鎳(Ni)為常見之重金屬元素，廣泛應用於電鍍、金屬表面處理、合金製造、電池及染料等產業。若廢水處理不當，鎳極易進入水體或滲透至地下水系統，進而造成水資源品質惡化和對水生生態與人類健康造成危害。
本研究以流動電極電容去離子(FCDI)處理含鎳廢水，首先流動電極材料採用活性碳(AC)的條件下，探討不同的進流水鎳離子濃度、操作電壓及活性碳重量百分比對去除效能的影響，找出最佳的操作參數；接著探討陽離子競爭吸附實驗，評估不同共存陽離子(Na+、Ca2+ 與 Cu2+)存在時，對鎳離子去除的影響；最後將自行合成的稻殼活性碳(RHAC)應用於 FCDI 系統中
研究先以 5 wt% AC 為流動電極材料，以 SCC 操作 3 小時，測試 FCDI 系統的最佳參數，處理鎳濃度為 300 mg/L 的進流水，使用 1.2 V 的操作電壓時，擁有較好的效能 ASRR (5.17．10-5 mmol/cm²/min)、充電效率(39.77%)與能源消耗(6.92．10-5 kWh/mmol)。再以鎳濃度為 300 mg/L 的進流水，使用 1.2 V 的操作電壓，以 SCC 操作 3 小時，測試流動電極的最佳活性碳重量百分比，使用 1 wt% 時，擁有最高的 ASRR (5.35．10-5 mmol/cm²/min)、最佳的充電效率(43.68%)與最低的能源消耗(6.16．10 -5 kWh/mmol)。
以 5 wt% AC 為流動電極材料，以 SCC 操作 3 小時，操作電壓為 1.2 V，處理鎳濃度為 300 mg/L，並分別添加相同莫爾濃度(5.11 mM)的 Na+、Ca2+ 與 Cu2+ 於進流水中，其中銅對鎳去除的影響最大，鎳的 ASRR從 5.17．10-5 降至 3.45．10-5 mmol/cm²/min，下降 33.27%。
以 1 wt% RHAC 為流動電極材料，以 SCC 操作 3 小時，操作電壓為 1.2 V，處理鎳濃度為 300 mg/L 的進流水時，因材料本身偏酸性，表面富含氫離子(H+)可以促進離子導電性與電子傳輸效率，所以 FCDI 系統擁有較佳的充電效率(49.69%)以及較低的能源消耗(3.6．10-5 kWh/mmol)。
以 1 wt% RHAC 為流動電極材料，以 SCC 操作 3 小時，操作電壓為 1.2 V，處理鎳濃度為 300 mg/L 的進流水，經重複使用 3 次後，ASRR (4.98、4.98 與 5.02．10 -5 mmol/cm²/min)數值差異很小，但充電效率從 49.69% 降至 45.25%，能源消耗也從3.6 升至 5.44．10-5 kWh/mmol，顯示 RHAC 擁有可被清洗回收再利用之潛力。

Nickel (Ni) is a commonly encountered heavy metal that is extensively used in industries such as electroplating, metal surface finishing, alloy manufacturing, battery production, and dye manufacturing. Improper treatment of nickel-containing wastewater can lead to its discharge into surface waters or infiltration into groundwater systems, thereby deteriorating water quality and posing risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health.
In this study, a flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) system was employed to investigate the removal of nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Initially, activated carbon (AC) was used as the flow-electrode material to evaluate the effects of influent nickel concentration, applied voltage, and activated carbon weight percentage on removal performance, with the aim of identifying optimal operating conditions. Subsequently, cation competition experiments were conducted to assess the influence of coexisting cations (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Cu²⁺) on nickel removal efficiency. Finally, as synthesized rice-husk-derived activated carbon (RHAC) was applied as an alternative flow-electrode material to further enhance system performance.
Using 5 wt% AC as the flow-electrode material under short-circuited closed-cycle (SCC) operation for 3 h, the optimal operating conditions for treating influent containing 300 mg/L of Ni²⁺ were identified. At an applied voltage of 1.2 V, the system achieved favorable performance, with an average salt removal rate (ASRR) of 5.17．10-5 mmol/cm²/min, a charge efficiency of 39.77%, and an energy consumption of 6.92．10-5 kWh/mmol. Under the same influent concentration and operating voltage, the effect of activated carbon weight percentage was further examined. When the carbon loading was reduced to 1 wt%, the system exhibited the highest ASRR (5.35．10-5 mmol/cm²/min), the optimal charge efficiency (43.68%), and the lowest energy consumption (6.16．10-5 kWh/mmol).
Cation competition experiments were conducted using 5 wt% AC at an applied voltage of 1.2 V under SCC operation for 3 h, with an influent nickel concentration of 300 mg/L and the addition of equimolar concentrations (5.11 mM) of Na⁺, Ca²⁺, or Cu²⁺. Among the tested cations, Cu²⁺ exerted the most significant inhibitory effect on nickel removal, reducing the ASRR of Ni²⁺ from 5.17 to 3.45．10-5 mmol/cm²/min, corresponding to a decrease of 33.27%.
When 1 wt% RHAC was employed as the flow-electrode material under SCC operation at 1.2 V for 3 h, treating an influent containing 300 mg/L of Ni²⁺, the FCDI system exhibited a markedly improved charge efficiency (49.69%) and lower energy consumption (3.6．10-5 kWh/mmol). This enhancement is attributed to the intrinsically acidic nature of RHAC, which provides a proton-rich surface that facilitates ionic conductivity and electron transfer within the flow-electrode matrix.
Furthermore, reusability tests demonstrated that RHAC maintained stable nickel removal performance over three consecutive cycles, with ASRR values of 4.98, 4.98, and 5.02．10-5 mmol/cm²/min. Although the charge efficiency decreased from 49.69% to 45.25% and the energy consumption increased from 3.6 to 5.44．10-5 kWh/mmol after repeated use, the results indicate that RHAC can be effectively regenerated through washing and reused without significant loss of removal capability.

目錄
第一章	緒論	1
1.1	研究緣起	1
1.2	研究目的	2
第二章	文獻回顧	3
2.1	全球水資源現況與脫鹽技術的發展	3
2.2	電容去離子技術	6
2.3	流動式電極電容去離子技術	7
2.3.1	流動電極電容去離子 (FCDI) 的運行模式	9
2.3.2	流動電極電容去離子 (FCDI) 電極材料	11
2.3.3	稻殼活性碳材料	12
2.3.4	流動電極電容去離子系統應用於水中重金屬去除	13
第三章	研究材料與方法	14
3.1	研究架構	14
3.2	實驗試劑與設備	16
3.2.1	實驗試劑	16
3.2.2	實驗設備與分析儀器	17
3.3	流動電極材料製備	18
3.3.1	活性碳 (Activated Carbon, AC)	18
3.3.2	稻殼活性碳 (Rice Husk Activated Carbons, RHAC)	18
3.4	儀器分析方法	20
3.4.1	X 射線繞射分析（X-ray Diffraction, XRD）	20
3.4.2	掃描式電子顯微鏡分析(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM)	20
3.4.3	比表面積與孔徑分析(Surface Area and Pore size distribution Analyzer)			20
3.4.4	傅立葉轉換紅外光譜(Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)	20
3.4.5	接觸角分析(Contact Angle, CA)	21
3.4.6	循環伏安法分析(Cyclic Voltammetry, CV)	21
3.4.7	感應耦合電漿發射光譜儀(Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry, ICP-OES)	22
3.5	FCDI系統實驗參數	22
3.5.1	鎳合成水樣配置	22
3.5.2	系統操作參數	22
3.5.3	流動電極電容去離子系統	23
3.6	計算公式	25
第四章	結果與討論	28
4.1	流動式電極材料物理化學特性分析	28
4.2	流動式電極材料電化學特性分析	37
4.3	活性碳應用於流動電極電容去離子系統	41
4.3.1	鎳濃度變化	41
4.3.2	電壓比較	53
4.3.3	活性碳重量百分比	63
4.3.4	陽離子競爭	73
4.4	稻殼活性碳應用於流動電極電容去離子系統	76
4.4.1	活性碳與稻殼活碳應用於流動電極電容去離子系統之比較	76
4.4.2	RHAC電極材料回收再用可行性評估	82
4.4.3	Single-pass/SCC	91
第五章	結論與建議	99
參考文獻	101

圖目錄
Figure 2.1.1 RO membrane and reverse osmosis principl (Skuse et al., 2021)	4
Figure 2.1.2 Schematic of electrodialysis (a) CED and (b) BMED (BP, bipolar membrane; A, anionic membrane; C, cationic membrane; M+, cation; X-, anion; CH3O- methoxide ion.) (Xu et al., 2008)	5

Figure 2.3.1 Structure and components of the FCDI cell (Tauk et al., 2025)	8

Figure 2.3.1.1 Schematic of different operation modes of FCDI: (a) Isolated Closed-Cycle (ICC) mode, (b) Short-Circuited Closed Cycle (SCC) mode, (c) Single Cycle (SC) (Changyong Zhang, 2021)	10

Figure 3.1.1 Schematic research structure for Ni removal in the FCDI system	15

Figure 3.3.2.1 Synthetic method of rice husk activated carbon	19

Figure 3.5.2.1 FCDI system operated in short-circuited closed-cycle (SCC) mode: (a) batch mode and (b) single-pass mode	24

Figure 4.1.1 XRD patterns of rice husk activated carbons and AC	31
Figure 4.1.2 SEM images of the RHA with magnification of (a)(b) 5 K X, (c)(d) 10 K X, and (e)(f) 30 K X	32
Figure 4.1.3 SEM images of the RHAC with magnification of (a)(b) 5 K X, (c)(d) 10 K X, and (e)(f) 30 K X	33
Figure 4.1.4 FTIR spectra of (a) AC, (b) RHAC800	34
Figure 4.1.5 Contact angle measurements of (a) RHAC, (b) AC (張淙宣, 113)	36

Figure 4.2.1 Cyclic voltammograms of (a) AC, (b) RHAC (2:1) in 1 M NaCl with various scan rates	38
Figure 4.2.2 Specific capacitance (F/g) of AC and RHAC in 1 M NaCl at different scan rates	39
Figure 4.2.3 Specific capacitance (F/g) of RHAC-1 and RHAC-2 in 1 M NaCl at different scan rates	40

Figure 4.3.1.1 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 50 mg/L Nickel	43
Figure 4.3.1.2 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 50 mg/L Nickel	44
Figure 4.3.1.3 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 100 mg/L Nickel	45
Figure 4.3.1.4 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 100 mg/L Nickel	46
Figure 4.3.1.5 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 200 mg/L Nickel	47
Figure 4.3.1.6 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 200 mg/L Nickel	48
Figure 4.3.1.7 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel	49
Figure 4.3.1.8 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel	50
Figure 4.3.1.9 ASRR, charge efficiency, and energy consumption of the FCDI system treating different concentrations of nickel	51
Figure 4.3.1.10 Ragone plot of FCDI system treating different concentrations of nickel in SCC mode	52

Figure 4.3.2.1 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH in the FCDI system (0.8 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel	55
Figure 4.3.2.2 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium in the FCDI system (0.8 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel	56
Figure 4.3.2.3 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel	57
Figure 4.3.2.4 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel	58
Figure 4.3.2.5 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH in the FCDI system (1.6 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel	59
Figure 4.3.2.6 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium in the FCDI system (1.6 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel	60
Figure 4.3.2.7 ASRR, charge efficiency, and energy consumption of the FCDI system with different voltages	61
Figure 4.3.2.8 Ragone plot of FCDI system with different voltages in SCC mode	62

Figure 4.3.3.1 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel at 1 wt% AC	65
Figure 4.3.3.2 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel at 1 wt% AC	66
Figure 4.3.3.3 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel at 3 wt% AC	67
Figure 4.3.3.4 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel at 3 wt% AC	68
Figure 4.3.3.5 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel at 5 wt% AC	69
Figure 4.3.3.6 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel at 5 wt% AC	70
Figure 4.3.3.7 ASRR, charging efficiency, and energy consumption of FCDI systems operating with different weight percentages of activated carbons	71
Figure 4.3.3.8 Ragone plot of FCDI system with different weight percentages of activated carbons in SCC mode	72

Figure 4.3.4.1 The competitive effect of cations (a) Na+, (b) Ca2+, (c) Cu2+ on the removal of nickel in FCDI system	75

Figure 4.4.1.1 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel with 1 wt% AC	77
Figure 4.4.1.2 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel with 1 wt% AC	78
Figure 4.4.1.3 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel with 1 wt% RHAC	79
Figure 4.4.1.4 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium in the FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 300 mg/L Nickel with 1 wt% RHAC	80
Figure 4.4.1.5 ASRR, charging efficiency, and energy consumption of FCDI systems operating with different flow-electrode materials	81

Figure 4.4.2.1 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH when RHAC is used for the first time in FCDI system	84
Figure 4.4.2.2 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium when RHAC is used for the first time in FCDI system	85
Figure 4.4.2.3 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH when RHAC is used for the second time in FCDI system	86
Figure 4.4.2.4 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium when RHAC is used for the second time in FCDI system	87
Figure 4.4.2.5 Changes of (a) conductivity, (b) current, and (c) pH when RHAC is used for the third time in FCDI system	88
Figure 4.4.2.6 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium when RHAC is used for the third time in FCDI system	89
Figure 4.4.2.7 ASRR, charging efficiency and energy consumption of FCDI system running with RHAC (2:1) and recycled RHAC (2:1) materials	90

Figure 4.4.3.1 Changes of (a) Inflow and Outflow conductivity, (b) current with AC in FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 0.7 mg/L Nickel	92
Figure 4.4.3.2 Changes of (a) Flow-electrode conductivity, (b) pH with AC in FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 0.7 mg/L Nickel	93
Figure 4.4.3.3 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium with AC in FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 0.7 mg/L Nickel	94
Figure 4.4.3.4 Changes of (a) Inflow and Outflow conductivity, (b) current with RHAC in FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 0.7 mg/L Nickel	95
Figure 4.4.3.5 Changes of (a) Flow-electrode conductivity, (b) pH with RHAC in FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 0.7 mg/L Nickel	96
Figure 4.4.3.6 Concentration changes of (a) Nickel and (b) sodium with RHAC in FCDI system (1.2 V) treating 0.7 mg/L Nickel	97
Figure 4.4.3.7 ASRR, charging efficiency, and energy consumption of FCDI systems under different flow-electrode materials in single-pass-SCC mode	98

表目錄

Table 3.2.1.1 Manufactures and purity of experimental chemical	16

Table 3.2.2.1 Manufacturers and model of equipment and instruments	17

Table 4.1.1 Porosity characteristics of the RHAC and AC (高長鴻, 113)	35

Table 4.2.1 Specific capacitance (F/g) of AC and RHAC in 1 M NaCl at different scan rates	39
Table 4.2.2 Specific capacitance (F/g) of RHAC-1 and RHAC-2 in 1 M NaCl at different scan rates	40

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