營建產業由於其特殊性質，在各國皆屬於最危險的行業之一。國際勞工組織報告指出，每三分鐘就有一次因工作相關受傷導致的死亡。本文旨在通過線上調查問卷，調查伊拉克庫爾德斯坦地區一般工程或建築工程的安全管理，以擬定適合該地區的工地安全評估基準。本研究問卷分為三部分，目的在於收集伊拉克庫爾德斯坦地區工程管理人員關於營建工程對工程安全的經驗資訊、安全意識及認知，以及影響建築工程安全因素。問卷的初始階段涵蓋了七十一個工地安全因子。本研究的目的是調查建築工地上最危險的活動，並確定影響安全方面的因素。透過第一階段的問卷分析，了解了伊拉克庫爾德斯坦地區工人的安全與健康問題十分普遍，而這可能是由於工作條件不佳，對安全規章的忽視，或是對安全的態度和文化觀念的差異導致。然而，在發展中國家的安全措施上存在顯著的不平等。作為伊拉克的一個發展地區。問卷的第二部分，則使用平均值對影響建築工程安全的最重要因素進行評估和評價，之後對各影響因子群組和個別因子進行評估與篩，並選擇影響安全的最主要因子使用了分析層次過程（AHP）方法，分析個群組及因子之相對權重。最後則利用分析所得之工地安全評估因子及相對權重，分別選擇了五個伊拉克庫爾德斯坦地區的工程進行安全評估。
綜言之，本研究識別了確保伊拉克庫爾德斯坦建築工程安全的關鍵因子，這些因子包括：穿著頭部保護裝備，設置護欄以防止工作期間土壤崩塌，工作期間適當照明，確保工地環境的正確安排和組織，確保易燃液體和可燃物品的儲存，僱用有經驗的工人，強調使用腳部保護裝備，並在需要時使用危險標誌和護欄。解決這些問題對於促進安全的工作環境並減少伊拉克庫爾德斯坦建築工地的潛在危險至關重要。

Construction is a crucial component of our daily lives; however, due to its distinctive characteristics, it is also one of the most dangerous industries. The International Labour Organization reports that work-related injuries result in one death every three minutes. This paper aims to establish a safety performance baseline in Iraqi Kurdistan by examining the safety management of generic engineering or construction projects in the region through an online survey questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of three parts designed to collect information on the project and respondents, safety awareness in projects, and safety factors affecting construction projects. The initial phase of the questionnaire encompasses seventy-one areas of safety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the riskiest activities on construction sites and determine the factors that affect safety aspects. Although worker safety and health issues are prevalent, they may arise due to inadequate working conditions, disregard for safety regulations, or variations in attitudes and cultures toward safety. However, there is a significant disparity in terms of safety measures in developing countries. As a developing region of Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan faces safety concerns around construction projects, and this paper seeks to examine the status of safety management in the construction industry in this region. The study will explore the risk-prone activities on construction sites and identify the factors that affect the overall safety of engineering projects. There is a lack of research on the safety of construction sites in Iraqi Kurdistan, and there are few reliable sources or statistics to support the status of safety measures. In the second part of the questionnaire, the most important factors affecting safety in construction projects will be assessed and evaluated using the Mean value for each factors individually and group of factors afterwards. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used for selecting the weights of the most affecting factors that impact safety and later five projects were selected for evaluation with respect to safety assessment. 
This study identified several key factors that are of utmost importance for ensuring safety in construction projects in Iraqi Kurdistan. These factors include wearing head protection, implementing barricades to prevent soil collapse during work, adequately lighting the site during night working hours, maintaining proper arrangement and organization of the site environment, ensuring the proper storage of flammable liquids and combustible materials, hiring workers with experience, emphasizing the use of foot protection, as well as employing danger signs and barricades as necessary. Addressing these concerns is crucial to promote a safe working environment and mitigate potential hazards on construction sites in Iraqi Kurdistan.

Contents
The Letter of Authorization (copyright)	ii
Signature List of the Committee	iii
Acknowledgment	iv
中文摘要	v
Abstract	vi
List of Tables	xi
List of Figures	xii
List of Flowcharts	xiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	1
1.1	Introduction and Background	2
1.2	Research question	4
1.3	Research objectives	5
1.4	Scope of study	5
1.5	Significance of the study to Iraqi Kurdistan	5
1.6	Research Limitation	6
1.7	Research Methodology	6
1.8	Research Flow chart	7
1.9	Chapters organisation	8
CHAPTER 2	9
Literature Review	9
2.1	Introduction	10
2.2	Factors affecting safety performance.	12
2.2.1 Project Nature	23
2.2.2 Emergency Planning and Preparations	23
2.2.3 Signs, Signals and Barricades	23
2.2.4 Historic, Human and Psychological Climate	23
2.2.5 Welfare Facilities	24
2.2.6 Administrative and Management Commitment	24
2.2.7 Safety Inspection	25
2.2.8 Safety Meeting	25
2.2.9 Role of Government & Engineering Societies	25
2.2.10 Crane and Lifting Equipment	25
2.2.11 Safety Educating and Training	26
2.2.12 Disposal of Hazardous Materials and Waste	26
2.2.13 Personal Protective Equipment	26
2.2.14 Excavation, Trenching, Shorting	26
2.2.16 Fire Prevention	27
2.2.17 Transportation	27
2.2.18 Economic Investment	27
2.2.19 Medical Facilities	27
2.3 safety management regulations in Iraqi Kurdistan	28
2.4 Cultural Awareness toward safety	37
CHAPTER 3	39
Research Methodology	39
3.1 Introduction	40
3.2 Research Design	40
3.3 Research Location	41
3.4 Research Population	42
3.5 Pilot Study	42
3.6 Questionnaire Design	42
3.7 Questionnaire Content	43
CHAPTER 4	44
Analysis and Results Discussions	44
4.1 Introduction	45
4.2 Respondent General Information	45
4.2.1 Demography of Participants	45
4.2.2 Job Title of Participants	47
4.2.3 Classification of respondent by contract type	47
4.2.4 Project Areas	48
4.2.5 Respondent experience	48
4.2.6 Staff and Resources	49
4.3 Safety practices and perceptions of the respondents.	50
4.3.1 Dedicated Safety Professional at workplace	50
4.3.2 Dedicated Safety Program at workplace	51
4.3.3 Safety knowledge	51
4.3.4 Safety Responsibility	53
4.3.5 Accident Witness	54
4.3.6 Awareness of Government`s Legislation	55
4.3.7 Safety kits	56
4.3.8 Social Insurance System	57
4.3.9 Health Insurance System	58
4.4 Assessment of Factors Influencing Safety Performance	58
4.4.1 Project Nature	59
4.4.2 Signs, Signals & Barricades	59
4.4.3 Emergency Planning & Preparations	60
4.4.4 Welfare Facilities	60
4.4.5 Historic, Human & Psychological Climates	61
4.4.6 Administrative & Management Commitment	62
4.4.7 Safety Inspections	63
4.4.8 Safety Meetings	64
4.4.9 Role of Government & Engineering Societies	64
4.4.10 Crane & Lifting Equipment	65
4.4.11 Safety Education & Training	66
4.4.12  Disposal of Hazardous Materials & Waste	67
4.4.13  Personal Protective Equipment ‘ (PPE)	67
4.4.14 Excavation, Trenching & Shoring	68
4.4.15 Fire Prevention	68
4.4.16 Transportation	69
4.4.17 Economic Investment	70
4.4.18 Medical Facilities	70
4.5 Summary Rankings of Groups Factors Influencing Safety Performance	72
4.6 Summaries of Ranks for Factors Affecting Safety Performance	73
4.7 Analysing the most effective factors using the AHP method.	76
4.7.1	Creating pair-wise comparison matrix for each Group	78
4.7.1.1 matrix for main factors	78
4.7.1.2 matrix for Project Nature group	80
4.7.1.3 matrix for Signs, Signals & Barricades Group	82
4.7.1.4 matrix for Administrative & Management Commitment Group	84
4.7.1.5 matrix for Personal Protective Equipment Group	86
4.7.1.6 matrix for Excavation, Trenching & Shoring Group	88
4.7.1.7 matrix for fire prevention Group	90
4.7.2	Total weight for each of main factor and sub-factors	91
4.7.3 project evaluation according to our factor’s weight	93
4.7.3.1 Project A	93
4.7.3.2 Project B	95
4.7.3.3 Project C	97
4.7.3.4 Project D	99
4.7.3.5 Project E	101
CHAPTER 5	103
Conclusions and Recommendations	103
5.1 Introduction	104
5.2 Conclusions	104
5.3 Recommendations	106
References	107
APPENDIX-A.1	109

List of Tables
Table 1 – Factors Affecting Safety Performance	22
Table 2 – Project  Nature	59
Table 3 -Signs, Signals & Barricades	60
Table 4- Emergency Planning and Preparations	60
Table 5 – Welfare Facilities	61
Table 6 - Historic, Human & Psychological Climates	62
Table 7- Administrative & Management Commitment	63
Table 8 - Safety inspections	64
Table 9 - Safety Meetings	64
Table 10- Role of Government & Engineering Societies	65
Table 11- Crane & Lifting Equipment	66
Table 12- Safety Educating & Training	66
Table 13- Disposal of Hazardous Materials & Waste	67
Table 14- Personal Protective Equipment	67
Table 15- Excavation, Trenching & Shoring	68
Table 16- Fire Prevention	69
Table 17- Transportation	69
Table 18- Economic Investment	70
Table 19- Medical Facilities	71
Table 20- Ranks of Groups Factors	72
Table 21- Ranks for Factors Affecting Safety Performance	75
Table 22- AHP matrix for main factors	78
Table 23- matrix for weight calculation (main factors)	78
Table 24- Checking for consistency (main factors)	79
Table 25- AHP matrix for Project Nature group	80
Table 26- matrix for weight calculation (project nature group)	80
Table 27- Checking for consistency (project nature group)	81
Table 28- AHP matrix for Signs, Signals & Barricades Group	82
Table 29 - matrix for weight calculation (Signs, Signals & Barricades Group)	82
Table 30- checking for consistency ( Signs, Signals & barricades Group)	83
Table 31- AHP matrix for Administrative & Management Commitment Group	84
Table 32- matrix for weight calculation (Administrative & Management Commitment Group)	84
Table 33- checking for consistency (Administrative & Management Commitment Group)	85
Table 34- AHP matrix for Personal Protective Equipment Group	86
Table 35- matrix for weight calculation (Personal Protective Equipment Group)	86
Table 36- checking for consistency (Personal Protective Equipment Group)	87
Table 37- AHP matrix for Excavation, Trenching & Shoring Group	88
Table 38- matrix for weight calculation ( Excavation, Trenching & Shoring Group)	88
Table 39- checking for consistency (Excavation, Trenching & Shoring Group)	89
Table 40- AHP matrix for fire prevention Group	90
Table 41- matrix for weight calculation ( fire prevention Group)	90
Table 42- checking for consistency ( fire prevention Group)	90
Table 43- AHP Total weight for each of main factor and sub-factors	92
Table 44- Project A safety evaluation	94
Table 45- Project B safety evaluation	96
Table 46- Project C safety evaluation	98
Table 47- Project D safety evaluation	100
Table 48- Project E Safety evaluation	102

List of Figures
Figure 1- Research Location	41
Figure 2- Demography of Participants	45
Figure 3- gender identity	46
Figure 4- respondent's education degree	46
Figure 5- Job Title of Participants	47
Figure 6- Participants by contract type	47
Figure 7- Classification of Project Areas	48
Figure 8- Respondent experience	49
Figure 9- Staff and Resources	49
Figure 10- a percentage of your staff are foreigner	50
Figure 11- Dedicated Safety Professional at workplace	50
Figure 12- Dedicated Safety Program at workplace	51
Figure 13- safety management during university study	52
Figure 14- Safety knowledge	52
Figure 15- how have you gotten knowledge of safety?	53
Figure 16- Safety Responsibility	53
Figure 17-  the significant consequences of insufficient safety measures.	54
Figure 18- Accident Witness	54
Figure 19- Awareness of Government`s Legislation	55
Figure 20- safety inspection by goverment	56
Figure 21- safety meetings	56
Figure 22- Safety kits	57
Figure 23- Social Insurance System	57
Figure 24- Health Insurance System	58
Figure 25- a hierarchical model for critical factors affecting safety program	77

List of Flowcharts
Flowchart 1- Research Design	7

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