多元文化主義是一種民族融合的方法，旨在克服不同民族之間的障礙，建立一個共存的社會。在日本和台灣，多元文化主義從90年代末開始被倡導，但其發展歷史和發展手段及目標卻大不相同。
本文基於同化主義、文化調適、文化多元主義和多元文化主義的概念框架，重新定義並比較了兩國過去的原住民政策，並指出了兩國的差異。
本文分析了兩國已實施的法律、憲法和政府對原住民政策的看法，並闡明瞭兩國原住民政策的發展以及手段和目標的差異。

Multiculturalism is a method of national integration that aims to overcome the barriers between different ethnic groups and create a society of coexistence. In Japan and Taiwan, multiculturalism has been advocated since the late 1990s, but the history of its development and the means and objectives of its development have been very different.
This paper redefines and compares the past aboriginal policies of the two countries based on the conceptual frameworks of assimilationism, cultural accommodation, cultural pluralism, and multiculturalism, and identifies the differences between the two countries.
This paper analyzes the laws, constitutions, and governmental views on aboriginal policies that have been implemented in both countries, and clarifies the development of aboriginal policies in both countries and the differences in means and objectives.

Chapter 1 Introduction	1
1.1. Introduction	1
1.2. Research motivation	2
1.3. History of Multiculturalism	2
Chapter 2 Literature review and theoretical framework	6
2.1. Literature review	6
2.1.1 Assimilation policy as a national integration policy	6
2.1.2. General definition of multiculturalism	7
2.1.3. Criticism of multiculturalism	12
2.2. Research objectives of my thesis and future contribution	14
2.3. Theoretical framework	16
2.4. Methodology and scope	25
Chapter 3 Background of indigenous people	26
3.1. Ainu in Japan	26
3.1.1 Definition of Ainu	26
3.1.2. Culture of Ainu	27
3.1.3. Ainu situation so far	28
3.1.4. History of development multiculturalism in Japan	33
3.1.5. Development of multicultural policy towards the Ainu people	34
3.2. Indigenous peoples in Taiwan	38
3.2.1. Definition of indigenous people in Taiwan	38
3.2.2.Culture of indigenous peoples in Taiwan	40
3.2.3. Indigenous peoples in Taiwan situation so far	42
3.2.4. History of development multiculturalism in Taiwan	49
Chapter 4.  Policy considerations for aboriginal policy in Japan during various periods of time	53
4.1. Assimilation policy in Meiji Restoration to the end of World War II (1868~1945)	53
4.2. Shift from Cultural accommodation into Cultural puluralism (1945~1997)	54
4.3. Strengthening Cultural pluralism (1997~)	56
4.4. Chapter Conclusion	67
Chapter 5. Policy considerations for aboriginal policy in Taiwan  during various periods of time	69
5.1. Assimilation policy in Japanese Colonial Period (1895~1945)	69
5.2. Assimilation policy under the KMT's strict martial law (1947~1996)	73
5.3. Democratization and Multiculturalism policy (1996~)	75
5.4. Chapter conclusion	79
Chapter 6 Comparisons among the  policy approaches	80
6.1. Findings through policy approach comparison	80
6.2. The similarity of motivations for assimilationism policy enforcement	80
6.3. Different factors behind the shift from assimilation policy to coexistence policy	81
6.4. Differences in perceptions of aboriginal policy	83
6.5. Differences in the Direction of Japanese and Taiwanese Policies for Multicultural Coexistence	84
Chapter 7 Conclusion	86
7.1. Final findings	86
7.2. Discussion and future studies	89
Bibliography	91

List of Table
Table 1 Conceptual frameworks related to this thesis	22
Table 2 Policy classification during each period in Japan	24
Table 3 Policy classification during each period in Taiwan	25

List of Figures
Figure 1 Map of the traditional Ainu settlement area.	27
Figure 2 Traditional Ainu woman face tattoos and clothes.	28
Figure 3 Ainu Policy Enforcement Guidelines.	37
Figure 4 Ainu policy-related governmental organizations and their levels in Japan.	38
Figure 5  Distribution of 16 officially recognized tribes in Taiwan.	39
Figure 6 Atayal girls  in 1930.	41
Figure 7 Indigenous Peoples policy-related governmental organizations and their levels in Taiwan.	51
Figure 8  Overview of UPOPOY.	66

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