台灣的護士正經歷高水準的耗竭和嚴重的人力短缺。夲硏究調查醫院主管支持和情緒智力在護士的工作-家庭衝突對工作耗竭關係及工作承諾的影響。收集410位護士自我填答資料，使用分層迴歸分析進行資料分析和假設檢驗；驗證性因素分析測試情緒智力、工作與家庭衝突和倦怠的建構效度。護士的工作-家庭衝突與情緒枯竭、否定個人和降低成就感呈正相關之假說成立。避免其他原因引起的工作-家庭衝突的預防以降低護士職業耗竭率。結果也顯示高程度的護士感知耗竭對專業承諾有顯著負面影響。主管支持的調節效果主要可以幫助工作家庭衝突與情感枯竭的連結及在工作家庭衝突與個人成就較少有效地連結，工作家庭衝突與否定個人沒有連結。另外，情緒智力在調節工作-家庭衝突與工作倦怠的三個構面之間的關係是顯著的。這些發現對醫療機構管理者有著重要的意涵，意指促進護士的專業承諾，可藉由支援資源的最佳利用，以及提高個人資源的情緒智力去實現。很顯然，工作家庭衝突是組織中有效管理的一個重要問題，可以透過組織計畫方案和主管行為來監督管理。本研究在中國文化中作理論的測試，支持先前研究開發理論的普遍性。

Nurses experience high levels of burnout and seriously nursing shortage in Taiwan. This study is to investigate the role of supervisor support and emotional intelligence in the work-family conflict and burnout relationship that impacts the professional commitment among nurses. Self-reporting data were collected from 410 nurses. Hierarchical regression analysis is used for data analysis and hypothesis tests; confirmatory factor analyses test the construct validity of emotional intelligence, work-family conflict, and burnout. The hypotheses were supported, namely, that nurse work-family conflict is positively correlated with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and negatively with personal accomplishment. Prevention of other causes of work-family conflict should also be undertaken to reduce the nurse burnout rate. Results also indicated that high levels of nurses’ perceived burnout have a significant negative influence on professional commitment. The moderation effect of supervisor support can help mainly on the WFC-emotional exhaustion link and less effectively on WFC-personal accomplishment link, but not WFC-depersonalization link. In addition, emotional intelligence is significant in moderating the relationship between work-family conflict and the three dimensions of burnout. These findings have important implications for managers within the healthcare institutions in knowing the directions of nurse’s professional commitment enhancing and the best utilization of support resources and improve personal resource emotional intelligence in achieving it. It is clear that work-family conflict is an important issue for effective people management in organizations and can be managed through both organizational programs and supervisor behaviors. The current study also provides a test of these theories in Chinese culture to support the generalizability of theories developed in previous research.

TABLE OF CONTENTS  ⅰ
LIST OF FIGURES  ⅲ 
LIST OF TABLES  ⅳ 
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION  1
1.1. Background and Rational  1
1.2. Statement of the Problem  7
1.3. Purpose of the Study  12
1.4. Significance of the Study  14
1.5. Summary  15
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE  17
2.1. Work-Family Conflict  17
2.2. Burnout  19
2.3. Supervisor Support  21
2.4. Emotional Intelligence  22
2.5. Professional Commitment  26
2.6. Research Hypotheses  27
2.6.1. Relationship between Work-Family Conflict and burnout  27
2.6.2. Relationship between Burnout and Professional       Commitment  29
2.6.3. Moderating Effect of Supervisor Support on WFC
       and Burnout Relationship  30
2.6.4. Moderating Effect of Emotional intelligence on 
       WFC and Burnout Relationship  32
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY  35
3.1. Research Design  35
3.2. Measurement Instruments  36
3.2.1. Emotional intelligence Measurement  36
3.2.2. Work-family conflict Measurement  38
3.2.3. Burnout Measurement  39
3.2.4. Supervisor support Measurement  40
3.2.5. Professional commitment Measurement  41
3.2.6. Description of Demographic Variables  42
3.3. Sample and Data Collection  43
3.4. Statistical Tool  44
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND FINDING  45
4.1. Demographic Data  45
4.2. Correlation Analysis  45
4.3. Hypothesis Testing  47
4.4. Summary  52
CHAPTER V DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION  55
5.1. Discussion of Finding  55
5.2. Conclusions  58
5.3. Management Implication  63
5.4. Limitation of the Study and Possible Direction for Future Research  66
REFFERENCES  68
APPENDIX- 1 QUESTIONAIRE  79
APPENDIX- 2 QUESTIONAIRE IN CHINESE VERSION  84

LIST OF FIGURES
FIG 1 Proposed Conceptual Model of the Study 35

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 Variable Measures with Items from Emotional Intelligence Scale 37
TABLE 2 Variable Measures with Items from Work-Family Conflict Scale 38
TABLE 3 Variable Measures with Items from Burnout Scale 40
TABLE 4 Variable Measures with Items from Supervisor Support Scale 41
TABLE 5 Variable Measures with Items from Professional Commitment Scale 42
TABLE 6 Participant’s Demographic Characteristics 43
TABLE 7 Descriptive Statistics and Correlations 47
TABLE 8 Results of Hierarchical Regression Analysis 48
TABLE 9 Results of Hierarchical Regression Analysis and Moderation 49
TABLE 10 Summary of Test and Hypotheses Results 53

Reference
[1] Adams, A.G., King, L.A. and King, D.W. (1996). Relationships of job and family involvement, family social support, and work-family conflict with job and life satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4, 411-420.
[2] Adebola, H.E. (2005). Emotional expression at workplace: Implications for work-family role ambiguities. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(21), 102-115.
[3] Ahmad, A. (2010). Work-family conflict among junior physicians: It’s mediating role in the relationship between role overload and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 265-271. 
[4] American Psychological Association, 2007. APA Dictionary of Psychology. Library of Congress Press, Washington.
[5] Amna, Y., Karin, S. and Qaisar, A. (2015). Organizational/occupational commitment and organizational/occupational turnover intentions: A happy marriage?  Personnel Review, 44(4): 470 – 491.
[6] Anderson, S.E., Coffey, B.S. and Byerly, R.T. (2002). Formal organizational initiatives and informal workplace practices: Links to work-family conflict and job-related outcomes. Journal of Management, 28(6), 787-810.
[7] Aronson, E., Kafrey, D. and Pines, A.M. (1981). Burnout: From tedium to personal growth, The Free Press, New York.
[8] Aryee, S., Luk, V., Leung, A. and Lo, S. (1999). Role stressors, inter-role conflict, and well-being: The moderating influence of spousal support and coping behaviors among employed parents in Hong Kong. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 259–278.
[9] Ashil, N.J. and Rod, M. (2011). Burnout Processes in Non-Clinical Health Service Encounters. Journal of Business Research, 64, 1116–1127 
[10] Ashkanasy, N.M. and Daus, C.S. (2002). Emotion in the workplace: The new challenge for managers. Academy ofManagement Executive, 16, 76–86.
[11] Bakker, A.B., Le Blanc, P. M. and Schaufeli, W.B. (2005). Burnout contagion among intensive care nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51(3), 276-287.
[12] Bakker, A.B. and Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309–328. 
[13] Bar-On, R. (2000). Emotional and social intelligence. Insights from the emotional quotient inventory (EQ-I). In: Bar-On, R., Parker, J.D.(Eds.), The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence, 363–388. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. 
[14] Bar-On, R. (2005). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema Special issue on emotional intelligence, 17, 1–28.
[15] Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On Model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18, 13-25.
[16] Baron, R. and Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social-psychological research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
[17] Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32–60.
[18] Beheshtifar, M. and Omidvar, A.R. (2013). Causes to Create Job Burnout in Organizations. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(6), 107-113.
[19] Benzur, H. and Michael, K. (2007). Burnout, social support, and coping at work among social workers, psychologists, and nurses: The role of challenge/control appraisals. Social Work in Health Care, 45(4), 63-82. Haworth Press.
[20] Biggart, L., Corr, P., Obarien, M. and Cooper, N. (2010). Trait emotional intelligence and work-family conflict in fathers. Personality and individual differences, 48, 911-916.  
[21] Brackett, M.A. and Mayer, J.D. (2003). Convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of competing measures of emotional intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1147-1158.
[22] Brewer, A. M. and Lok, P. (1995). Managerial strategy and nursing commitment in Australian hospitals. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 789–799.
[23] Buchan J. and Calman L. (2005). Summary The Global Shortage of Registered Nurses: An Overview of Issues and Actions. Retrieved from http://www.icn.ch/global/#1 on 4 April 2005.
[24] Burke, R.J. and Greenglass, E.R. (1999). Work-family conflict, spouse support, and nursing staff well-being during organizational restructuring. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 327-336. 
[25] Bussing, A. (1996). Social tolerance of working time scheduling in nursing. Work and Stress, 10, 238–250. 
[26] Carlson, D.S., Kacmar, K.M. and Williams, L.J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multi-dimensional measure of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 249-276. 
[27] Carmeli, A. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior and outcomes: An examination among senior managers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(8), 788-813.
[28] Chang, E.M., Hancock, K.M., Johnson, A., Daly, J. and Jackson, D. (2005) Role stress in nurses: review of related factors and strategies for moving forward. Nursing and Health Sciences 7, 57–65.
[29] Chao, L.Y. (2013), Analysis of Issues of Healthcare HRM in Taiwan, National Policy Report Foundation Report, No. Chiawen (yen) 102-003, accessed at web site (Jan 18, 2014): http://www.npf.org.tw/post/2/12702. (in Chinese)
[30] Cherniss, D. and Goleman. (2003). The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations. pp. 13–26. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
[31] Cinamon, R.G. and Rich, Y. (2002). Profiles of attribution of importance to life roles and their implications for the work-family conflict. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49,212–220.
[32] Ciarrochi, J., Chan, A. and Caputi, P. (2000). A critical evaluation of the emotional intelligence construct. Personality and Individual differences, 28, 539-561.   
[33] Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 300–314. [PubMed]
[34] Cordes, C.L. and Dougherty, T.W. (1993). A review and an integration of research on job burnout.  Academy of Management Review, 18,621-656.
[35] Cronin-Stubbs, D. and Brophy, E.B. (1985), Burnout: can social support save the psychiatric nurse? Journal of Nursing and Mental Health Services, 23(7), 8-13.
[36] Dasgupta, M., & Mukherjee, I. (2011). Emotional intelligence as a mediator of work–family role conflict, quality of work life and happiness among IT professionals. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 37(2), 257–262.
[37] Daus, C.S. and Ashkanasy, N.M. (2005). The case for the ability-based model of emotional intelligence in organizational behaviour. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 453-466.
[38] Davidson, M.J. and Burke, R. (Eds.), 2004. Women in Management Worldwide: Progress and Prospects. Ashgate, UK.
[39] Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., Nachreiner, F. and Schaufeli, W.B. (2000). A model of burnout and life satisfaction amongst nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(2), 454-464. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04233.x
[40] Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., Nachreiner, F. and Schaufeli, W.B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499–512
[41] Duffield, C., Diers, D., O'Brien-Pallas, L., Aisbett, C., Roche, M., King, M. and Aisbett, K. (2011). Nursing staffing, nursing workload, the work environment and patient outcomes. Applied Nursing Research, 24(4), 244-255. 
[42] Dunseath, J., Beehr, T.A. and King, D.W. (1995). Job stress-social support buffering effects across gender, education and occupational groups in a municipal workforce: implications for EAP’s and further research. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 15(1), 60-83.
[43] Duxbury, L. Higgins, C. and Lee, C. (1994). Work-family conflict: A comparison by gender, family type, and perceived control. Journal of Family Issues, 15, 449–466.
[44] Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S. and Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500–507.
[45] Ellis, B.H. and Miller, K.I. (1994). Supportive communication among nurses: effects on commitment, burnout and retention. Health Communication, 6(2):77‑96.
[46] Firth, H. and Britton, P. (1989). Burnout, absence and turnover amongst British nursing staff. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, 55–59.
[47] Freshwater, D. (2004). Emotional intelligence: developing emotionally literate training in mental health. Mental Health Practice, 8, 12-15.
[48] Fulmer, I.S. and Barry, B. (2004). The smart negotiator: Cognitive ability and emotional intelligence in negotiation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15, 245–272. 10.1108/eb022914.
[49] Galinsky, E., Bond, J.T. and Friedman, D.E. (1996), The role of employers in addressing the needs of employed parents, Journal of Social Issues, 52(3), 111-36.         
[50] Garrosa, E., Rainho, C., Moreno-Jimenez, B. and Monteiro, M.J. (2010). The relationship between job stressors, hardy personality, coping resources and Burnout in a sample of nurses: A correlational study at two time points. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47, 205-215. 
[51] Gerits, L., Derksen, J.J.L. and Verbruggen, A.B. (2004). Emotional Intelligence and Adaptive Success of Nurses Caring for People With Mental Retardation and Severe Behavior Problems. Mental Retardation, 42(2), 106-121. 
[52] Ghorpade, J., Lackritz, J. and Singh, G. (2007). Burnout and Personality: Evidence From Academia. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(2), 240-256. 
[53] Gil-Monte, P.R. (2008). Magnitude of relationship between Burnout and absenteeism: a preliminary study. Psychological Reports, 102, 465-468.
[54] Gohm, L.C., Corser, C.G. and Dalsky, J.D. (2005). Emotional intelligence under stress: Useful, unnecessary, or irrelevant? Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1017-1028. 
[55] Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York. Bantam Books.
[56] Goleman, D. (1998). Working with Emotional intelligence. New York. Bantam Books.
[57] Goleman, D. (2001a). An EI-based theory of performance. In C. Cherniss & D. Goleman (Eds.), The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations, P. 27–44. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
[58] Greenhaus, J.H. and Beutell, N.J. ( 1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy Management Review, 10, 76-88.
[59] Hammer, L., Kossek, E., Yragui, N., Bodner, T. and Hansen, G. (2009). Development and validation of a multi-dimensional scale of family supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB). Journal of Management, 35, 837–856.
[60] Hang-yue, F. S. and Loi, R. (2005). Work role stressors and turnover intentions: a study of professional clergy in Hong Kong. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16 (11), 2133-46.
[61] Hausknecht, J.P., Rodda, J. and Howard, M.J. (2009). Targeted employee retention: Performance-based and job-related differencies in reported reasons for staying. Human Resource Management, 48, 269-288.
[62] Hochwater, W.A., Pearson, A.W., Ferris, G.R., Perrewe, P.L. and Ralston, D.A. (2000). A reexamination of Schriesheim and Hinkin's (1990) measure of upward influence. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(5), 755-771.
[63] Hoff, T.J. and Mandell, J. (2001). Exploring dual commitment among physician executives in managed care. Journal of Healthcare Management, 46(2), 91–111.
[64] Hollet-Haudebert, S., Mulki, J. P. and Fournier, C. (2011). Neglected Burnout Dimensions: Effect of Depersonalization and Personal Nonaccomplishment on Organizational Commitment of Salespeople. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 31(4), 411-428.
[65] Hsu, F.L.K. (1985). The self in cross-cultural perspective. In A. J. Marsella, G. DeVos, & F. L. K. Hsu (Eds.), Culture and self: Asian and Western perspectives (pp. 24–55). New York: Tavistock.
[66] Humphrey, R.H. (2002). The many faces of emotional leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 493–504. 10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00140-6.
[67] Humphrey, R.H. (2006). Promising research opportunities in emotions and coping with conflict. Journal of Management and Organization, 12, 179–186. 10.5555/jmo.2006.12.2.179.
[68] Humphrey, R.H., Pollack, J.M. and Hawver, T.H. (2008). Leading with emotional labor. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 151–168. 10.1108/02683940810850790.
[69] Jex, S.M. (1998). Stress and job performance: Theory, research, and implications for managerial practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[70] Joiner, T.A. and Bartram, T. (2004). How empowerment and social support affect Australian nurses’ work stressors. Australian Health Review, 28(1), 56-64.
[71] Jordan, P.J., Ashkanasy, N.M., Ha‥rtel, C.E.J. and Hooper, G.S. (2002).Workgroup emotional intelligence: Scale development and relationship to team process effectiveness and goal focus. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 195–214. 10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00046-3.
[72] Jung, J. and Kim, Y. (2012). Causes of newspaper firm employee burnout in Korea and its impact on organizational commitment and turnover intention. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(17), 3636-3651.
[73] Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Geurts, S. and Pulkkinen, L. (2006). Types of work-family interference: Well-being correlates of negative and positive spillover between work and family. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47, 149-162.
[74] Kobasa, S.C. and Puccetti, M.C. (1983). Personality and social resources in stress resistance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(4), pp. 839-850.
[75] Kooker, B.M., Shoultz, J. and Codier, E.E. (2007). Identifying emotional intelligence in professional nursing practice. Journal of Professional Nursing, 23(1), 30-36.    
[76] Lachman, R. and Aranya, N. (1986). Job attitudes and turnover intentions among professionals in different work settings. Organizational Studies, 7, 279–293.
[77] Lambert, E., Hogan, N.L. and Altheimer, I. (2010). The association between work-family conflict and job Burnout among correctional staff a preliminare study. Amercian Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(1-2), 37-55.   
[78] Lazarus, R.S. and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. NY, USA: Springer Publishing Company Inc.
[79] Lee, K., Carswell J.J. and Allen N.J. (2000) A meta-analytic review of occupational commitment: relations with person- and work-related variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 799–811.
[80] Lee, R.T. and Ashforth, B.E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 123-133.
[81] Lee, V. and Henderson, M.C. (1996). Occupational stress and organizational commitment in nurse administration. Journal of Nursing Administration, 26, 21–28.
[82] Leiter, M., Harvie, P. and Frizzell, C. (1998). The correspondence of patient satisfaction and nurse burnout. Social Science and Medicine, 47, 1611–1617.
[83] Leiter, M.P. (2005). Perception of risk: an organizational model of occupational risk, Burnout, and physical symptoms. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 18 (2), 131-144.
[84] Leiter, M.P. and Maslach, C. (2004). Areas of worklife: a structured approach to organizational predictors of job burnout, in Perrewe’, P.L. and Ganster, D.C. (Eds), Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being, 3, 91-134, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
[85] Lenaghan, J.A., Buda, R. and Eisner, A.B. (2007). An examination of the role of emotional intelligence in work and family conflict. Journal of Managerial Issues, 19, 76–94.
[86] Levinson, H. (1965). Reciprocation: The relationship between man and organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 9, 370–390.  
[87] Lu, L., Huang, M. T. and Kao, S. F. (2005). The bi-directional conflict of work and family: Antecedents, consequences and moderators. Research in Applied Psychology, 27, 133–166. 
[88] Lu, H., While, A.E. and Barriball, K.L. (2007). A model of job satisfaction of nurses: a reflection of nurses’ working lives in Mainland China. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 58(5), 468–479. 
[89] Lu, K.Y., Chang, L.C. and Wu, H. L. (2007). Relationships between professional commitment, job satisfaction, and work stress in public health nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Professional Nursing, 23(2), 110–116.
[90] Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
[91] Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. In W. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: recent developments in theory and research (pp. 19–32). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
[92] Maslach, C. and Jackson, S.E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99–113.
[93] Maslach, C. and Jackson, S.E. (1986). The Maslach Burnout inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. 
[94] Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E. and Leiter, M.P. (1996). The Maslach Burnout Inventory (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
[95] Maslach, C. and Schaufeli, W.B. (1993). Historical and conceptual development of Burnout. In Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research (Schaufeli W.B., Maslach C.. & Marek T. eds.), Taylor & Francis, Washington, District of Columbia, pp. 1-16.
[96] Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W.B. and Leiter M.P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-423.
[97] Matthews, G., Zeidner, M. and Roberts, R.D. (2002). Emotional Intelligence: Science & Myth. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
[98] Mayer, J.D. and Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D.J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3-27). New York: Basic Books.
[99] Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D.R. and Sitarenios, G. (2003). Measuring emotional intelligence with the MSCEIT 2.0. Emotion, 3.
[100] Mayer, J.D. and Salovey, P. (1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 17, 433-442.
[101] Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P. and Caruso, D. (2004). Emotional intelligence, theory, findings and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 197-215.
[102] McCloskey, J.C. and McCain, B.E. (1988). Variables related to nurse performance. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 20(4), 203–207.
[103] McQueen, A.C.H. (2004). Emotional intelligence in nursing work. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 47, 101-108.
[104] Meijman, T.F. and Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In P.J. Drenth, H. Thierry, & C.J. de Wolff (Eds.), Handbook of Work and Organisational Psychology (2nd ed.; pp. 5–33). Hove, UK: Erlbaum. 
[105] Meyer, J., Allen, N. and Topolnytsky, L. (1998) Commitment in a changing world of work. Canadian Psychology, 39(1–2), 83–93.
[106] Mir A., Mir R. and Mosca J.B. (2002) The new age employee: an exploration of changing employee-organization relations. Public Personnel Management, 31(2), 187–200.
[107] Moss, M.T. (2005). The emotionally intelligent nurse leader. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
[108] Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press.
[109] Mowday, R.T., Steers, R.M. and Porter, L.W. (1979), The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-47.
[110] O’Driscoll, M.P., Poelmans, S., Spector, P.E., Kalliath, T., Allen, T.D. and Cooper, C.L., et al. (2003). Family responsive interventions, perceived organizational and supervisor support, work-family conflict, and psychological strain. International Journal of Stress Management, 10(4), 326-344.
[111] Oginska-Bulik, N. (2005). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: Exploring its effects on occupational stress and health outcomes in human service workers. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 18 (2), 167-175. 
[112] Parker, P.A. and Kulik, J.A. (1995). Burnout, self- and supervisor-rater job performance and absenteeism among nurses. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18, 581–599.
[113] Petrides, K.V. and Furnham, A. (2000). On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 313–320.
[114] Petrides, K.V. (2011). Ability and trait emotional intelligence. In T. Chamorro- Premuzic, A. Furnham, and S. von Stumm (Eds.), The blackwell-wiley handbook of individual differences, 25, 656-678. New York: Wiley.
[115] Petrides, K.V. and Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, 15, 425–448.
[116] Petrides, K.V., & Furnham, A. (2003). Trait emotional intelligence: Behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction. European Journal of Personality, 17, 39–57.
[117] Petrides, K. V. and Furnham, A. (2006). The role of trait emotional intelligence in a gender-specific model of organizational variables. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 552-569.
[118] Petrides, K. V., Pita, R. and Kokkinaki, F. (2007). The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space. British Journal of Psychology, 98, 273-289.
[119] Podsakoff, P.M. and Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(2): 531-544.
[120] Repetti, R.L. (1987), Individual and common components of the social environment at work and psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(4), 710-720.
[121] Rosenbaum, M. and Cohen, E., 1999. Equalitarian marriages, spousal support, resourcefulness, and psychological distress among Israeli working women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 102-113.     
[122] Salovey, P. and Mayer, J.D., 1990. Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185-211.
[123] Scarborough, D. and Somers, M.J. (2006). Neural networks in organizational research: Applying pattern recognition to the analysis of organizational behavior. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.  
[124] Schaufeli, W. B. and Enzmann, D. (1998). The Burnout Companion to Research and Practice: A Critical Analysis. Taylor & Francis, London.
[125] Selvarajan., T. T., Cloninger, P.A. and Singh, B. (2013). Social support and work–family conflict: A test of an indirect effects model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83, 486–499.
[126] Spector, P.E. and Jex, S.M. (1991). Relations of job stressors, job characteristics, and job analysis ratings to affective and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 46-53.
[127] Spence Laschinger, H. K. and Leiter, M. P. (2006). The impact of nurse work environments on patient safety outcomes. Journal of Nursing Administration, 36 (5), 259-267.
[128] Suliman, A.M. and Al-Shaikh, F.N. (2007). Emotional intelligence at work: Links to conflict and innovation. Employee Relations, 29(2), 208–220.
[129] Sullivan, P.J. (1993). Occupational stress in psychiatric nursing, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18, 591-601.
[130] Swider, W.B. and Zimmerman, D.R. (2010). Born to burnout: A meta-analytic path model of personality, job burnout, and work outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 487–506.
[131] Sy, T., Tram, S. and O’Hara, L.A. (2006). Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 68, 461-473. 
[132] Tai T., Bame S. and Robinson C. (1998). Review of nursing turnover research, 1977-1996. Social Science & Medicine, 47(12), 1905–1924.
[133] Teng, C.I., Shyu, Y.L. and Chang, H.Y. (2007). Moderating effects of professional commitment on hospital nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Professional Nursing, 23, 47-54.  
[134] Teng, C. I., Shyu, Y. I., Chiou, W. K., Fan, H. C., & Lam, S. M. (2010). Interactive effects of nurse-experienced time pressure and Burnout on patient safety: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47, 1442-450. 
[135] Teng, C.I., Dai, Y.T., Shyu, Y.I.L., Wong, M.K., Chu,T.L. and Tsai, Y.H. (2009). Professional Commitment, Patient Safety, and Patient-Perceived Care Quality. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 41(3), 301-309.
[136] Thomas, L.T. and Ganster, D.C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(1), Feb, 6-15.
[137] Tsaousis, I. and Nikolaou, I. (2005). Exploring the relationship of emotional intelligence with physical and psychological health functioning. Stress and Health, 21, 77-86.
[138] TUNA (Taiwan Union of Nurse Association), (2013). Statistic Data of Healthcare Personnel. Accessed at web site（Jan 18, 2014）: http://www.nurse.org.tw/DataSearch/Manpower.aspx 
[139] Vahey, D.C., Aiken, L.H., Sloane, D.M., Clarke, S.P. and Vargas, D. (2004). Nurse Burnout and Patient Satisfaction. Medical Care, 42(2), 57-66.
[140] Van Dusseldorp, L.R.L.C, Van Meijel, B.K.G and Derksen, J.J.L (2010). Emotional intelligence of mental health nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 555–562.
[141] Van Hooft, S. (1987). Caring and professional commitment. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 4(4), 29–38.
[142] Van Rooy, D.L. and Viswesvaran, C. (2004). Emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation of predictive validity and nomological net. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 71–95.
[143] Vandenberghe, R. and Huberman, A. M. (1999). Understanding and preventing teacher burnout: A sourcebook of international research and practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.  
[144] Voydanoff, P. (1988). Work role characteristics, family structure demands and work/family conflict. J. marriage Fam. 50, 749-761.    
[145] Wang, Y., Chang, Y., Fu, J. and Wang, L. (2012). Work-family conflict and burnout among Chinese female nurses: the mediating effect of psychological capital. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 915-922. 
[146] Wang, Y., Liu, L., Wang, J. and Wang, L. (2012).Work-family Conflict and Burnout among Chinese Doctors: The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital. Journal of Occupational health, 54(3), 232-240. 
[147] Watson, R., Gardiner, E., Hogston, R., Gibson, H., Stimpson, A., Wrate, R. and Deary, I. (2008). A longitudinal study of stress and psychological distress in nurses and nursing students. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18, 270–278.
[148] Yang, K. P. and Wu, X. J. (2009). Spiritual intelligence of nurses in two Chinese social systems: A cross-sectional comparison study. The Journal of Nursing Research, 17(3), 189-198.
[149] Yildirim, D. and Aycan, Z. (2008). Nurse’s work demands and work-family conflict : A questionnaire survey.  International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 1366-1378.