自COVID-19疫情以來，酒店業業績直接面臨了斷崖式的停滯，為了求生存，進行了轉型調整，並尋求政府政策支援，以求渡過未知時程的危機。經濟型酒店「交通便利、簡單住宿」的低價營運策略成為最為符合危機時期的經營模式。然而，疫情改變了人類的工作型態、生活模式、思考面向，經濟型酒店面對的客群已不再僅是有限預算的遊客或商務人士。應如何在多重危機時代下，因應迥然不同的客群及其隨時變化的需求，找出因應突發疫情衝擊的策略、重新確認顧客需求及如何在有限資源下修正營運策略以提升市場地位，至關重要。
本研究首先以消費者自我選擇的概念，確認經濟型酒店在風險下的轉型與生存策略，結果發現，在面臨危機衝擊的狀態下，最佳價格取決於風險優先級數、退款率和系統投資；服務品質、品牌形象和接駁車服務則影響最佳市場需求和利潤，此外，政府介入補貼最有成效的方式為增加接駁車班次。
其次，透過擴展的計劃行為理論，確認了態度、主觀規範與感知行為控制仍是預測經濟型酒店入住意願的重要因素，顧客滿意度也直接、間接的強化了入住意願，而感知風險則扮演負向調節的作用。
最後，為確認供需雙方在滿意度認知關鍵因子差異性，整合模糊德爾菲法與動態Z數，以服務品質問卷為工具，發現5項最關鍵指標存在顯著差異，包含了流程流暢、合理價格、客戶資料維護、處理賠償及回饋系統，並確認了應著重在「技術」面向服務的提升，以縮小供需雙方的認知差距，提升顧客滿意度，增強市場競爭力。

Since COVID-19 pandemic, the hospitality industry has experienced a precipitous decline in performance. In a bid for survival, hotels have undergone transformative adjustments and sought governmental policy support to navigate an uncertain crisis duration. For budget hotels, the low-cost operational strategy—characterized by “convenient transportation and basic accommodation”—has emerged as the most appropriate business model during this period. However, the pandemic has altered work patterns, lifestyles, and cognitive orientations, expanding the customer of budget hotels beyond merely budget travelers or business professionals. Consequently, it is crucial in this era of poly crises to devise strategies that address sudden pandemic shocks, reassess customer needs, and adjust operational strategies within limited resources to enhance market positioning.
This study first employs the concept of customer self-selection to examine the transformation and survival strategies of budget hotels under risk. The findings indicate that, amid crisis impacts, the optimal pricing is contingent upon factors such as the Risk Priority Number(RPN), refund rate(RR), and system investment(SI); meanwhile, service quality(SQ), brand image (BI), and a higher frequency of shuttle bus service (SB) influence optimal market demand and profitability. Moreover, the study finds that governmental intervention is most effective when subsidies are allocated to increasing shuttle bus frequency.
Secondly, by extending the Theory of Planned Behavior(TPB), the research confirms that attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control remain significant predictors of budget hotel stay intention. Customer satisfaction exerts both direct and mediator effects on the stay intention , while perceived risk serves a moderating role.
Finally, to elucidate the differences in the key factors affecting satisfaction perceptions between supply and demand vision, the study integrates the fuzzy Delphi method with dynamic Z-number, employing a SERVQUAL as its instrument. The analysis reveals significant discrepancies in five key indicators—smooth process, reasonable pricing, customer data maintenance, processing compensation, and feedback system—and underscores the necessity of enhancing the “Technology” dimension of service delivery to bridge the cognitive gap between suppliers and demanders, thereby improving customer satisfaction and bolstering market competitiveness.

目錄
目錄	III
表目錄	V
圖目錄	VI
第一章 緒論	1
第一節 研究背景	2
第二節 研究目的	4
第三節 研究架構	5
第二章 文獻探討	8
第一節 經濟型酒店	9
第二節 消費者自我選擇概念	12
第三節 計劃行為理論	16
第四節 滿意度與感知風險	18
第五節 服務品質模糊分析	19
第三章 經濟型酒店面對危機衝擊下的應對策略	22
第一節 危機衝擊下經濟型酒店對市場需求的評估	23
第二節 危機衝擊下經濟型酒店對政府補貼方案的評估	30
第四章 風險後顧客選擇入住經濟型酒店的影響因素	36
第一節 經濟型酒店入住意願的影響因素假設推論	37
第二節 經濟型酒店入住意願的影響因素驗證	46
第五章 經濟型酒店在市場穩定時期的經營策略調整	55
第一節 經濟型酒店經營策略調整規劃	56
第二節 經濟型酒店經營策略調整方案	66
第六章 結論與建議	72
第一節 理論意涵	72
第二節 實務意涵	74
第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議	77
參考文獻	78
中文文獻	78
英文文獻	79
附錄	90
問卷1：經濟型酒店入住意願的探討	90
問卷2：探討後疫情時期經濟經濟型酒店的經營策略	95
表目錄
表1-1：研究面向與研究項目	5
表3-1：函數符號定義	22
表4-1：符號變數說明	36
表4-2：受訪者的社會人口概況	45
表4-3：結構與評估項目	46
表4-4：區別效度	47
表4-5：經濟型酒店的入住意願與受訪者背景相關性分析	48
表4-6：模型變數間迴歸係數檢定	49
表4-7：顧客滿意度(CS)在模型中介檢驗的階層迴歸結果	50
表4- 8：顧客滿意度(CS)在模型SOBEL TEST中介檢驗的結果	50
表4-9：ΔPR在模型調節檢驗的階層迴歸結果	51
表5-1：符號定義	55
表5-2：需求方專家背景訊息	61
表5-3：供給方專家背景訊息	61
表5-4：問卷題項的維度、項目內容及參考文獻	62
表5-5：第1位供應方專家 BS1 語意表示	64
表5-6：專家語意的動態整合	65
表5-7：供應方視角的關鍵因子	67
表5-8：需求方視角的關鍵因子	68
表5-9：多重危機時期的經濟型酒店服務品質量表的關鍵因子	69
圖目錄
圖1-1：研究架構	7
圖4-1：理論假設模型	42
圖4- 2：降維後的感知風險在偏好態度與入住意願的調節作用交叉表	52
圖4- 3：降維後的感知風險在主觀規範與入住意願的調節作用交叉表	52
圖4-4：路徑係數	53
圖5-1：研究流程圖	57
圖5-2：優先順序和差距圖	60
圖5-3：優先順序和差距圖象限圖	70
圖5-4：A象限內各點的距離	71

參考文獻
中文文獻
王基丞, 黃宜瑜, 侯錦雄, & 吳志偉. (2010). 民宿產品屬性偏好之市場區隔分析. 2010 第八屆造園景觀學術研討會. Retrieved from https://la.thu.edu.tw/AcadPerm/per_2/%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%BF%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%B9%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%EF%BC%8D%E4%BA%AB%E6%A8%82%E6%80%A7%E5%B1%AC%E6%80%A7%E5%81%8F%E5%A5%BD%E4%B9%8B%E8%A7%80%E9%BB%9E-76934013
台灣觀光協會. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.tva.org.tw/Trends_detail/0ed5efd9dd8948b1ac7b2b0995bc4639
衛生福利部疾病管制署. (2020). 「COVID-19(武漢肺炎)」因應指引：防疫旅館設置及管理.  Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov.tw/
鄭聯芳, 吳榮貴, & 黃承傳. (2004). 貨櫃航商港埠選擇模式之研究-以台灣地區港埠為例. Retrieved from https://hdl.h和le.net/11296/523jz4
 
英文文獻
WTTC,(2024). World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) represents the Travel & Tourism sector globally. https://wttc.org/
A Parsu Parasuraman, Leonard L Berry, & Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). SERVQUAL A Multiple-item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12-40 
Abdou, A. H., Hassan, T. H., & El Dief, M. M. (2020). A description of green hotel practices and their role in achieving sustainable development. Sustainability, 12(22), 9624.
Abdul-Hamid, A.-Q., Ali, M. H., Tseng, M.-L., Lan, S., & Kumar, M. (2020). Impeding challenges on industry 4.0 in circular economy: Palm oil industry in Malaysia. Computers & Operations Research, 123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2020.105052 
Ahmad, R., Scott, N., & Abdul-Rahman, R. (2016). Why minimum wage order implementation is a challenge to human resource managers in Langkawi hotels. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(2), 191-204. 
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. Springer. 
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Ajzen, I. (2020). The theory of planned behavior: Frequently asked questions. Human behavior and emerging technologies, 2(4), 314-324.
Akira Ishikawa, Michio Amagasa, Tetsuo Shiga, Giichi Tomizawa, Rumi Tatsuta , & Mieno, H. (1993). The max-min Delphi method and fuzzy Delphi method via fuzzy integration. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 55 (1993) 241-253. 
Al-Gasawneh, J. A., & Dalain, A. F. (2023). Impact of Service Quality on Customer Retention. Quality - Access to Success, 24(195), 280-285. 
Al-Talabani, H., Kilic, H., Ozturen, A., & Qasim, S. O. (2019). Advancing Medical Tourism in the United Arab Emirates: Toward a Sustainable Health Care System. Sustainability, 11(1). 
Albattat, A. R., & Amer, H. (2016). Backpackers expectation and satisfaction towards budget hotel: A case study in Penang. Almatourism-Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, 7(14), 168-180. 
Ali, B. J., Gardi, B., Othman, B. J., Ahmed, S. A., Ismael, N. B., Hamza, P. A., ... & Anwar, G. (2021). Hotel service quality: The impact of service quality on customer satisfaction in hospitality. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(3), 14-28.
Anguera-Torrell, O., Aznar-Alarcón, J. P., & Vives-Perez, J. (2020). COVID-19: hotel industry response to the pandemic evolution and to the public sector economic measures. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 148-157. 
Ardani, W., Rahyuda, K., Giantari, I. G. A. K., & Sukaatmadja, I. P. G. (2019). Customer Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions in Tourism: A Literature Review. International Journal of Applied Business and International Management, 4(3), 84-93. 
Astrid D. A. M. Kemperman, A. W. (2000). Consumer Choice of Theme Parks: A Conjoint Choice Model of Seasonality Effects and Variety Seeking Behavior. Leisure Sciences, 22(1), 1-18. 
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173. 
Barros, C. P., Butler, R., & Correia, A. (2008). Heterogeneity in Destination Choice. Journal of Travel Research, 47(2), 235-246. 
Beheshtinia, M. A., & Farzaneh Azad, M. (2017). A fuzzy QFD approach using SERVQUAL and Kano models under budget constraint for hotel services. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 30(7-8), 808-830. 
Belk, R. (2014). You are what you can access: Sharing and collaborative consumption online. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), 1595-1600. 
Bouarar, A. C., Mouloudj, S., & Mouloudj, K. (2021). Using the theory of planned behavior to explore tourist’s intention to stay in green hotels. Co-Editors, 204, 511-522.
Bui, T. D., Tsai, F. M., Tseng, M.-L., & Ali, M. H. (2020). Identifying sustainable solid waste management barriers in practice using the fuzzy Delphi method. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 154. 
Carter, C. (2022). Revising Hotel SERVQUAL Amid COVID-19. Provost's Undergraduate Research Scholarship. 
Chatterjee, K., & Samuelson, W. (1983). Bargaining under incomplete information. Operations research, 31(5), 835-851. 
Chen, I.-F., Kuo, P.-Y., & Tsaur, R.-C. (2022). Price Risk Strategy Analysis for Budget Hotels in the Post-Pandemic Era. Axioms, 11(10), 550. 
Chi, C. G.-Q., Wen, B., & Ouyang, Z. (2020). Developing relationship quality in economy hotels: the role of perceived justice, service quality, and commercial friendship. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 29(8), 1027-1051. 
Ching Ching Fang, Sun-Weng Huang, James Jiann-Haw Liou, & Tzeng, G.-H. (2023, Jul). A model for successor selection and training in the family-owned traditional manufacturing businesses: Bi-fuzzy approaches of triangular fuzzy and single-valued neutrosophic set. International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, 25, 1256–1274. 
Chong, Y. T., Lim, E. M., Ng, C. Y., & Wong, C. S. (2016). Factors that affecting customer satisfaction among local tourists toward budget hotels in Malaysia (Doctoral dissertation, UTAR).
Chung, C.-W., & Wang, W.-M. (2016). Exploring sustainable development indicators for Taiwan's festival activities. International Journal of Sustainable Society, 8(4), 261-277. 
Dang, Q. (2022). Research on the Impact of Media Credibility on Risk Perception of COVID-19 and the Sustainable Travel Intention of Chinese Residents Based on an Extended TPB Model in the Post-Pandemic Context. Sustainability, 14(14). 
Dawood, K. A., Sharif, K. Y., Ghani, A. A., Zulzalil, H., Zaidan, A. A., & Zaidan, B. B. (2021). Towards a unified criteria model for usability evaluation in the context of open source software based on a fuzzy Delphi method. Information and Software Technology, 130. 
Dholakia, U. M. (2001). A motivational process model of product involvement and consumer risk perception. European Journal of marketing, 35(11/12), 1340-1362. 
Dickson, T., & Dolnicar, S. (2004). No risk, no fun: The role of perceived risk in adventure tourism. 
Dimitrios, B., Christos, P., Ioannis, R., & Vasiliadis, L. (2020). Strategic Management in the Hotel Industry: Proposed Strategic Practices to Recover from COVID- 19 Global Crisis. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 9(6). 
Ekinci, Y. (2002). A review of theoretical debates on the measurement of service. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 26(3), 199-216. 
Eric P. Kroes, & Sheldon, R. J. (1988). Stated Preference Methods: An Introduction Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 22(1) 
Ert, E., Fleischer, A., & Magen, N. (2016, 2016/08/01/). Trust and reputation in the sharing economy: The role of personal photos in Airbnb. Tourism Management, 55, 62-73. 
Fang, C. C., Huang, S.-W., Liou, J. J.-H., & Tzeng, G.-H. (2023). A model for successor selection and training in the family-owned traditional manufacturing businesses: Bi-fuzzy approaches of triangular fuzzy and single-valued neutrosophic set. International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, 25(3), 1256-1274. 
Fang, C. C., & Liou, J. (2024). Developing an assessment framework of smartized upscale hotel workforce employability from the practitioners' perspective. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. 
Fauzi, M. A., Hanafiah, M. H., & Kunjuraman, V. (2024). Tourists' intention to visit green hotels: building on the theory of planned behaviour and the value-belief-norm theory. Journal of Tourism Futures, 10(2), 255-276. 
Gani, A. (2022). Using a consumer choice model to explain the effect of the newly developed oxford COVID-19 government stringency measure on hotel occupancy rates. Qual Quant, 56(6), 4313-4333. 
Garg, A. (2015). Travel risks vs tourist decision making: A tourist perspective. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Systems, 8(1), 1-9.
George R. Parsons, & Needelman, M. S. (1992). Site Aggregation in a Random Utility Model of Recreation. Land Economics. 
Gheibdoust, H., Gilaninia, S., & Taleghani, M. (2023). Evaluating the influence of service quality factors in the digital hospitality industry during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations, 28(1), 18-35. 
Goeltom, V. A. H., Kristiana, Y., Pramono, J. R., & Purwanto, A. J. C. (2019). The influence of intrinsic, extrinsic, and consumer attitudes towards intention to stay at a Budget Hotel. 2019. 
Grubor, Milicevic, & Djokic. (2019). Social-Psychological Determinants of Serbian Tourists’ Choice of Green Rural Hotels. Sustainability, 11(23). 
Guillet, B. D., & Mattila, A. S. (2010). A descriptive examination of corporate governance in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 677-684. 
Gursoy, D., & Chi, C. G. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on hospitality industry: review of the current situations and a research agenda. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 29(5), 527-529. 
Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(12), 1192-1217. 
Guttentag, D., Smith, S., Potwarka, L., & Havitz, M. (2018). Why tourists choose Airbnb: A motivation-based segmentation study. Journal of Travel Research, 57(3), 342-359. 
Habibi, A., Jahantigh, F. F., & Sarafrazi, A. (2015). Fuzzy Delphi technique for forecasting and screening items. Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management, 5(2), 130-143. 
Hasan, A., Biswas, C., Roy, M., Akter, S., & Kuri, B. C. (2020). The applicability of theory of planned behaviour to predict domestic tourist behavioural intention: the case of Bangladesh. GeoJournal of tourism and geosites, 31(3), 1019-1026. 
Hong, J. H., Kim, B. C., & Park, K. S. (2019). Optimal risk management for the sharing economy with stranger danger and service quality. European Journal of Operational Research, 279(3), 1024-1035. 
Hsu, W.-C. J., Liou, J. J. H., & Lo, H.-W. (2021). A group decision-making approach for exploring trends in the development of the healthcare industry in Taiwan. Decision Support Systems, 141. 
Hua, W., Chan, A., & Mao, Z. (2009). Critical Success Factors and Customer Expectation in Budget Hotel Segment — A Case Study of China. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 10(1), 59-74. 
Huong, K. T., Trang, B. T. Q., & Phuong, T. M. (2024). Factors Affecting International Tourist’s Revisit Intention in Vietnamese Tourist Destinations. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(1). 
Israeli, A. A. (2014). An inter-paradigmatic agenda for research, education and practice in hospitality management. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 42, 188-191. 
Jacoby, J., & Kaplan, L. B. (1972). The components of perceived risk. ACR special volumes. 
Jagdish N. Sheth, Bruce I. Newman, & Gross, B. L. (1991). Why We Buy What We Buy: A Theory of Consumption Values Journal of Business Research. 
Jassim Ahmad AL-GASAWNEH, & DALAIN, A. F. (2023). Impact of Service Quality on Customer Retention. Quality - Access to Success, 24(195). 
Joo, Y., Seok, H., & Nam, Y. (2020). The Moderating Effect of Social Media Use on Sustainable Rural Tourism: A Theory of Planned Behavior Model. Sustainability, 12(10). 
Kang, B., Wei, D., Li, Y., & Deng, Y. (2012). Decision making using Z-numbers under uncertain environment. Journal of computational Information systems, 8(7), 2807-2814. 
Kim, D., & Perdue, R. R. (2013). The effects of cognitive, affective, and sensory attributes on hotel choice. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, 246-257. 
Knutson, B., Stevens, P., Patton, M., & Thompson, C. (2008). Consumers' Expectations for Service Quality in Economy, Mid-Price and Luxury Hotels. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 1(2), 27-43. 
Kuo, Y.-F., & Chen, P.-C. (2008). Constructing performance appraisal indicators for mobility of the service industries using Fuzzy Delphi Method. Expert systems with applications, 35(4), 1930-1939. 
Lahap, J., Ramli, N. S., Said, N. M., Radzi, S. M., & Zain, R. A. (2016). A study of brand image towards customer's satisfaction in the Malaysian hotel industry. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 224, 149-157. 
Laroche, M., McDougall, G. H. G., Bergeron, J., & Yang, Z. (2004). Exploring How Intangibility Affects Perceived Risk. Journal of Service Research, 6(4), 373-389. 
Li, Z., Long, M., Huang, S., Duan, Z., Hu, Y., & Cui, R. (2023). Effects of inertia and switching costs on customer retention: a study of budget hotels in China. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(3), 1030-1050. 
Liu, C.-H., & Liu, B. (2022). Exploring Hotel Appraisal Determinants Amid Sales Trend during COVID-19 Pandemic: Using a Danp-Mv Model. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 26(4), 258-271. 
Liu, X., & Zhang, N. (2020). Research on Customer Satisfaction of Budget Hotels Based on Revised IPA and Online Reviews. Science Journal of Business and Management, 8(2). 
Liu, Y., Chen, Y., & Zhou, C. (2006). Determinants affecting end-user satisfaction of information technology service. 2006 International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management, 
Lodhi, S., Ali Harasis, A., Shafiq, M., Khan, N., & Imran Qureshi, M. (2021). Tourism Research is an Academic Field or a Multidisciplinary Subject, a Systematic Literature Review on Theoretical Development in Tourism Research. Studies of Applied Economics, 39(10). 
Lutz, C., Hoffmann, C. P., Bucher, E., & Fieseler, C. (2018). The role of privacy concerns in the sharing economy. Information, Communication & Society, 21(10), 1472-1492. 
Malhotra, N. K., Kim, S. S., & Agarwal, J. (2004). Internet users' information privacy concerns (IUIPC): The construct, the scale, and a causal model. Information systems research, 15(4), 336-355. 
McCartney, G. (2008). Does one culture all think the same? An investigation of destination image perceptions from several origins. Tourism Review, 63(4), 13-26. 
Meei Lee, S., & Chris Honda, H. (2016). The Implementation of Green Tourism and Hospitality. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality, 5(4). 
Moorthy, K. S., & Png, I. P. (1992). Market segmentation, cannibalization, and the timing of product introductions. Management science, 38(3), 345-359. 
Mussa, M., & Rosen, S. (1978, 1978/08/01/). Monopoly and product quality. Journal of Economic Theory, 18(2), 301-317. 
Nadiri, H., & Hussain, K. (2005). Perceptions of service quality in North Cyprus hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(6), 469-480. 
Ngelambong, A., Kibat, S. A., Azmi, A., Nor, N. M., & Saien, S. (2016, August). An examination of guest dissatisfaction in budget hotel: A content analysis of guest review on TripAdvisor. In Conference: International Research Symposium in Service Management 17,10.
Nguyen, P. H. (2021). A Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) Based on SERVQUAL for Hotel Service Quality Management: Evidence from Vietnam. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(2), 1101-1109. 
Ohnmacht, T., Husser, A. P., & Thao, V. T. (2022). Pointers to Interventions for Promoting COVID-19 Protective Measures in Tourism: A Modelling Approach Using Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale, Theory of Planned Behaviour, and Health Belief Model. Front Psychol, 13, 940090. 
Ooi, C.-A., Hooy, C.-W., & Som, A. P. M. (2015). Diversity in human and social capital: Empirical evidence from Asian tourism firms in corporate board composition. Tourism Management, 48, 139-153. 
Pahrudin, P., Chen, C. T., & Liu, L. W. (2021). A modified theory of planned behavioral: A case of tourist intention to visit a destination post pandemic COVID-19 in Indonesia. Heliyon, 7(10). 
Pahrudin, P., Liu, L.-W., Li, S.-Y., & Supryadi, D. I. (2021). Addressing the Impact of COVID-19 and Non-Pharmaceutical for Perception Tourism Using Frequentist PLS-SEMs. Emerging Science Journal, 5, 197-214. 
Peng, J., Zhao, X., & Mattila, A. S. (2015). Improving service management in budget hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 49, 139-148. 
Pillai, S., Kundu, S. G., Kundu, A., & Girish, G. P. (2024). Service Quality Dynamics: A Study on Indian Hotel Industry. International Journal of Religion, 5(5), 1072-1082. 
Pohuda, N. (2023). The Influence of Ota Channels on the Tourism Industry. Scientific Notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University. Series: Economy and Management, 73(2). 
Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2010, 2010/12/01/). Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example. Tourism Management, 31(6), 797-805. 
Rahimi, R., & Kozak, M. (2017). Impact of customer relationship management on customer satisfaction: The case of a budget hotel chain. Journal of travel & tourism marketing, 34(1), 40-51. 
Rahmafitria, F., Suryadi, K., Oktadiana, H., Putro, H. P. H., & Rosyidie, A. (2021). Applying knowledge, social concern and perceived risk in planned behavior theory for tourism in the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Review, 76(4), 809-828. 
Rampha, P. R. (2014). Service and quality and quality service: satisfying customers in the hospitality industry. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3 (2) 
Ren, L., Qiu, H., Ma, C., & Lin, P. M. C. (2018). Investigating accommodation experience in budget hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(7), 2662-2679. 
Ren, L., Qiu, H., Wang, P., & Lin, P. M. (2016). Exploring customer experience with budget hotels: Dimensionality and satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 52, 13-23. 
Ren, L., Zhang, H. Q., & Ye, B. H. (2015). Understanding Customer Satisfaction With Budget Hotels Through Online Comments: Evidence From Home Inns in China. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 16(1), 45-62. 
Rochet, J. C., & Tirole, J. (2006). Two‐sided markets: a progress report. The Rand journal of economics, 37(3), 645-667. 
Ruetz, D., & Marvel, M. (2011). Budget Hotels: Low Cost Concepts in the U. S., Europe and Asia. In Trends and Issues in Global Tourism ,  99-124. 
Ryu, K., Lehto, X. Y., Gordon, S. E., & Fu, X. (2019). Effect of a brand story structure on narrative transportation and perceived brand image of luxury hotels. Tourism Management, 71, 348-363. 
Saaty, T. L., & Özdemir, M. S. (2014). How many judges should there be in a group? Annals of Data Science, 1, 359-368. 
Saravanan. (2019). Developing a service quality questionnaire for budget category hotels. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8 (5). 
Saravanan, A. (2019). Developing a service quality questionnaire for budget category hotels. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(5), 1-12. 
Sarkis, J., & Talluri, S. (2002). A model for strategic supplier selection. Journal of supply chain management, 38(4), 18-28. 
Senior, M., & Morphew, R. (1990). Competitive Strategies in the Budget Hotel Sector. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2(3). 
Shen, Q., & Boongoen, T. (2012). Fuzzy Orders-of-Magnitude-Based Link Analysis for Qualitative Alias Detection. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 24(4), 649-664. 
Shen, Y.-C., Lin, G. T., & Tzeng, G.-H. (2011). Combined DEMATEL techniques with novel MCDM for the organic light emitting diode technology selection. Expert systems with applications, 38(3), 1468-1481. 
Shengliang Zhang, Zhenran Hu, Xiaodong Li, & Ren, A. (2022). The impact of service principal (service robot vs. human staff) on service quality: The mediating role of service principal attribute. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 52, 170-183.
Sheth, J. N., Newman, B. I., & Gross, B. L. (1991). Why we buy what we buy: A theory of consumption values. Journal of Business Research, 22(2), 159-170. 
Siahaan, D. (2023). Difference strategy analysis which influences on competitive advantage in the Hotel Industry Around Danau Toba. Devotion: Journal of Research and Community Service, 4(1), 163-176.
Sigala, M. (2017). Collaborative commerce in tourism: implications for research and industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(4), 346-355. 
Simangunsong, E. (2021). The factor analysis of demographic, purchasing behaviour, and customer satisfaction of budget hotel. BISMA (Bisnis dan Manajemen), 13(2). 
Smeral, E. (2009). The Impact of the Financial and Economic Crisis on European Tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 48(1), 3-13. 
Soyeon Shim, Mary Ann Eastlick, Sherry L. Lotz, & Warrington, P. (2001). An online prepurchase intentions model: The role of intention to search. Journal of Retailing, 77 (3) 397–416. 
T. Dickson, & Dolnicar, S. (2004). No risk no fun The role of perceived risk in adventure tourism. 
Tajeddini, K., Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Gamage, T. C., & Martin, E. (2021). Exploring the visitors' decision-making process for Airbnb and hotel accommodations using value-attitude-behavior and theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 96, 102950. 
Taleghani, M., Gilaninia, S., & Gheibdoust, H. (2022). Evaluating the influence of service quality factors in the digital hospitality industry during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations, 28(4). 
Teng, Z.-R., Wu, C.-Y., & Xu, Z.-Z. (2017). New energy benchmarking model for budget hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 67, 62-71. 
Thomas J. Murray, Leo L. PIPINO, & GIGeR, J. P. v. (1985). A pilot study of fuzzy set modification of Delphi. Human Systems Management 5 (1985) 76-80. 
Tomašević, A. (2018). Luxury hotels: concept and new trends. In Quality services and experiences in hospitality and tourism (pp. 195-211). Emerald Publishing Limited. 
Torabi, Z.-A., Shalbafian, A., Allam, Z., Ghaderi, Z., Murgante, B., & Khavarian-Garmsir, A. (2022). Enhancing Memorable Experiences, Tourist Satisfaction, and Revisit Intention through Smart Tourism Technologies. Sustainability, 14(5). 
Tourism Administration, M. o. T. a. C., R.O.C. . (2024). Taiwan waves of wonder. https://www.taiwan.net.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0043431
UNTourism. (2024). UN tourism. https://www.unwto.org/resources-un-tourism
Verma, R. (2010). Customer Choice Modeling in Hospitality Services: A Review of Past Research and Discussion of Some New Applications. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 51(4), 470-478. 
Wang, M.-K., & Hwang, K. P. (2014). Using FAHP methods evaluation and screening of intellectual property rights managers in Taiwan. Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research, 31(06), 1450048. 
Wang, Q., Liao, Y. e., & Gao, J. (2022). Rural Residents’ Intention to Participate in Pro-Poor Tourism in Southern Xinjiang: A Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective. Sustainability, 14(14). 
Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S., & Liu, F. (2021). COVID-19: potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review, 76(1), 74-87. 
Wu, L.-C., Chang, K.-L., Chuang, T.-L., Chen, Y.-S., & Tsai, J.-F. (2022). Identification of Applicable YouTubers for Hotels: A Case Study of Integrated Hybrid MCDM Model. Sustainability, 14(18). 
Wu, S.-I., & Lu, C.-L. (2012). The relationship between CRM, RM, 和 business performance: A study of the hotel industry in Taiwan. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 276-285. 
Xingjun, Z. (2022). An Empirical Study on the Tourist Satisfaction. DREAM Journal, 01(07). 
Xuan Dao, T. T., Trang, P. H., & Thanh, T. D. (2022). The Big Five personality traits and co-production behaviour of Vietnamese tourists: An extension of the theory of planned behaviour. Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci: časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics: Journal of Economics and Business, 40(1), 97-127. 
Yang, C. L., Nair, V. J. P.-S., & Sciences, B. (2014). Risk perception study in tourism: Are we really measuring perceived risk? , Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144, 322-327. 
Yang, S., Huang, S., & Shen, G. (2017). Modelling Chinese consumer choice behavior with budget accommodation services. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 11(3), 341-354. 
Yi, J., Yuan, G., & Yoo, C. (2020). The effect of the perceived risk on the adoption of the sharing economy in the tourism industry: The case of Airbnb. Information Processing & Management, 57(1), 102108. 
Yu, J., Lee, K., Hyun, S. S. J. J. o. H., & Management, T. (2021). Understanding the influence of the perceived risk of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the post-traumatic stress disorder and revisit intention of hotel guests. Journal of hospitality and tourism management,46, 327-335. 
Zadeh, L. A. (2011). A Note on Z-numbers. Information Sciences, 181(14), 2923-2932. 
Zervas, G., Proserpio, D., & Byers, J. W. (2017). The rise of the sharing economy: Estimating the impact of Airbnb on the hotel industry. Journal of Marketing Research, 54(5), 687-705. 
Zhiyong Li, Mang Long, Songshan (Sam) Huang, Zhaohan Duan, & Yingli Hu, R. C. (2023). Effects of inertia and switching costs on customer retention: a study of budget hotels in China. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(3), 1030-1050.