系統識別號 | U0002-0708202416254100 |
---|---|
DOI | 10.6846/tku202400643 |
論文名稱(中文) | 後備戰力研究—比較主要國家後備制度與中華民國軍事訓練役 |
論文名稱(英文) | Reserve Force Research—Comparison of Reserve System of Major Countries and Military Training Service of the Republic of China |
第三語言論文名稱 | |
校院名稱 | 淡江大學 |
系所名稱(中文) | 國際事務與戰略研究所碩士班 |
系所名稱(英文) | Graduate Institute of International Affairs and Strategic Studies |
外國學位學校名稱 | |
外國學位學院名稱 | |
外國學位研究所名稱 | |
學年度 | 112 |
學期 | 2 |
出版年 | 113 |
研究生(中文) | 陳啟睿 |
研究生(英文) | CHEN-CHI JUI |
學號 | 610330226 |
學位類別 | 碩士 |
語言別 | 繁體中文 |
第二語言別 | |
口試日期 | 2024-06-13 |
論文頁數 | 130頁 |
口試委員 |
指導教授
-
蘇紫雲(panzer.su@indsr.org.tw)
口試委員 - 翁明賢 口試委員 - 鄭欽模 |
關鍵字(中) |
軍事訓練役 後備部隊 美國國民兵 兵役制度 |
關鍵字(英) |
Military Training Service Reserve Force U.S. National Guard Military Service System |
第三語言關鍵字 | |
學科別分類 | |
中文摘要 |
2022年蔡英文總統召開「強化全民國防兵力結構調整方案」記者會,宣布中華民國兵役制度進行重大調整,取消過去實行多年的4個月軍事訓練役制度,回復一年義務役。軍事訓練役原先目的在於平時養兵少,戰時用兵多,但在實施多年後,卻被認為無法達成基本戰力需求,其中原因為何?而為何訓練方式與軍事訓練役相似,強調短時訓練,戰時徵召的美國國民兵體制卻能持續存在並發揮成效?本文試圖分析兩者間的不同,以理解我國軍事訓練役政策為何無法延續。 本文透過研究世界各國後備役制度,了解各國的後備役體制。並將其分為主動徵召式後備役與志願式後備役,以後備部隊預算、作戰能力、訓練過程等指標作為部隊成效,分析其後備部隊實際作為。透過國家政策,地緣政治等因素,了解這些國家為何使用主動徵召式後備役或志願式後備役。最後比對我國軍事訓練役與美國國民兵間的差別。 研究中發現採用主動徵召式後備役的國家,面對周遭人口基數優勢的敵國或假想敵必須以徵召式後備役來彌補人數上的劣勢。或是常年與周遭國家有軍事衝突,都偏好使用徵召式後備役。採用志願式後備役的國家,則是因在多地區執行軍事任務導致全職軍人不足,將志願後備役作為輪替和補充軍力的手段。對志願後備部隊的態度也將其定位從戰略預備隊改為作戰預備隊。 在後備部隊能力分析上,影響各國後部隊成效的重要關鍵的為國防預算,以及政府對於後備部隊的態度。預算是後備部隊訓練、招募、戰力提升重要的因素。政府態度則體現於對於後備部隊的招募、應用、實際部屬和訓練上。而我國與美國國民兵在預算上、政府態度上都有較大落差,同時也有文化與體制上的差異導致訓練不能落實。 我國軍事訓練役不能構成戰力的因素在於訓練預算少,訓練沒有汰除機制。訓練期間較短,且缺乏有效的訓練制度,導致結訓役男被認為無法構成有效戰力。同時推動軍事訓練役導致軍隊人數短缺,導致國軍基層被眾多人力業務困擾,對戰力構成威脅,也是軍事訓練役取消的重要原因 |
英文摘要 |
In 2022, President Tsai Ing-wen held a press conference on "Strengthening the National Defense Force Structure Adjustment Plan", announcing that the military service system of the Republic of China (ROC) will undergo a major adjustment by abolishing the four-month military training service system that has been in place for many years, and reinstating one year of voluntary service. The original purpose of the military training service was to raise fewer soldiers in times of peace and use them more in times of war, but after many years of implementation, it has been recognized that it cannot meet the basic needs of the war effort, what are the reasons for this? Why has the U.S. National Guard system, which emphasizes short-term training and wartime conscription in a manner similar to the Military Training Service, continued to exist and be effective? This paper attempts to analyze the differences between the two in order to understand why our military training service policy cannot be sustained. In this paper, we study the reserve systems of various countries in the world to understand their reserve systems. It also categorizes them into active reserve and voluntary reserve, and analyzes the actual behavior of their reserve forces by taking the budget, operational capability, and training process as indicators of their effectiveness. Through national policies and geopolitical factors, we will understand why these countries use active or voluntary reserves. Finally, the study compares the differences between our military training service and the U.S. National Guard. The study found that countries that use active reserve must compensate for their numerical disadvantage by recruiting in the face of an enemy or hypothetical enemy with a superior population base. Countries that are in constant military conflict with neighboring countries also prefer to use the conscripted reserve. Countries that have adopted the Volunteer Reserve have used it as a means of replenishing and replenishing their forces due to a shortage of full-time military personnel as a result of military missions in multiple regions. The attitude toward the volunteer reserve forces has also changed its position from strategic reserve forces to operational reserve forces. In the analysis of reserve force capabilities, the key factors affecting the effectiveness of the reserve forces in each country are the national defense budget and the government's attitude toward the reserve forces. The budget is an important factor in the training, recruitment, and capability enhancement of the reserve forces. The government's attitude is reflected in the recruitment, application, actual deployment, and training of the reserve forces. However, there is a big difference between our country and the U.S. National Militia in terms of budget and government attitude, as well as cultural and institutional differences that make training impossible to implement. The factors that prevent our military training services from becoming a force to be reckoned with are the small training budget and the lack of an elimination mechanism for training. The short training period and the lack of an effective training system have led to the conclusion of training for men who are not considered to be able to form an effective combat force. At the same time, the promotion of the military training service led to a shortage of military personnel, resulting in the National Army's grassroots being plagued by a multitude of manpower and business, which posed a threat to the war effort, and was also an important reason for the abolition of the military training service. |
第三語言摘要 | |
論文目次 |
目錄 第壹章、緒論 1 第一節、研究背景、動機與目的 1 第二節、文獻檢閱 6 第三節、研究途徑與方法 17 第四節、研究範圍與限制 19 第五節、研究架構 21 第六節、章節安排 23 第貳章、動員制度理論 25 第一節、動員制度理論、制度與實行 25 第二節、現代國家動員制度 28 第三節、新型態的動員制度 32 第參章、主動徵召後備役制度 44 第一節、主動徵召後備役制度 44 第二節、徵召後備役比較分析 59 第肆章、志願後備部隊 64 第一節、志願後備役制度 64 第二節、美國國民兵制度 70 第三節、志願後備部隊分析 83 第伍章、我國軍事訓練役與美國國民兵比較之分析 85 第一節、我國軍事訓練役制度 85 第二節、制度與文化分析 88 第三節、戰力與預算問題分析 90 第四節、我國建立志願後備部隊的機會與挑戰 98 第陸章、結論 102 第一節、研究心得 102 第二節、研究發現 107 第三節、研究建議 111 圖目錄 圖 1:研究架構 21 圖 2:美國動員體制與法令 72 圖 3:美國國民兵BCT訓練大綱 75 圖 4:國防部113年後備戰士招募員額 100 表目錄 表1:網路戰部隊構成與職能 36 表 2:我國無人機操作與考照限制 42 表 3:以哈衝突後以色列後備部隊徵召年紀分布 46 表 4:韓國指定與非指定人員動員訓練 51 表5:新加坡後備人員回訓方案 56 表 6:澳洲國防部整體勞動力系統 69 表7:美國國民兵BCT訓練大綱 76 表8:我國近年後備指揮部與國防預算占比 97 |
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