近期分波多工被動光網路(Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed Passive Optical Network, WDM-PON)的研究發展，被視為邁向更高資料速率及遠距離傳輸的新世代網路(Next Generation Network, NGN)技術的解決方案。另一方面，隨著第四代無線通訊技術的最新發展，光纖承載射頻(Radio over Fiber, RoF)的相關研究亦受到熱烈討論。
本論文中，我們運用波長再用技術，設計出以WDM-PON為基礎架構之光纖-無線寬頻分波多工被動光網路，此方案可以同時提供數據以及RoF傳輸服務。在光線路終端(Optical Line Terminal, OLT)採用10-Gb/s直調式DFB雷射載送下行10-Gb/s數據訊號，再經由兩顆法布里-珀羅析光器(Fabry-Perot Etalon)做提升下行數據訊號品質以及提供再生光源載送下行10-Gb/s數據或RoF訊號載送，每一光道再生光源以外部調變器(External Modulator)可以再次調變上10-Gb/s下行數據訊號或頻寬10 MHz下行2.5-GHz RoF訊號。因此，本方案可以達成最佳成本效益方式，以滿足光纖-無線寬頻接取網路之需求。

Recently, the research and development of wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) is considered  a solution to next generation network technology providing higher data rates and long-distance transmission. On the other hand, accompanying the latest development of the fourth generation wireless communication technology, the research in radio over fiber (RoF) has also been widely discussed.
In this thesis, we utilize the wavelength reuse technique to design a fiber-wireless (FiWi) broadband access network based on the WDM-PON architecture. The proposed scheme can provide the transmission services for data and RoF simultaneously. At the optical line terminal (OLT), 10-Gb/s directly modulated DFB lasers with the data rate of 10-Gb/s carry the own downstream data, and two Fabry-Perot etalons are used to enhance the signal quality of the downstream data and to provide reusable lights for transporting downstream 10-Gb/s data or RoF signals.  Each of those reusable lights can be remodulated by an external modulator with a 10-Gbs downstream data signal or a 2.5-GHz downstream RoF signal at the bandwidth of 10 MHz or 10Gb/s data signal and .  Therefore, this scheme can achieve the best cost-effective way to meet the demands for FiWi broadband access networks.

目錄
第一章 緒論..............................................................................................1
    1.1 前言.............................................................................................1
    1.2 光接取網路技術簡介.................................................................2
    1.3 光纖承載射頻(RoF)技術...........................................................4
1.4研究動機......................................................................................6
    1.5 論文架構.....................................................................................9
第二章 光纖-無線寬頻傳輸技術介紹.....................................................10
    2.1 正交分頻多工技術(OFDM).......................................................10
		 2.1.1	OFDM訊號產生............................................................14
		 2.1.2	OFDM訊號優勢............................................................18
    2.2 訊號量測參數介紹.....................................................................22
2.2.1 錯誤向量強度……..........................................................22
2.2.2 明滅比..............................................................................24
2.2.3品質因素...........................................................................26
    2.2.4誤碼率...............................................................................29
第三章 雷射二極體介紹..........................................................................33
    3.1 雷射二極體之基本類型.............................................................33
3.1.1 法布里-珀羅雷射二極體…...........................................33
3.1.2 分佈反饋雷射二極體…................................................36
3.1.3 垂直共振腔表面放射雷射............................................38
3.2 分佈反饋雷射二極體之特性…................................................40
3.2.1偏壓電流與啁頻的關係….............................................41
3.2.2啁頻對光訊號傳輸的影響.............................................43
3.2.3分佈反饋雷射二極體之溫度特性.................................46
第四章 光濾波器之介紹........................................................................48
	4.1光濾波器之類型 ………………………………………………………………………………48
	4.2法布里-珀羅濾波器之特性…...................................................50
第五章 光調變介紹…...........................................................................54
	5.1光調變…....................................................................................54
		5.1.1類比強度光調變…..........................................................54
		5.1.2數位強度光調變…..........................................................55
		5.1.3相干系統光調變…..........................................................56
	5.2調變類型…................................................................................57
		5.2.1直接調變…......................................................................58
		5.2.2間接調變…......................................................................59
	5.3間接調變器…............................................................................61
		5.3.1電光調變器…..................................................................61
			5.3.1.1電光效應................................................................61
			5.3.1.2相位調變器............................................................63
			5.3.1.3馬赫-曾德爾幅度調變器.......................................65
			5.3.1.4耦合波導調變器....................................................66
		5.3.2聲光調變器…..................................................................68
		5.3.3電吸收調變器…..............................................................70
第六章 光濾波器失調之效應...............................................................77
 6.1 明滅比提升.............................................................................77
 6.2資料抹除..................................................................................80
 6.3數位訊號以及RoF訊號整合.................................................82
第七章 系統之設計與實驗結果...........................................................83
    7.1系統設計...................................................................................83
    7.2 實驗設置..................................................................................85
7.3 最佳工作點的探討..................................................................87
7.4 下行數位有線訊號之傳輸效能分析......................................91
7.5 下行再生光源傳輸的傳輸實驗..............................................94
	7.5.1下行再生光源傳輸之實驗設置…..................................94
	7.5.2下行再生光源承載數位有線訊號之傳輸效能分析…..95
	7.5.3下行再生光源承載無線射頻訊號傳輸之量測效能分析
………………………………………………………101
    7.6 光纖承載射頻傳輸................................................................105
    7.6.1 各式調制格式RoF訊號之資料速率……….…….....105
       7.6.2 色散對於RoF訊號在傳輸過程的影響……..............107
    7.6.3 各式調制格式RoF訊號之效能分析..........................108
7.7 功率預算之計算........... ..........................................................114
第八章 結論與未來研究方向.............................................................118
8.1 成果與討論...................... ......................................................118
 	8.2 未來研究方向............................... .........................................120
參考文獻...............................................................................................121

圖目錄
圖1.1 EPON與GPON的架構示意圖.....................................................2
圖1.2 WDM-PON的架構示意圖...............................	3
圖1.3 以WDM-PON接取網路為主的都會型網路...	4
圖1.4 RoF延伸無線訊號涵蓋範圍概念圖…...........	6
圖1.5 通訊系統發展趨勢圖..	7
圖1.6 有線/無線光通訊系統整合架構圖....	7
圖2.1 OFDM載波頻譜示意圖	13
圖2.2分頻多工(FDM)與正交分頻多工(OFDM)比較示意圖	14
圖2.3OFDM訊號產生示意圖	16
圖2.4有保護時間的OFDM示意圖	16
圖2.5循環字首的OFDM符元…………………………………….....17
圖2.6錯誤向量強度（EVM）	22
圖2.7 明滅比對功率償付值的關係	25
圖2.8 利用光功率對波長轉換模組以及分光器和檢光二極體陣列來量測光信號Q值的架構示意圖	28
圖2.9 二進位信號誤碼機率	29
圖2.10 誤碼率與Q函數關係圖	32
圖3.1 雷射二極體居量反轉示意圖	33
圖3.2 光的受激放射	33
圖3.3 法布里-珀羅共振腔基本特性	35
圖3.4 法布里-珀羅雷射的光頻譜	36
圖3.5 單模態雷射二極體結構	37
圖3.6 DFB的光頻譜圖	38
圖3.7 VCSEL 示意圖	39
圖3.8 頻率啁啾的光頻譜圖	41
圖3.9 在不同的偏壓電流下，直調雷射的輸出光頻譜	42
圖3.10 在不同的調變電流下，直調雷射的輸出光頻譜	43
圖3.11 頻率啁啾在脈波上所造成的失真(a)只考慮靜態啁啾(b)只考慮暫態啁啾(c)兩個啁啾效應都考慮	44
圖3.12 模擬頻率啁啾對傳輸的影響	45
圖3.13 不同溫度所造成的L-I曲線圖	46
圖3.14 不同溫度下所造成的頻譜漂移	47
圖4.1 不同種類的多工器與解多工器頻譜示意圖	48
圖4.2 光纖光柵濾波器	49
圖4.3 馬赫-曾德爾濾波器	50
圖4.4光入射法布里-珀羅濾波器示意圖	51
圖4.5 法布里-珀羅濾波器種類	52
圖4.6 法布里-珀羅濾波器的結構	53
圖5.1 光調變方式	58
圖5.2 直接調變示意圖	58
圖5.3 Mach-Zehnder式電光調變器	60
圖5.4 電光調變器的轉移曲線	60
圖5.5 橫向線性電光效應相位調變器	63
圖5.6 X切割LiNbO3集成相位調變	64
圖5.7 馬赫-曾德爾幅度調變器	66
圖5.8 (a)波導截面圖及相互擴散的見消失場。(b)積體波導耦合調變器	68
圖5.9 聲光調變器	70
圖5.10 電吸收調變雷射示意圖............................................................72
圖5.11 電致吸收調變器吸收頻譜	74
圖5.12 電致吸收調變器插入損耗與波長關係	75
圖6.1 直調雷射輸出光訊號0與1訊號分解	78
圖6.2 單顆法布里-珀羅濾波器進行多通道明滅比提升	78
圖6.3多顆法布里-珀羅濾波器進行多通道明滅比提升	79
圖6.4 透射濾波資料抹除模擬架構	81
圖6.5資料抹除實驗設置	81
圖6.6整合數位訊號以及RoF訊號的單向傳輸架構	82
圖7.1 光纖-無線寬頻接取網路系統架構圖	83
圖7.2 光纖-無線寬頻接取網路系統之傳輸實驗設置	85
圖7.3資料抹除實驗設置	87
圖7.4不同的明滅比資料抹除再調變之EVM值	88
圖7.5 無線射頻光訊號經由不同種類光纖的25公里傳輸	89
圖7.6資料抹除眼形圖	90
圖7.7 25公里SMF的色散對於資料抹除的影響	90
圖7.8 下行數位有線訊號傳輸實驗	91
圖7.9 透射濾波明滅比提升光頻譜圖	92
圖7.10 明滅比提升前與後眼形圖的比較	92
圖7.11 下行數位有線訊號之誤碼率	93
圖7.12 下行無線射頻訊號傳輸實驗設置	94
圖7.13 資料抹除之光頻譜圖	95
圖7.14 明滅比提升前與後眼形圖的比較	96
圖7.15 EAM下行數位有線訊號之誤碼率	97
圖7.16 明滅比提升前與後眼形圖的比較	98
圖7.17 10Gb/s  EOM下行數位有線訊號之誤碼率	......99
圖7.18 明滅比提升前與後眼形圖的比較	..100
圖7.19 20GHz  EOM下行數位有線訊號之誤碼率	..101
圖7.20 下行無線射頻訊號傳輸實驗設置	..102
圖7.21 下行EAM無線射頻訊號傳輸之EVM量測結果…………103
圖7.22下行10Gb/s EOM無線射頻訊號傳輸之EVM量測結果….103
圖7.23下行20GHz Analog EOM無線射頻訊號傳輸之EVM量測結果	.104
圖7.24下行2.5GHz EOM無線射頻訊號傳輸之EVM量測結果	.104
圖7.25 GI以及TFFT合併成為訊框	.106
圖7.26 NZDSF傳輸RoF訊號與其他種類光纖之EVM值比較	.107
圖7.27資料抹除得到之再生光源經過25公里NZDSF之眼形圖..108
圖7.28下行EAM無線射頻訊號傳輸之EVM量測結果	..110
圖7.29下行10Gb/s EOM無線射頻訊號傳輸之EVM量測結果	..111
圖7.30下行20GHz Analog EOM無線射頻訊號傳輸之EVM量測結果	..111
圖7.31下行2.5GHz EOM無線射頻訊號傳輸之EVM量測結果	..112
圖7.32 光纖-無線寬頻接取網路系統架構圖	114

表目錄
表2.1 802.16主要標準比較	19
表2.2 各國WiMAX使用頻段規畫	20
表2.3 台灣WiMAX使用頻段規劃	21
表2.4 多種調變方案之EVM最大容忍度	23
表2.5 不同明滅比所造成的功率償付值關係表	26
表3.1 不同溫度下，DFB雷射所產生的漂移量	47
表7.1 實驗設置使用之儀器、元件一覽表	86
表7.2 各式光纖的特性比較表	89
表7.3不同調變方案之實際資料傳輸速率	106
表7.4不同調變機制實驗彙整表	113
表7.5 下行有線數位光訊號(明滅比提升光源)之光功率預算計算表	116
表7.6下行有線數位光訊號(EAM調變再生光源)之光功率預算計算
      表	116
表7.7下行有線數位光訊號(10Gb/s EOM調變再生光源)之光功率預算計算表	117
表7.8下行有線數位光訊號(20GHz EOM調變再生光源)之光功率預算計算表	117

參考文獻
[1]	C. Lim, A. Nirmalathas, M. Bakaul, P. Gamage, K. L. Lee, Y. Yang, D. Novak, and R. Waterhouse, “Fiber-Wireless Networks and Subsystem Technologies,” Journal of Lightwave Technology. vol. 28, pp. 390-405, 2010.
[2]	E. Frank, C. David, H. Onn, K. Glen, L. Ruo Ding, O. Moshe, and P. Thomas, “An introduction to PON technologies,” IEEE Communication Magazine, pp. S17-S25, 2007.
[3]	J. Hu, D. Qian, T. Wang, and M. Cvijetic, “Wireless Intermediate Frequency Signal over Passive Optical Networks: Architecture and Experimental Performance Evaluation,” National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, paper NThD4, 2008.
[4]	C. Lin, Broadband Optical Access Networks and Fiber-to-the-Home, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., pp. 160-161, 2006.
[5]	W. S. C. Chang, “RF Photonic Technology in Optical Fiber Links,” Cam- bridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 422, 2002.
[6]	Katsumi Iwatsuki,” WDM Access Network for MIMO Distributed Antenna System”2011 OFCNFOEC, March 7, 2011
[7]	J. Yu, Z. Jia, G.-K. Chang, and X.-J. Xin, “Broadband convergence of 60-GHZ ROF and WDM-PON systems with a single modulator for bidirectional access networks”, ECOC, pp.1-2, Sept. 2009.
[8]	S. Hussain, S. R. Zaidi, M. A. Ali, A. Sana, and S. Saddawi, “Integration of PON and 4G mobile WiMAX networks to provide broadband integrated services to end users,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 7620, 27 Jan. 2010.
[9]	J. G. Andrews, A. Ghosh, and R. Muhamed, Fundamentals of WiMAX: Understanding Broadband Wireless Networking, Pearson Education, ch.2 and ch.8 pp.2-10~2-13 and 8-14, 2007.
[10]	H. Sari, G. Karam, and I. Jeanclaude, “Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV Broadcasting,” IEEE Communications Magazine, 1995.
[11]	D. Qian, N. Cvijetic, J. Hu, and T. Wang, “Optical OFDM Transmission in Metro/Access Networks,” Optical Fiber Communication and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, paper OMV1, Mar 2009.
[12]	R. V. Nee , and R. Prasad, “OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications,” Artech House, ch.2, pp.33-36, 2000.
[13]	T. D. Chiueh, and P. Y. Tsai, “OFDM Baseband Receiver Design for Wireless Communications,” Wiley, ch.9, pp. 9.1-9.5, 2007.
[14]	R. Van Nee and R. Parasad, “OFDM for wireless multimedia communication,” Artech House, Boston, 2000.
[15]	 朱泓龍，WiMAX引爆數位家庭網路商機，金鼎研究部，2006.
[16]	 http://blog.xuite.net/hkw137/Tech/16610411
[17]	 Agilent Technologies, “Using Error Vector Magnitude Measurements to Analyze and Troubleshoot Vector-Modulated Signals,” www.agilent.com, Product Note, pp. 2, 2000.
[18]	 http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/9530
[19]	 徐達儒、楊淳良，”光通道效能監視技術中之Q值檢測”，CEPS，第113期，CCL TECHNICAL JOURNAL，9-25-2005
[20]	 原榮, 光纖通訊系統, 新文京開發出版股份有限公司, Aug. 2004.
[21]	G. Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, Chapter 4, McGRAW-HILL pp. 177-183, 2000.
[22]	IEEE, IEEE Standard 802.11a-1999. IEEE Standard for Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: High Speed Physical Layer in the 5GHz Band.
[23]	 A. R. Islam, M. S. Rahman, R. A. Shafik, “On the extended relationships among EVM, BER and SNR as performance metrics,” Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Electr. Comput, Eng, pp. 408-411, 2006.
[24]	R.S. Tucker, “High-speed modulation of semiconductor laser,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. LT-3, no. 6, pp. 2572-2584, Dec. 1985.

[25]	P.J. Corvini and T.L. Koch, “Computer simulation of high bit rate optical fiber transmission using single frequency lasers,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 1591-1595, Nov. 1987.
[26]	P. Krehlik, “Characterization of semiconductor laser frequency chirp based on signal distortion in dispersive optical fiber,” Opto-Electron., Rev. 14, no. 2, pp. 123-128, 2006.
[27]	S. Mohrdiek, H. Burkhard, F. Steinhagen, H. Hillmer, R. Losch, W. Schlapp, and R. Gobel, “10-Gb/s standard fiber transmission using directly modulated 1.55μm quantum-well DFB lasers,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1357-1359, Nov. 1995.
[28]	John D. Downie and Richard S. Vodhanel, “Reach enhancement of a 10Gb/s directly modulated laser with demultiplexer filtering,” LEOS 2004, ThE4, pp. 784-785.
[29]	W. Lee, S.H. Cho, M.Y Park, J.H. Lee, C. Kim, G. Jeong, and B.W. Kim, “Frequency detuning effects in a loop-back WDM-PON employing gain-saturated RSOAs,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 18, no. 13, pp. 1436-1438,  Jul. 2006.
[30]	J. Hecht, Understanding Fiber Optics, Chapter 7, pp. 158-160, 2002.
[31]	Z. Xu, Y.J. Wen, W.D. Zhong, M. Attygalle, X.F. Cheng, Y. Wang, and C. Lu, “Carrier-reuse WDM-PON using a shared delay interferometer for separating carriers and subcarriers,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 837-839, Jun.  2007.
[32]	J.J. Martinez, J.I.G. Gregorio, A.L. Lucia, A.V. Velasco, J.C. Aguadom, and M.A.L. Binue, “Novel WDM-PON architecture based on a spectrally efficient IM-FSK scheme using DMLs and RSOAs,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 350-356, Feb. 2008.
[33]	李楊漢、許立根、譚昌文、洪鴻文、曹士林，光纖通訊網路，五南圖書出版公司，Jul.2007.
[34]	EDUARD SÄCKINGER，Broadband Circuits for Optical Fiber Communication，EILEY-INTERSCIENCE，2005.
[35]	陳瑞鑫、陳鴻仁、林依恩，光通訊原理與技術，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，Jan.2004.
[36]	D. A. B. Miller, T. C. Damen, A. C. Gossard, W.Wiegmann, T. H.Wood, and C. A. Burus, “Band-Edge Electroabsorption in Quantum Well Structures: the Quantum-Confined Stark effect,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 53, no. 26, pp. 2173–2175, 1984.
[37]	M. Bass, E. W. V. Stryland, Fiber Optics Handbook, McGraw-Hill Professional, ch.4, pp. 4.57-4.63, 2002.
[38]	J. C. Palais, Fiber Optic Communications, Pearson Education International, ch.10, pp. 343, 2005.
[39]	S.-C. Lin, S.-L. Lee, and C.-L. Yang, “Spectral filtering of multiple directly modulated channels for WDM access networks by using an FP etalon,” OSA JON, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 306-316, Mar. 2009.
[40]	 S.-C Lin, S.-L. Lee, and C.-K. Liu, “Simple approach for bidirectional performance enhancement on WDM-PONs with direct-modulation lasers and RSOAs,” OSA Opt. Express, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 3636-3643, 17, Mar. 2008.
[41]	 謝廷霖, 基於反射式半導體光放大器的分波多工被動光網路之設計, 淡江大學電機工程學研究所碩士論文, 民國98年.
[42]	 X. Yu, X. Yin, T.B. Gibbon, and I.T. Monroy, “Simultaneous transmission of 256-QAM WIMAX at 5.7GHz and optically generated impulse radio UWB over fiber for indoor wireless multi-services,” OFC/NFOEC, pp.1-3, 21-25 Mar. 2010.
[43]	 http://www.master-photonics.org/uploads/media/Govind_Agrawal1.pdf
[44]	洪羣祐，基於波長再用技術的光纖-無線寬頻接取網路之研究，淡江大學電機工程學研究所碩士論文，民國99年.