MBR為薄膜分離機制與生物處理的結合，具處理水質佳、佔地面積小、汙泥產量少等優點。但薄膜阻塞一直是MBR程序最大問題。在固定的通量操作下，隨過濾時間增長而薄膜開始阻塞，導致TMP上升，若薄膜阻塞情形太嚴重會減短薄膜的使用壽命並提高操作成本。
文獻指出提高DO可降低薄膜阻塞，故本實驗利用加壓的方式，以3kg/cm2壓力提高密閉MBR反應槽的DO濃度，並設置常壓MBR反應槽做比對。於固定通量下，自反應槽中將固定量之汙泥廢置控制汙泥齡於60 day、5 day、15 day、15 day（實驗編號分別為D-1、D-2、D-3、D-4），之間的差異在於常壓MBR反應槽的掃流量控制，前三者為連續式，後者為間歇式。
本研究探討高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽的SMP與EPS濃度的變化，及間歇式與連續式提供薄膜空氣掃流量對薄膜阻塞的影響。實驗結果顯示，無論操作SRT的長短，SMP-PN及EPS-PN的濃度，沒有明顯的變化；而SMP-PS及EPS-PS濃度會隨SRT增加而減少。由TMP結果顯示，操作於D-1、D-2、D-3時，發現常壓MBR反應槽TMP較高壓MBR反應槽TMP容易上升，故以D-4將高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽皆以間歇式提供掃流量，發現間歇式掃流量能降低薄膜阻塞。

Membrane bioreactor combines physical mechanism of membrane separation and biological treatment. Compared to conventional biological treatment process, MBR has many benefits like a better treated water quality, a smaller footprint, less sludge production. However, MBR process is plagued by membrane fouling. Membrane fouling gets worse with progress of filtration, causing increase of TMP under a fixed flux condition. If the membrane fouling is too serious, then the life of the membrane will be shortened and as a result operating costs will increase.
According to literature, high DO level can reduce membrane fouling. In this study, high DO was achieved by operating MBR at elevated pressure of 3 kg/cm2 in confined reactor, and a MBR at ambient pressure was operated side by side for comparison purpose. Pre-determined amount of sludge was wasted from bioreactor to maintain SRT of 60 days, 5 days, 15 days, and 15 days, respectively. These experiments are denoted, respectively, as D-1, D-2, D-3 and D-4. The difference between D-3 and D-4 is aeration flow for membrane fouling control. The former has continuous aeration flow, while the latter has intermittent aeration flow.
This study explores effects of SMP and EPS in elevated and ambient pressure MBR on membrane fouling, and effects of continuous or intermittent aeration flow for controlling membrane fouling. Experimental results show that the concentration of SMP-PN and EPS-PN changed insignificantly with SRT; however the concentration of SMP-PS and EPS-PS decreased with increases of the SRT. Results show that TMP rising, i.e., membrane fouling, is faster for MBR operated at the ambient pressure than at the elevated pressure for experiment D-1, D-2, and D-3. One the other hand, TMP rising is comparable for both systems, indicating that intermittent aeration flow can mitigate membrane fouling.

目錄
目錄	II
List of Figure	V
List of Table	VIII
第一章	前言	1
1.1	研究背景	1
1.2	研究目的	3
第二章	文獻回顧	4
2.1	活性污泥的組成及代謝作用	4
2.2	傳統活性污泥法、批次式生物處理程序與薄膜生物處理程序	5
2.3	薄膜的阻塞	7
2.4	積垢物的種類	8
2.5	薄膜阻塞與透膜壓力(Transmembrane pressure, TMP)的關係	8
2.6	SRT與操作參數的關係	10
2.6.1	SRT與MLSS	10
2.6.2	SRT與DO	10
2.6.3	SRT與SMP及EPS	10
2.7	薄膜積垢的控制	12
第三章	實驗方法	13
3.1	實驗設備及操作參數	13
3.1.1	活性污泥的來源	13
3.1.2	薄膜的介紹及膜組的製作	13
3.1.3	高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽	16
3.1.4	反應槽的操作	18
3.1.5	SRT的控制	21
3.1.6	人工廢液的配製	21
3.1.7	OLR的控制	22
3.2	試劑的配製	23
3.2.1	磷酸鹽緩衝溶液(Phosphate Buffered Saline, PBS)	23
3.2.2	多醣體(Polysaccharides, PS)檢量線配製	23
3.2.3	5 %的酚(phenol)溶液	23
3.2.4	蛋白質(Protein, PN)檢量線配製	24
3.2.5	蛋白質染劑	24
3.3	進、出流水質的採樣與分析項目	25
3.3.1	採樣	25
3.3.2	出流水質的pH量測	25
3.3.3	TMP的量測與數據整理	25
3.4	活性污泥的採樣方法與分析項目	31
3.4.1	採樣與MLSS的分析	31
3.5	活性污泥中溶液SMP、EPS的萃取與分析項目	31
3.5.1	PS的分析	31
3.5.2	PN的分析	32
3.6	總有機碳(Total organic carbon, TOC)分析	32
3.7	高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽薄膜的清洗	32
3.8	掃描式電子顯微鏡(Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM)	33
3.9	T檢驗(Student’s T test, T-test)	33
3.10	實驗流程	33
第四章	結果與討論	35
4.1	出流水質的pH	35
4.2	TMP	37
4.3	進出流水的TOC	44
4.4	SEM	47
4.5	MLSS	52
4.6	PS / PN	54
第五章	結論與建議	58
5.1	結論	58
5.2	建議	59
Reference	60

 
List of Figure
Figure 1.好氧微生物的代謝過程。	4
Figure 2.CMAS、SBR與MBR的示意圖。	6
Figure 3.薄膜積垢示意圖[11]。	7
Figure 4.為MBR阻塞機制三階段與TMP三階段的關係示意圖[15, 20]。	9
Figure 5.SMP/EPS的萃取與分析方法[22, 35]。	12
Figure 6.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽內膜組的示意圖。	14
Figure 7.膜組的測漏，將膜組置於水面下並緩慢打入氣體，不可有氣泡產生。	15
Figure 8.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽內膜組的實物圖，(a)薄膜以AB膠固定於內半徑0.9 cm的水管中，(b)膜組再固定於套銅牙中，(c)旋轉閥固定於反應槽底部的中心，(d)以內半徑2.5 cm及高約28 cm的圓形PVC管，固定膜組。	15
Figure 9.左：高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽內部已固定好的膜組；右：組裝完成的反應槽。	16
Figure 10.左為常壓MBR反應槽；右為高壓MBR反應槽之系統示意圖。	17
Figure 11.高壓MBR反應槽在1 hr的循環中，各項操作的時間示意圖(Influent, In.；Add Pressure, AP；Flow Time, FT；Intermittent Time, IT；Waste Sludge, WS；Dilution Artificial Wastewater, DAW)。	20
Figure 12.常壓MBR反應槽在1 hr的循環中，各項操作的時間示意圖(Influent, In.；Flow Time, FT；Intermittent Time, IT；Waste Sludge, WS；Dilution Artificial Wastewater, DAW)。	20
Figure 13.台灣銀箭公司所製作的空氣泵浦K-8000[42]。	20
Figure 14. 5% Phenol的配製方法。	24
Figure 15.上圖為裝置在高壓MBR反應槽薄組與蠕動幫浦之間的壓力計，下圖為壓力計的電流與壓力轉換的檢量線[43]。	27
Figure 16.上圖為高壓MBR反應槽壓力計連接在槽體與洩壓閥之間的壓力計，下圖為壓力計的電流與壓力轉換的檢量線[44]。	28
Figure 17.上圖為常壓MBR反應槽壓力計連接在薄膜與蠕動幫浦之間的壓力計，下圖為壓力計的電流與壓力轉換的檢量線[45]。	29
Figure 18.壓力計會將壓力轉換成訊號(電流)，透過具RS232功能的三用電表顯示於電腦。	30
Figure 19.取高壓MBR反應槽於出流循環中各5 min FT與IT對壓力的關係圖。	30
Figure 20.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽的實驗流程圖。	34
Figure 21.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT分別為D-1、D-2、D-3及D-4時，出流水質pH的關係圖。	36
Figure 22.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT為D-1時，TMP對時間的關係圖。	38
Figure 23.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT為D-2，TMP對時間的關係圖。	40
Figure 24.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT為D-3 day，TMP對時間的關係圖。	41
Figure 25.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽操作於相同掃流量時，在SRT為D-4，TMP對時間的關係圖。	43
Figure 26.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT分別為D-1、D-2、D-3及D-4時，進流水TOC(mg/L)的關係圖。	45
Figure 27.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT分別為D-1、D-2、D-3及D-4時，出流水TOC(mg/L)的關係圖。	45
Figure 28.傳統式不銹鋼雙面刀片。	47
Figure 29.未受污染的薄膜，(A)薄膜的表面，(B)薄膜的斷切面，(C)(D)為橫切式薄膜段切面，薄膜的膜層厚度約5.94 μm，支撐層厚度約88.85 μm。	48
Figure 30.乾燥完後的薄膜上段，(A)(B)薄膜的表面，覆蓋著一層薄薄類似膠體的cake，(C)(D)橫切式薄膜斷切面，使用過的薄膜，不易分辨薄膜層與支撐層的厚度，故以薄膜層加支撐層總厚度約89.10 μm。	49
Figure 31.乾燥完後的薄膜中段，(A)薄膜的表面，清楚發現有一層cake覆蓋在薄膜的表面，(B)(C)(D)皆為薄膜斷切面皆可發現，薄膜表面上有一層不固定厚度的cake。	50
Figure 32.乾燥完後的薄膜下段，(A)(B)薄膜的表面清楚看到厚厚一層的cake覆蓋著，(C)(D)薄膜斷切面的內部，發現薄膜內徑裡，也會有cake的產生。	51
Figure 33.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT分別為D-1、D-2、D-3及D-4時，MLSS的關係圖。	52
Figure 34.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT分別為D-1、D-2、D-3及D-4時，SMP-PS(mg/L)的關係圖。	54
Figure 35.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT分別為D-1、D-2、D-3及D-4時，SMP-PN(mg/L)的關係圖。	55
Figure 36.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT分別為D-1、D-2、D-3及D-4時，EPS-PS(mg/L)的關係圖。	56
Figure 37.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT分別為D-1、D-2、D-3及D-4時，EPS-PN(mg/L)的關係圖。	57 
List of Table
Table 1.中空式纖維膜的描述[41]。	13
Table 2.空氣泵浦的簡介。	20
Table 3.控制於不同SRT下之廢置的污泥量	21
Table 4.進流水的組成成份及濃度	22
Table 5.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT分別控制在D-1、D-2、D-3及D-4時，OLR值。	22
Table 6.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT分別控制為D-1、D-2、D-3及D-4時，pH值的P-value。	36
Table 7.於不同SRT下高壓MBE與常壓MBR反應槽之薄膜第一次清洗(day)。	43
Table 8.經高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽處理後的人工廢液中溶解性有機物的去除率。	46
Table 9.高壓MBR與常壓MBR反應槽在SRT分別為D-1、D-2、D-3及D-4時，MLSS的P value。	53

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