在本論文中所呈現的是戶外無線通訊系統的通道特性分析。然而在戶外的環境中，有許多阻擋物會干擾和減弱接收訊號的功率例如車輛樹木和建築物。所以我們的目的是要分析與了解戶外無線通訊系統的通道特性。
   在第三章中，我們利用2.5維的彈跳射線追蹤法來建立模擬的戶外環境。而且我們考慮了三種不同的天線形式來評估戶外環境中的路徑損失。而且藉由使用基因演算法，陣列天線的天線場型可以被改善具有良好的指向性和路徑損失的減少。
在第四章所呈現的是在不同路徑和環境中，以不同極化方式來計算極化辨別率。極化分集是通常用於手持行動端以減少壓縮天線結構所帶來的衰減。極化分集可以藉由分析信號的交叉相關與極化來評估其適用性。如此可以幫助我們了解何種極化方式適用於 直視與非直視路線或都會與半都會環境。
在第五章中在超寬頻系統裡討論有無車輛的情況的戶外通道特性。因為大部分研究超寬頻系統的論文都是考慮在室內環境中，必較少用於戶外環境中。所以本文中將超寬頻系統應用於戶外無線通訊以研究其通道特性。藉由結合2.5維射線追蹤法、快速反傅立葉轉換與何米特程序處理，可以計算出超寬頻的通道脈衝響應進而得到位元錯誤率的結果。所以我們用位元錯誤率與失效率來評估車輛在戶外超寬頻系統的影響。由於超寬頻系統所用的頻寬很大(3.1-10.6GHz)，所以在時域中的時間解析度只有幾個十億分之一秒，如此我們便利用選擇性的rake 接收機技術來增加接收的訊號雜訊比進而減少多路徑效應。

In this thesis, using different diversity techniques and different simulation environments for outdoor wireless communication systems are presented. However, more obstructions such vehicles, trees, and buildings will degrade the received signal in the outdoor environments. Our purpose is that analyzing and understanding the channel characteristics of outdoor wireless communication. 
In the Chapter 3, we use the 2.5D SBR-Image ray tracing method to set up the outdoor simulation environment. Moreover, we take account of different types of antenna arrays to evaluate path loss in the outdoor environment. Moreover, by using the genetic algorithm, antenna pattern can be improved to have a good directivity and the reduction of path loss. 
The Chapter 4 shows different polarization schemes to calculate the cross polarization discrimination (XPD) value in different routes and environments. Polarization diversity is one of the most promising techniques to reduce fading with a compact antenna configuration requiring only one antenna location for the mobile terminal. The applicability of polarization diversity can partly be evaluated to analyze signal cross correlation and cross polarization discrimination (XPD) values. It is helpful to understand what polarization is suitable for the LOS and NLOS routes or urban and semi-urban environments     

Finally, outdoor channel characteristics with and without traffic in Ultra-wideband system are presented. Most researches of UWB system are concentrated on indoor scenes, but we proposed applications for outdoor UWB systems. By combining with 2.5D SBR/Image method, inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and Hermitian processing, the channel impulse response in the UWB system can be calculated to get the bit error rate. Bit error rate (BER) and outage probability can be used to evaluate the performance of outdoor UWB systems with and without traffic. Based on the large bandwidth of UWB systems, the scale of time resolution on the time domain is just about several nanoseconds. So we take account of the S-rake receiver technique to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in order to reduce multipath effect.

中文摘要.................................................I
English abstract.........................................II
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................IV
LIST OF FIGURES..........................................IIV
LIST OF TABLES.............................................X

CHAPTER 1  INTRODUCTION ………………………………...……..1
1.1 Motivation ………………………………………………………...……1
1.2 Chapter Outline ……………………………………………………......2
CHAPTER 2  2.5D SBR-IMAGE RAY TRACING METHOD AND GENETIC ALGORITHM……………………...3
2.1 SBR-Image ray tracing method ………………………………........3
2.2 Channel Impulse Response by the SBR-Image ray tracing method……………………………………………………………….…..5
2.3 Channel Parameters Calculation and diversity techniques……..7
2.3.1 Rms delay spread and mean excess delay..................................…...7
2.3.2 Rake receiver………………………………………………………7
2.3.3 Polarization diversity……………………………………………..10
2.3.4 Antenna array…………………………………………..…………12
2.4 The Genetic Algorithm………………………………………………12
CHAPTER 3  PATH LOSS REDUCTION IN AN URBAN     
   AREA BY GENETIC ALGORITHM….……….16 
3.1. Introduction……………………………………………………….…..16
3.2 Antenna Pattern Synthesized by the Genetic Algorithm……….16
3.3 Numerical Results…………………………………………………….18
3.3.1 LOS case………………………..……………………………….…18
3.3.2 NLOS case…………………………………………………………19
3.3.3 Multi-user case……………………………………………………..20
3.4 Conclusions……………………………………………………………..20



CHAPTER 4  THE PERFORMANCE OF POLARIZATION DIVERSITY SCHEMES IN OUTDOOR MIRCRO CELLS…………………………...………….37
4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………….37
4.2 Simulation Description……………………………………………………....38
4.3 Simulation Results and Discussions………………………………………39
4.3.1 Cross Polarization Discriminations (XPD)……………………….….39
4.3.2 Diversity Gain…………………………………………………….….40
4.3.3 Diversity combining ....................................................................…....42
4.4 Conclusions........................................................................................................43

CHAPTER 5  ULTRA-WIDEBAND OUTDOOR COMMUNICATION CHARACTERISTICS WITH AND WITHOUT TRAFFIC...…………………….…….56
5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………...…………….56
5.2 Channel Modeling and System Description………………………..……57
5.2.1. Calculation of the Channel Characteristics…………………………..57
5.2.2 System Block Diagram……………………………………………….58
5.2.3 Rake Receiver techniques…………………………………………….60
5.3 Numerical results…………………………………………………………….61
5.4 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………...63
CHAPTER 6  CONCLUSIONS……..……….…………………………78
REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………...80

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Binary reflection/transmission tree………………………………………......4 
Figure2.2 Figure 2.2 The geometry of 2D SBR-image ray tracing method…………….4                   
Figure 2.3 Hermitian processing and Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT)..……….....6
Figure 2.4 Principle of the A-rake……………………………………………………....8
Figure 2.5 Principle of the S-rake……………………………………………………….9
Figure 2.6 Principle of the P-rake……………………………………………….............9
Figure 2.7 Polarization diversity for receivers…………………………………………11
Figure 2.8 Polarization diversity for transmitters and receivers ………………………11
Figure 2.9 The flow chart for the simulation…………………………………………..15
Figure 3.1 Simplified layout geometry for simulation………………………..….…….21
Figure 3.2  The structure of L antenna array………………………………………….21
Figure 3.3  The structure of Y antenna array………………………………………….22
Figure 3.4  The structure of circular antenna array…………………………………...23
Figure 3.5 Radiation pattern of the L array by the genetic algorithm in the LOS case...23
Figure 3.6 Radiation pattern of the Y array by the genetic algorithm in the LOS case..23
Figure 3.7 Radiation pattern of the circular array by the genetic algorithm in the LOS 
case………………………………………………………………………….24
Figure 3.8 Comparison of path loss with and without the genetic algorithm in the LOS 
case………………………………………………………………………..…24
Figure 3.9 Comparison of path loss for different arrays with a the genetic algorithm in     
the LOS case…..………………………………………………….……...….25
Figure 3.10 Radiation pattern of the L array by the genetic algorithm in the NLOS case
……………………………………………….………………………………………....26
Figure 3.11 Radiation pattern of the Y array by the genetic algorithm in the NLOS case
………………………………………….………………………………………………26
Figure 3.12 Radiation pattern of the circular array by the genetic algorithm in the NLOS case ……………………………….…………………………………………27
Figure 3.13 Comparison of path loss with and without the genetic algorithm in the NLOS case……………………………………………….………………….27
Figure 3.14 Comparison of path loss for different arrays with genetic algorithm in the NLOS case…………………………………………………………………..28
Figure 3.15 Simplified layout geometry of multi-user for simulation…………………29
Figure 3.16 Radiation pattern of the L array by the genetic algorithm in the multi-user case…………………………………………………………………………..30
Figure 3.17 Radiation pattern of the Y array by the genetic algorithm in the multi-user case…………………………………………………………………………..30
Figure 3.18 Radiation pattern of the circular array by the genetic algorithm in the multi-user case…..…………………………………………………………31
Figure 3.19 Comparison of path loss for different arrays with genetic algorithm in the 
multi-user case…………………………………………………..………....31
Figure 4.1 Layout of urban……………………………………………………………..45
Figure 4.2 Layout of semi-urban…………………………………………….………....45
Figure 4.3 Propagation losses in route R1 (urban)…………………………….…….....46
Figure 4.4 Propagation losses in route R2 (urban)…………………………….…….....47
Figure 4.5 Propagation losses in route R1 (semi-urban)……………………………….48
Figure 4.6 Propagation losses in route R2 (semi-urban)…………………………….....49
Figure 4.7 XPD in route R1…………………………………………………………….50
Figure 4.8 XPD in route R2…………………………………………………………….51
Figure 4.9 Cumulative diversity gain in route R1…………………………………...…52
Figure 4.10 Cumulative diversity gain in route R2………………………………….....53
Figure 4.11 Comparison of combining methods of polarization diversity scheme...…..54
Figure 4.12 Comparison of combining methods of polarization and space diversity schemes……………………………………………………………………55
Figure 5.1 The diagram of transmitted waveform……………………………………...65
Figure 5.2 Block diagram of the simulated communication system………………..….65
Figure 5.3 Layout of the simulated outdoor environment……………………………..66
Figure 5.4 Layout for Area I with traffic………………………………………….…....67
Figure 5.5 Layout for Area II with traffic………………………………………………68
Figure 5.6 Outage probability versus SNR with and without traffic in the Area I……..69
Figure 5.7 Outage probability versus SNR with and without traffic in the Area II……70
Figure 5.8 Outage probability versus SNR by different numbers of rake receiver in the Area I without traffic..............................................................................…...71
Figure 5.9 Outage probability versus SNR by different numbers of rake receiver in the Area I with traffic…………………………………………………………..72
Figure 5.10 Outage probability versus SNR by different numbers of rake receiver in the Area II without traffic……………………………………………..………73
Figure 5.11 Outage probability versus SNR by different numbers of rake receiver in the Area II with traffic………………………………………………………...74
Figure 5.12 Cumulative distribution function versus RMS delay spread with and without traffic in the Area I……………………………………………….75
Figure 5.13 Cumulative distribution function versus RMS delay spread with and without traffic in the Area II………………………………….…………...76

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 excitation voltages and phase of L array with G.A for LOS case……………….32
Table 3.2 excitation voltages and phase of Y array with G.A for LOS case……………….32
Table 3.3 excitation voltages and phase of circular array with G.A for LOS case………...33
Table 3.4 excitation voltages and phase of L array with G.A. for NLOS case…………….33
Table 3.5 excitation voltages and phase of Y array with G.A. for NLOS case…………….34
Table 3.6 excitation voltages and phase of circular array with G.A. for NLOS case……...34
Table 3.7 excitation voltages and phase of L array with G.A for multi-user case…………35
Table 3.8 excitation voltages and phase of Y array with G.A for multi-user case…………35
Table 3.9 excitation voltages and phase of circular array with G.A for multi-user case…..36
Table 5.1 Mean excess delay with and without traffic in the Area I and II……………….77
Table 5.2 RMS delay spread with and without traffic in the Area I and II………………..77

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