非裔美國諾貝爾桂冠女作家托尼·莫里森不但在小說中為非裔美國人沉默的歷史與現實生活注入活力，同時還通過其敏銳的觀察和豐富的想像力呈現美國建國前至今種種關涉疾病與醫療的社會現象，並促成讀者的共鳴與反思。
   本文聚焦莫里森小說中有關三個不同歷史時期美國黑人生活面貌的三部小說——《恩惠》、《秀拉》和《上帝救助孩子》，並結合歷史、文化與社會語境,進而從健康人文的跨學科視角進行較為全面客觀的分析與評價。
   在《恩惠》中，在殖民時期殘酷的自然條件和落後的醫學條件下，疾病構成了這部小說人物故事的暗線，推動故事情節的發展，彰顯出疾病的影響和蓄奴社會的不人道原則。小說中不同膚色的人群如何回應疾病、死亡和人生的態度，以及美國殖民地初期的醫療情況，表達莫里森對17世紀疫病陰影下美洲印第安人、黑人奴隸、混血兒和歐洲殖民者遭遇的同情，以及她對殖民主義、父權制度、奴隸制以及殖民醫學福利論的批判，激發讀者思考疾病的意義與醫學發展進程中的種族因素。
   在《秀拉》中，處於1919年到1965年間的美國黑人雖已擺脫奴隸制的束縛，但是仍然生活在戰爭、種族隔離制度和系統性種族主義的陰影之下。莫里森通過美國黑人退伍軍人的戰爭創傷體驗、黑人女性的自殘、自殺和無名絕症的身體體驗以及社會對於這些黑人疾痛的反應展示了個人的疾痛與社會的相互作用，為黑人創傷後應激障礙症以及其它傷痛經歷的觀察提供了獨特的視角，反映社會與文化因素對醫學知識，尤其是精神病學知識生成的相互影響以及各種倫理關係的異化。小說主要人物的醫療體驗反映美國醫療種族主義、系統性種族主義，以及美國黑人對現代醫學缺乏信任，尤其是那些經濟窘迫、無法得到現代醫療保障體系的照顧的邊緣人群。
   在《上帝救助孩子》中，21世紀美國大城市的新黑人已能享受現代醫學發展所帶來的便利，但新型種族主義、物質主義、黑人內部的膚色歧視，各種針對兒童的暴力和虐待行為，包括對兒童的情感忽略、拒絕接觸或性騷擾與性虐待，以及社會倫理道德敗壞、家庭倫理缺失的社會環境危害著不同膚色的美國兒童的身心健康，造成小說男女主角布萊德和布克的生存困境，並帶給他們種種身體傷害和死亡威脅。但他們勇敢面對痛苦和苦難，通過身體受傷的事件引發頓悟，修復童年創傷，領會生命的價值；同時他們應對創傷的多種途徑強調傾訴、音樂、寫作和愛對於心理創傷的療愈功能。
   莫里森不僅關注家庭與社會倫理之間關係異化的轉向和醫學人文關懷不足的現象，同時也對那些身處以白人為主導社會中黑人所處的艱難處境抱以同情的態度，刺激美國黑人應如何自救和自強的思考。這些疾病與醫學書寫的健康人文研究不僅能幫助醫學工作者，也能幫助普通讀者，更能理解疾病、殘障、痛苦和照料，洞悉人性、苦難、死亡和生命的意義，激發當代健康問題的多維度思考。

    Toni Morrison, the first African American female writer winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993, not only injects vitality into the lost history and real life of African Americans in her work, but also presents various social phenomena related to diseases and medical treatment in different historical periods of the United States through her keen observation and rich imagination, and promotes readers’ resonance and reflection.
    This thesis focuses on Morrison’s three novels,A Mercy, Sula and God Help the Child, which show the life of African Americans in three different historical periods. It makes a comprehensive and objective analysis and evaluation touching the writing of diseases and medicine in Morrison’s novels within their specific historical, cultural and social contexts from the interdisciplinary perspective of health humanities. 
    In A Mercy, in the face of harsh natural conditions and backward medical conditions during the colonial period, disease forms the hidden thread of the story. It plays an important role in shaping characters and emphasizing themes, demonstrating in depth the effects of disease and the inhuman principles of slave-holding society. The attitudes and views of people of different colors on disease, death and the value of life, as well as the medical conditions in the early American colonies, express Morrison’s sympathy for the sufferings of American Indians, black slaves, mixed-race slaves, and European settlers under the shadow of epidemics in the 17th century, and criticizing colonialism, the patriarchal system, slavery and the colonial medical welfare theory. She inspires readers to think about the meaning of disease and race in the development of medicine.
    The African Americans in Sula have escaped the bondage of slavery, but still lived under the shadow of war, racial segregation, and systemic racism during the period of  1919 to 1965. Through the experiences of war trauma of African American veterans, the physical experiences of black women’s self-harm, suicide and nameless fatal disease, as well as the social reactions to these experiences, Morrison demonstrates the interaction between an individual’s illness and the society, providing a unique perspective for the observation of African Americans’ post-traumatic stress disorder and other traumatic experiences, reflecting the social and cultural factors facing the generation of medical knowledge, particularly psychiatric knowledge and the alienation of various ethical relations. The experience of the limited medical treatment of the main characters in the novel reflects the influence of medical racism and systemic racism in the United States, African American’s deficient trust of modern medicine, and the plight of marginalized people with financial distress who cannot get help from the modern healthcare system.
    In God Help the Child, the New Black living in the big cities of the United States in the 21st century can fully enjoy the convenience brought by the development of modern medicine. However, the maltreatments towards children, which includes emotional neglect, refusal to contact or sexual harassment and sexual abuse, as well as the social environment of deteriorating social ethics and family ethics, endangers the physical and mental health of American children of different colors, resulting in the survival dilemma of the novel’s protagonists Bride and Booker, and bringing them various physical injuries and threats of death. But they bravely face pain and suffering, have epiphanies from the accidents of physical injuries, repair childhood trauma, and grasp the value of life. At the same time, the different ways in which they cope with trauma emphasize the healing functions of story-telling, music and love.
    Morrison is a writer full of humanistic spirit, who expresses her sympathy for the difficult situation of African Americans in the white-dominated social environment and her thoughts on how black people should save themselves and improve themselves while criticizing the alienation of family and social ethics and the lack of humanistic care in the medical field. The study on the writings of disease and medicine in Morrison’s novels from the interdisciplinary perspective of health humanities helps not only medical practitioners but also general readers to better understand illness, disability, suffering and care, to increase their insights into humanity, suffering, death and the meaning of life, and to promote multi-dimensional thinking about contemporary health issues.

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………… I
CHINESE ABSTRACT………………………………………………   II- III
ENGLISH ABSTRACT…………………………………………………  IV- VI
CONTENTS…………………………………………………………  VII-VIII

INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………..1
Literature Review
Theoretical Framework of Health Humanities
Research Questions
Chapter Divisions
CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………… 19
Epidemics and Diseases in A Mercy 
The Threat of Disease during European Colonial Expansion
   Smallpox Devastating Indian Tribes
   Diseases Inflicting the Black Slave
   Boils and Hypothetical Partner of Mix-blood “Sorrow”
   The Smallpox Inflicting European Settlers
The God-like Savior
   European and Early Colonial Medicine
   Traditional Indian Medicine
   The Black Folk Healer

CHAPTER TWO…………………………………………………………………..53
War Nightmare and Unspeakable Pain in Sula 
   Unspeakable Illness and Pain 
      Symptoms not correctly identified 
      Black Women’s Bodies in Pain 
         Self-harm and Suicide 
         Nameless Fatal Disease
A Disabled System of Modern medicine and Healthcare
   Unreliable Modern Medicine
   Inadequate Psychiatric Diagnosis
   Absent Doctors and Invalid Doctor-Patient Relationship
   The Decline of Folk Medicine

CHAPTER THREE……………………………………………………………….93
Post-racial Dilemma and the Salvation of Love in God Help the Child 
Childhood Trauma and Recovery in the 21st century
   Physical and Psychological Maltreatments of Children
   The Wounded Adults’ Epiphanies in Pain
Benefits and Drawbacks of Modern Medicine
   The Medicalization of American Society
   Essence of Care
   An Unempathetic but Devoted Doctor
   Healing Function of Storytelling and Music
      Storytelling
      Black Music

CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………….. 135

WORKS CITED ………………………………………………………………….148

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