .......................... 59 Table 6: News Articles per Category 2016-2020 .......................... 78 Table 7: US Arms Sales to Taiwan that Appeared in Print Media ...........103 List of Figures Figure 1: News Over Time 2000-2020 ..................................... 29 Figure 2: News Stories by Category 2000-2020.............................31 Figure 3: News Over Time as a Percentage of the Whole 2000-2020..........32 Figure 4: Printed News from Jan 2000 - Dec 2003 .........................38 Figure 5: Printed News from Jan 2004 - Dec 2007 .........................39 Figure 6: News by Category 2000-2007.....................................39 Figure 7: Changes in the Unification - Independence Stances of Taiwanese. Courtesy of NCCU Election Study Center .............................................. 41 Figure 8: Printed News Stories Jan 2008 - Dec 2011 .......................60 Figure 9: Printed News Stories Jan 2012 - Dec 2015 ....................... 60 Figure 10: News by Category 2008-2015..................................... 61 Figure 11: Printed New Stories Jan 2016 - Dec 2020.........................78 Figure 12: News by Category 2016-2020......................................79 |
| 參考文獻 |
Abutaleb, Y. (2020, August 13). As Taiwan visit ends, Azar bashes China’s virus response. The Washington Post. AIT Taipei Main Office. (2016, January 16). Statement by U.S. State Department Spokesperson John Kirby On Taiwan’s Election. American Institute in Taiwan. Retrieved May 10, 2022, from https://www.ait.org.tw/statement-u-s-state-department-spokesperson-johnkirby-taiwans-election/ American Institute in Taiwan. (2020, February 24). U.S.- Taiwan Relations. Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://www.ait.org.tw/our-relationship/policy-history/us-taiwanrelations/#:%7E:text=The%20United%20States%20and%20Taiwan,peace%20and%20sta bility%20in%20Asia. Andreas, P., & Nadelmann, E. (2008). Policing the Globe: Criminalization and Crime Control in International Relations (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. Ani, A. (2021, July 4). CCP buys media influence by paying millions to US dailies, magazines: Report. The Times of India. Retrieved June 17, 2022, from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/ccp-buys-media-influence-by-payingmillions-to-us-dailies-magazines-report/articleshow/84109897.cms Aspinwall, N., & Rauhala, E. (2020, May 15). Taiwan beat covid-19 and won friends. At the WHO, it’s still fighting for a seat at the table. Washington Post. Retrieved May 12, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/taiwan-beat-covid-19-andwon-friends-at-the-who-its-still-fighting-for-a-seat-at-the-table/2020/05/15/d924b082- 9025-11ea-9322-a29e75effc93_story.html?request-id=90d74721-3935-44fb-a409- 77d38b254a8a&pml=1 Babington, C., & Milbank, D. (2001, April 27). Bush Advisers Try To Limit Damage. Washington Post. Retrieved April 29, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/04/27/bush-advisers-try-to-limitdamage/48fdaf48-1d1c-4347-8d0f-aaeb7625e01f/ Barnes, J. (2022, January 27). How the Computer Chip Shortage Could Incite a U.S. Conflict With China. The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/26/us/politics/computer-chip-shortage-taiwan.html Barnes, J., & B.D. (2019, March 11). Missile parts sent to Taiwan in error. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-mar-26-na-missiles26-story.html Baum, M. A., & Potter, P. B. (2008). The Relationships Between Mass Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis. Annual Review of Political Science, 11(1), 39–65. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060406.214132 Bennett, L. (2001). News: The Politics of Illusion (4th Edition) (4th ed.). Pearson Education. Boehler, P. (2016, July 9). Train Explosion Wasn’t Organized Terrorism, Taiwan Says. The New York Times. Bolton, J., & Zitelman, D. R. (2021, August 23). Why Taiwan Matters to the United States. The Diplomat. Retrieved April 7, 2022, from https://thediplomat.com/2021/08/why-taiwanmatters-to-the-united-states/ Bosco, J. A. (2015, May 15). Taiwan and Strategic Security. The Diplomat. Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/taiwan-and-strategicsecurity/#:%7E:text=Historically%2C%20Taiwan’s%20pivotal%20location%20off,of%2 0East%20Asia’s%20danger%20points. Bush, R. C. (2016). US policy toward Taiwan. Asian Education and Development Studies, 5(3), 266–277. https://doi.org/10.1108/aeds-10-2015-0052 Campbell, K. (2001, April 25). Edging Taiwan in From the Cold. Washington Post. Retrieved April 28, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2001/04/25/edging-taiwan-in-fromthe-cold/574e8524-1b0a-4220-a60e-69a840922b7d/ Chandler, C. (2000, March 16). China Threatens Voters in Taiwan. The Washington Post. Retrieved April 26, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/2000- 03/16/032r-031600-idx.html Chang, T. K., Shoemaker, P. J., & Brendlinger, N. (1987). Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media. Communication Research, 14(4), 396–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365087014004002 Chase, M. S. (2008). Taiwan’s Arms Procurement Debate and the Demise of the Special Budget Proposal: Domestic Politics in Command. Asian Survey, 48(4), 703–724. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2008.48.4.703 Chen, E., & Chu, H. (2001, April 26). Bush Remarks on Taiwan Defense Cause a Furor Over U.S. Policy. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 29, 2022, from https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-apr-26-mn-55979-story.html Cheung, H., & Hughes, R. (2020, May 21). Why are there protests in Hong Kong? All the context you need. BBC News. Retrieved May 16, 2022, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48607723 Chicago Council on Global Affairs. (2021, August 26). For First Time, Half of Americans Favor Defending Taiwan If China Invades. Retrieved May 24, 2022, from https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/research/public-opinion-survey/first-time-halfamericans-favor-defending-taiwan-if-china-invades Chien, H., & Chung, J. (2021, July 23). Survey shows ‘Chinese’ identity at a record low. Taipei Times. Retrieved April 26, 2022, from https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/07/24/2003761369 Chin, J. (2016, December 13). World News: Trump Riles Beijing Over Taiwan Policy. The Wall Street Journal. Chow, D. (2016). How the United States Uses the Trans-Pacific Partnership to Contain China in International Trade. Chicago Journal of International Law, 17, 370–402. https://cjil.uchicago.edu/publication/how-united-states-uses-trans-pacific-partnershipcontain-china-international-trade Chu, H. (2000a, February 22). China Warns Taiwan Not to Drag Its Feet on Reunifying. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 26, 2022, from https://www.latimes.com/archives/laxpm-2000-feb-22-mn-1441-story.html Chu, H. (2000b, March 19). NEW ERA IN TAIWAN; Nationalists Ousted in Taiwan; ProIndependence Leader Wins Presidency; Vote: In speech, however, Chen Shuibian calls for reconciliation with China. His victory puts ties with Beijing, U.S. on new ground. The Los Angeles Times. Clark, C., Tan, A. C., & Ho, K. (2018). Ending Taiwan’s Economic Stagnation: The Implications of the Elections of Presidents Tsai and Trump. Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations: An International Journal, 4(3), 871–899. https://icaps.nsysu.edu.tw/var/file/131/1131/img/2375/172796205.pdf Clinton, H. (2019, June 1). America’s Pacific Century. Foreign Policy. Retrieved May 3, 2022, from https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/americas-pacific-century/ Cody, E. (2004, March 27). China Warns Taiwan to Contain Post-Election Turmoil. Washington Post. Retrieved April 26, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/03/27/china-warns-taiwan-tocontain-post-election-turmoil/153d086a-b02b-42a7-a51f-b0889050eb40/ Cody, E. (2008, March 23). Taiwan Voters Elect New President; Nationalist Ma Ying-jeou’s Win Likely to Ease Tensions With China, Pleasing U.S. The Washington Post. Cohen, B. C. (1956). The Press and Foreign Policy in the United States. Journal of International Affairs, 10(2), 128–137. Constable, P. (2007, February 16). Demise of the Foreign Correspondent. Washington Post. Retrieved April 17, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2007/02/16/AR2007021601713.html Copper, J. F. (2008). Taiwan’s Failed President. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 34(4), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.3200/aafs.34.4.179-192 Council on Foreign Relations. (2022). U.S. Relations With China. Retrieved April 29, 2022, from https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-relations-china Davidson, J. (2014). The U.S. “Pivot to Asia.” American Journal of Chinese Studies, 21, 77–82. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44289339 Deutsche Welle. (2020, May 25). Taiwan offers “assistance” to Hong Kong. DW.COM. Retrieved May 16, 2022, from https://www.dw.com/en/hong-kong-taiwan-offers-helpamid-anti-china-protests/a-53555228 Duff-Brown, B. (2020, March 3). How Taiwan Used Big Data, Transparency and a Central Command to. Stanford Health Policy. Retrieved May 12, 2022, from https://healthpolicy.fsi.stanford.edu/news/how-taiwan-used-big-data-transparencycentral-command-protect-its-people-coronavirus Dupree, J. D. (1971). International Communication: View From “a Window On the World.” Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands), 17(4), 224–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/001654927101700403 Economy, E. C., Huang, Y., Cohen, J. A., Segal, A., & Gewirtz, J. (2020). How 2020 Shaped U.S.-China Relations. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep29954 Eilperin, J., & Mufson, S. (2000, February 2). House Votes for Stronger Military Ties to Taiwan. The Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/2000-02/02/080r-020200-idx.html Election Study Center, National Chengchi University. (2022, January 10). Changes in Unification - Independence Stances of Taiwanese as Tracked By Surveys by Election Study Center, NCCU (1994–2021) [Graph]. Election Study Center, National Chengchi University. https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7801&id=6963 Engelbrecht, C. (2019, December 8). Fearing Injustice in Hong Kong, Droves of Protesters Escape to Taiwan. The New York Times. Flannery, R. (2000, February 23). Taiwan’s Presidential Hopefuls Unite to Defy Beijing’s Threats. The Wall Street Journal. FlorCruz, J. (2010, February 18). Analysis: Why the Dalai Lama angers China. CNN. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/18/analysis.china.dalai.lama/index.html Forney, M., & Flannery, R. (2000, February 22). China Ratchets Up Threats to Taiwan Over Unification. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 29, 2022 Forsythe, M. (2012, January 14). Ma Wins Second Term in Taiwan Election. Bloomberg. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-01-14/mare-elected-taiwan-president-as-voters-endorse-closer-links-with-china Gearan, A. (2016, December 3). Trump speaks with Taiwanese president, a major break with decades of U.S. policy on China. Washington Post. Retrieved May 15, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-spoke-with-taiwanesepresident-a-major-break-with-decades-of-us-policy-on-china/2016/12/02/b98d3a22-b8ca11e6-959c-172c82123976_story.html?utm_term=.80ba968b894b Golan, G., & Wanta, W. (2003). International Elections on US Network News. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands), 65(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549203065001135 Gries, P., & Wang, T. (2020). Taiwan’s perilous futures: Chinese Nationalism, the 2020 Presidential Elections, and U.S.-China Tensions Spell Trouble for Cross-strait Relations. World Affairs, 183(1), 40–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0043820020907673 Grinter, L. E. (2002). Handling the Taiwan Issue: Bush Administration Policy toward Beijing and Taipei. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 29(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927670209598873 Hickey, D. V. (2011). Rapprochement between Taiwan and the Chinese Mainland: implications for American foreign policy. Journal of Contemporary China, 20(69), 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2011.541629 Horton, C. (2019, January 6). Taiwan’s Leader Defies Beijing on Unification. The New York Times. Howard, M. (1976). The strategic approach to international relations. British Journal of International Studies, 2(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500116560 Hsu, J. (2014, March 24). Taiwan Police Evict Protesters From Cabinet Building. WSJ. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303725404579456731907714984 Hu, W. (2018). Trump’s China Policy and Its Implications for the “Cold Peace” across the Strait. China Review, 18(3), 61–88. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26484533 International Monetary Fund. (2021, October). Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2021. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weodatabase/2021/October/weoreport?c=528,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,LUR, GGXWDG_NGDP,&sy=1980&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic= 0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1#:~:text=Report%20for%20Selected%20Countries%20and% 20Subjects%3A%20October%202021 Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D. R. (1987). News that matters: Television and American opinion. University of Chicago Press. Jennings, R. (2017, July 1). The World; Taiwan arms deal angers China; Citing concerns over sovereignty, Beijing demands U.S. cancel the $1.4-billion sale. The Los Angeles Times. Jennings, R. (2018, March 11). The World; A deadly safety lesson in Taiwan; After February’s earthquake, overdue building upgrades will be required. The Los Angeles Times. Jennings, R. (2019, April 9). The World; U.S. acknowledges role of Marines in Taiwan; Their presence at de facto American Embassy could further roil ties with China. The Los Angeles Times. Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton University Press. Jones, T. M., van Aelst, P., & Vliegenthart, R. (2011). Foreign Nation Visibility in U.S. News Coverage. Communication Research, 40(3), 417–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211415845 Kahn, J., & Bradsher, K. (2006, March 1). Beijing Accuses Taiwan Leader of “Grave Provocation.” The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/01/world/asia/beijing-accuses-taiwan-leader-of-graveprovocation.html Kaiman, J., & Meyers, J. (2016, December 3). China struggles to make sense of Trump and his phone call with Taiwan. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 17, 2022, from https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-taiwan-trump-20161203-story.html Khan, S. A. (2014, August). Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990. Congressional Research Service. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/weapons/RL30957.pdf Kiousis, S., & Wu, X. (2008). International Agenda-Building and Agenda-Setting. International Communication Gazette, 70(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048507084578 Lachica, E. (2000, March 24). U.S. Pleased With China-Taiwan Stance --- Officials Are Encouraged By Response of Two Sides To Presidential Election. The Wall Street Journal. Lague, D. (2008, January 12). Taiwan Prepares for First of 2 Major 2008 Elections. The New York Times. Retrieved May 4, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/12/world/asia/12taiwan.html Landler, M. (2016, December 3). Donald Trump Thrusts Taiwan Back on the Table, Rattling a Region. The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/03/us/politics/donald-trump-taiwan-china.html Landler, M., & Perlez, J. (2016, December 6). Trump’s Call With Taiwan: A Diplomatic Gaffe or a New Start? The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/world/asia/china-donald-trump-taiwantwitter.html?_r=0 Larson, J., & Hardy, A. (1977). International Affairs Coverage On Network Television News: a Study of News Flow. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands), 23(4), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/001654927702300404 Lathrop, A. K., & Tuchman, B. W. (1971). Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945. Military Affairs, 35(3), 120. https://doi.org/10.2307/1984030 Lee, Y., Shirouzu, N., & Lague, D. (2021, December 27). SPECIAL REPORT-Taiwan chip industry emerges as battlefront in U.S.-China showdown. Reuters. Retrieved May 2, 2022, from https://www.reuters.com/article/taiwan-china-chips-idUSL4N2TC0JE Lieberthal, K. G. (2011, December 21). The American Pivot to Asia. Brookings. Retrieved May 3, 2022, from https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-american-pivot-to-asia/ Liff, A. P., & Hass, R. (2022, January 20). Japan-Taiwan relations: A look back on 2021 and look ahead to 2022. Brookings. Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2022/01/20/japan-taiwan-relations-alook-back-on-2021-and-look-ahead-to2022/#:%7E:text=Against%20this%20backdrop%2C%20Japan%2DTaiwan,attracted%20 unprecedented%20media%20and%20policy Liss, A. (2003). Images of China in the American Print Media: A survey from 2000 to 2002. Journal of Contemporary China, 12(35), 299–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067056022000054614 Liu, X., & Yang, Y. E. (2015). Examining China’s Official Media Perception of the United States: a Content Analysis of People’s Daily Coverage. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 20(4), 385–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-015-9340-8 Lopez, G. (2022, February 20). American Self-censorship. The New York Times. Retrieved June 17, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/20/briefing/china-us-censorship.html Lukinbeal, C. (2019). The Chinafication of Hollywood: Chinese Consumption and the Selfcensorship of U.S. films through a case study of Transformers Age of Extinction. Erdkunde, 73(2), 97–110. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26663994 Magnier, M. (2008, March 21). Uh-oh, Taiwan was watching. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 4, 2022, from https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-mar-21-fg-taiwan21-story.html Makinen, J. (2015, April 11). In a postwar first, China and Taiwan plan summit; The talks could be a bridge or wedge. The timing, before island’s vote, invites criticism. The Los Angeles Times. Makinen, J. (2016, January 17).The World: Vote shakes up Taiwan politics; The long-ruling party is upset, raising questions about China relations. The Los Angeles Times. Masmoudi, M. (1979). The New World Information Order. Journal of Communication, 29(2), 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1979.tb02960.x McChesney, R. W. (2008). The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas. Monthly Review Press. Meyers, S. L., & Horton, C. (2018, May 26). China Tries to Erase Taiwan, One Ally at a Time. The New York Times. Meyers, S. L., & Horton, C. (2020, January 9). For Taiwan’s Leader Facing Re-election, What a Difference a Year Makes. The New York Times. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China. (n.d.-a). Diplomatic Allies. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://en.mofa.gov.tw/AlliesIndex.aspx?n=1294&sms=1007 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China. (n.d.-b). History. Government Portal of Republic of China, Taiwan. Retrieved April 7, 2022, from https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/content_3.php Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). (2016, January 1). 2016 Presidential Election. Taiwan Today. Retrieved May 10, 2022, from https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4,29,31&post=8033 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China, Taiwan. (2022). Cross-Strait Relations. Government Portal of Republic of China, Taiwan. Retrieved May 8, 2022, from https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/content_6.php Nakamura, D., & Lamothe, D. (2016, March 1). China testing Obama as it expands its influence in Southeast Asia. Washington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/china-testing-obama-as-it-expands-itsinfluence-in-southeast-asia/2016/03/01/d60e1248-dbdf-11e5-891a4ed04f4213e8_story.html Nakashima, E., & Gearan, A. (2019, August 17). Trump administration plans $8 billion fighter jet sale to Taiwan, angering China. Washington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-administration-plans-8-billionfighter-jet-sale-to-taiwan-angering-china/2019/08/16/c0fc85a2-bfc4-11e9-a5c6- 1e74f7ec4a93_story.html National Archives. (n.d.). Global War on Terror. George W. Bush Library. Retrieved April 23, 2022, from https://www.georgewbushlibrary.gov/research/topic-guides/global-war-terror National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC). (2022). Recent earthquakes and their magnitudes in Taiwan. Worlddata.Info. Retrieved May 1, 2022, from https://www.worlddata.info/asia/taiwan/earthquakes.php Nicita, A. (2019, November). Trade and trade diversion effects of United States tariffs on China (No. 37). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ser-rp-2019d9_en.pdf Office of the United States Trade Representative. (n.d.). Taiwan. United States Trade Representative. Retrieved May 22, 2022, from https://ustr.gov/countriesregions/china/taiwan#:%7E:text=U.S.%20foreign%20direct%20investment%20(FDI,and %20insurance%2C%20and%20wholesale%20trade. Office of the United States Trade Representative. (2021). Taiwan | United States Trade Representative. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from https://ustr.gov/countriesregions/china/taiwan O’Heffernan, P. (1993). Mass media and U.S. foreign policy: A mutual exploitation model of media influence in U.S. foreign policy. In R. J. Spitzer (Ed.), Media and Public Policy(pp. 1–18). Praeger. Page, J. (2011, September 23). World News: Beijing Shows Restraint on U.S.’s Taiwan Move. The Wall Street Journal. Page, J. (2016, January 15). World News: Taiwan Vote Poses Threat to China Ties --- Independence-leaning candidate’s expected win raises uncertainty about Beijing relations. The Wall Street Journal. Pan, P. L. (2008). US news coverage of new leaders in China: An investigation of agenda-setting abilities of US newspapers and government. China Media Research, 4(1), 29–35. Parameswaran, P. (2015, December 17). US Approves New Taiwan Arms Sale Package Worth $1.83 Billion. The Diplomat. Retrieved May 7, 2022, from https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/us-approves-new-taiwan-arms-sale-package-worth-1- 83-billion/ Peng, Z. (2004). Representation of China: An across time analysis of coverage in the New York Times and Los Angeles Times. Asian Journal of Communication, 14(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/0129298042000195170 Pew Research Center. (2020, October). Unfavorable Views of China Reach Historic Highs in Many Countries. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/10/06/unfavorable-views-ofchina-reach-historic-highs-in-many-countries/ Pew Research Center. (2021, June 29). Newspapers Fact Sheet. Pew Research Center’s Journalism Project. Retrieved May 22, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/newspapers/ Phillips, T. (2015, November 7). Leaders of China and Taiwan meet for first time in nearly seven decades. The Guardian. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/07/chinas-xi-jinping-and-taiwans-maying-jeou-shake-hands-in-historic-meeting Pomfret, J. (2010, January 3). U.S.-China relations set for chill, experts say; Taiwan arms sale, Obama meeting with Dalai Lama cited. The Washington Post. Ramanathan, L., & Denyer, S. (2016, December 6). Taiwan’s leader says call with Trump didn’t reflect U.S. policy change. Washington Post. Retrieved May 15, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/taiwans-leader-says-trumps-phone-call-is-not-apolicy-change/2016/12/06/c7ffd012-bb7f-11e6-817f-e3b588251d1e_story.html Ramzy, A. (2014, March 24). Anger Grows in Taiwan Against Deal With China. The New York Times. Reuters. (2009, August 21). Over 600 dead or missing in Taiwan. Reuters. Retrieved May 6, 2022, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-mudslidesidUKTRE57K0M220090821 Reuters. (2019, April 1). Two Chinese Jets Breach a Border, Angering Taiwan. The New York Times. Richburg, K. B. (2011, December 9). China frets about Taiwan president’s reelection bid. Washington Post. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-frets-about-taiwan-presidents-reelection-bid/2011/12/07/gIQAbVXvhO_story.html?request-id=39609e73-5ae3-4491- 8408-84924e451f0b&pml=1 Rickards, J. (2008, November 4). Chinese Envoy Visits Taiwan; Historic Talks Set To Conclude Pacts. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 7, 2022, from Ricks, T. E. (2000, March 31). Taiwan Seen Vulnerable to Attack; Pentagon Study Says Isolation Keeps Defense Weak. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 1, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/2000-03/31/020r-033100-idx.html Riffe, D., Aust, C. F., Jones, T. C., Shoemake, B., & Sundar, S. (1994). The Shrinking Foreign Newshole of the New York. Newspaper Research Journal, 15(3), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/073953299401500307 Riffe, D., Kim, S., & Sobel, M. R. (2018). News Borrowing Revisited: A 50-Year Perspective. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(4), 909–929. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018754909 Rigger, S. (2017, March 15). Donald Trump is No Friend of Taiwan. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Retrieved May 17, 2022, from https://www.fpri.org/article/2017/03/donaldtrump-is-no-friend-of-taiwan/ ROC-Taiwan.org. (2014, April 7). Chairman Royce Applauds House Passage of Vital Taiwan Legislation [Press release]. https://www.roctaiwan.org/public/US_event/44822192971.pdf Shearer, E. (2021, January 12). More than eight-in-ten Americans get news from digital devices. Pew Research Center. Retrieved April 9, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/facttank/2021/01/12/more-than-eight-in-ten-americans-get-news-from-digital-devices/ 129 Shih, G. (2019, January 2). Xi offers promises and threats as he calls China’s unification with Taiwan inevitable. Washington Post. Retrieved May 16, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/xi-offers-promises-and-threats-ashe-calls-chinas-unification-with-taiwan-inevitable/2019/01/02/85ae5ece-0e82-11e9- 92b8-6dd99e2d80e1_story.html?request-id=0318611b-5909-41bb-a5a5- 8a6cd317e187&pml=1 Shih, G. (2020a, September 18). China launches combat drills in Taiwan Strait, warns U.S. not to ‘play with fire.’ Washington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-launches-combat-drills-intaiwan-strait-warns-us-not-to-play-with-fire/2020/09/18/6ff46a7e-f977-11ea-85f7- 5941188a98cd_story.html Shih, G. (2020b, October 12). China threatens invasion of Taiwan in new video showing military might. Washington Post. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-taiwan-invasion-militaryexercise/2020/10/12/291f5d86-0c58-11eb-b404-8d1e675ec701_story.html Shoemaker, P. J., Chang, T. K., & Brendlinger, N. (1987). Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the U.S. Media. Annals of the International Communication Association, 10(1), 348–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1987.11678651 Shoemaker, P. J., Danielian, L. H., & Brendlinger, N. (1991). Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests: The Newsworthiness of World Events. Journalism Quarterly, 68(4), 781– 795. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909106800419 Spiegel, P. (2010, February 20). World News: U.S. Sees Limited Chinese Backlash Against Its Arms Sales to Taiwan. The Wall Street Journal. Spitzer, R. L. (1993). Media and Public Policy. Praeger. Swanson, A. (2018, July 5). Trump’s Trade War With China Is Officially Underway. The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/business/china-us-trade-war-trump-tariffs.html Taiwan CDC. (2013, April 24). The first imported human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) confirmed in Taiwan; Travelers visiting areas affected by H7N9 advised to practice good personal hygiene, avoid touching and feeding live poultry, and avoid visiting traditional markets with live poultry. Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Bulletin/Detail/AIN0FHu4SZ3- arklXGivsw?typeid=158 Taiwan CDC. (2014, November 24). SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved April 27, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Category/ListContent/bg0g_VU_Ysrgkes_KRUDgQ?uaid=u 1D6dRGtmP4Q5YA1GmSKIw Tang, L. (2018). Transitive representations of China’s image in the US mainstream newspapers: A corpus-based critical discourse analysis. Journalism, 22(3), 804–820. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918801116 The Associated Press. (2012, January 14). Taiwan’s China-Friendly President Re-Elected. NPR.Org. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20120115195527/http://www.npr.org/2012/01/14/14522578 4/taiwans-china-friendly-president-re-elected The Taipei Times. (2020, March 2). 2012 ELECTIONS: US congratulates Ma, touts democratic process. Taipei Times. Retrieved May 17, 2022, from https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2012/01/15/2003523293 Theys, S. (2018, August 6). Introducing Constructivism in International Relations Theory. EInternational Relations. Retrieved November 1, 2021, from https://www.eir.info/2018/02/23/introducing-constructivism-in-international-relations-theory/ Tsai, T. (2009, August 17). Aid Trickles Into Taiwan. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 6, 2022, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125044837778634933 U.S. Census Bureau. (2010a). Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 (Taiwanese alone or in any combination) NY. American Fact Finder. Retrieved May 1, 2022, from https://archive.ph/20200214004336/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/ 10_SF2/SF2DP1/310M100US35620/popgroup%7E037 U.S. Census Bureau. (2010b). Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 (Taiwanese alone or in any combination) LA. American Fact Finder. Retrieved May 1, 2022, from https://archive.ph/20200214004302/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/ 10_SF2/SF2DP1/310M100US31100/popgroup%7E037 U.S. Census Bureau. (2022a, March 11). Foreign Trade - U.S. Trade with China. Foreign Trade. Retrieved May 2, 2022, from https://www.census.gov/foreigntrade/balance/c5700.html#2000 U.S. Census Bureau. (2022b, March 11). Foreign Trade - U.S. Trade with Taiwan. Foreign Trade. Retrieved May 2, 2022, from https://www.census.gov/foreigntrade/balance/c5830.html#2000 U.S. Department of State. (2021, March 14). Reaffirming the Unbreakable U.S.-Japan Alliance. United States Department of State. Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://www.state.gov/reaffirming-the-unbreakable-u-s-japan-alliance/ U.S. Government Publishing Office. (2001, November 11). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George W. Bush (2001, Book II) - Statement on the Ministerial Decision To Admit the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan Into the World Trade Organization. Govinfo.Gov. Retrieved May 2, 2022, from https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PPP-2001-book2/html/PPP-2001-book2-docpg1387.htm Van Belle, D. A. (2003). Bureaucratic Responsiveness to the News Media: Comparing the Influence of The New York Times and Network Television News Coverage on US Foreign Aid Allocations. Political Communication, 20(3), 263–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600390218896 Van Ness, P. (2005). China’s Response to the Bush Doctrine. World Policy Journal, 21(4), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1215/07402775-2005-1007 Wan, W. (2011, July 4). Pressure builds for F-16 sale to Taiwan. Washington Post. Retrieved May 7, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/pressurebuilds-for-f-16-sale-to-taiwan/2011/07/01/gHQAdAPLyH_story.html Wang, J. (2003). China: A Challenge or Opportunity for the United States? Journal of East Asian Studies, 3(2), 293–334. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800001375 Wanta, W., Golan, G., & Lee, C. (2004). Agenda Setting and International News: Media Influence on Public Perceptions of Foreign Nations. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(2), 364–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100209 Weinberg, B. J. (2013, November 22). The Great Recession and Its Aftermath. Federal Reserve History. Retrieved May 3, 2022, from https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/great-recession-and-itsaftermath#:%7E:text=The%20decline%20in%20overall%20economic,recession%20since %20World%20War%20II. Wendt, A. (1995). Constructing International Politics. International Security, 20(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539217 Wendt, A. (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge University Press. Wong, C. (2020, August 11). World News: U.S. Health Chief Praises Taiwan, Angers Beijing --- During a rare visit, Alex Azar cites success in handling the Covid-19 pandemic. The Wall Street Journal. Wong, C. H., & Kazer, W. (2020, January 9). Hong Kong’s Protests Reverberate in Taiwan --- A fresh challenge to Beijing’s drive for a unified China emerges ahead of presidential election. “Taiwan cannot become like Hong Kong.” The Wall Street Journal. Wong, E., & Schmitt, E. (2019, July 31). Lawmakers Chide White House for Delaying $8 Billion Sale to Taiwan. The New York Times. Wu, H. D. (2000). Systemic Determinants of International News Coverage: A Comparison of 38 Countries. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 110–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460- 2466.2000.tb02844.x 134 Wu, J. S. Y. (2009). Economics, Lobbying, and U.S. Congressional Support for Taiwan: Buying American Support, 2002–2006. Asian Survey, 49(2), 380–402. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2009.49.2.380 Yang, Y. E., & Liu, X. (2012). The ‘China Threat’ through the Lens of US Print Media: 1992–2006. Journal of Contemporary China, 21(76), 695–711. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2012.666838 Zhang, W. (2017). China Through American Eyes: Early Depictions of the Chinese People and Culture in the US Print Media. World Scientific Publishing Company |
| 論文全文使用權限 |
如有問題,歡迎洽詢!
圖書館數位資訊組 (02)2621-5656 轉 2487 或 來信