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| 系統識別號 |
U0002-3005201311365100 |
| 中文論文名稱
|
從ALBA檢視尼加拉瓜與委內瑞拉關係 |
| 英文論文名稱
|
Nicaragua-Venezuela Relations Through ALBA (2007 to 2012)
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| 校院名稱 |
淡江大學 |
| 系所名稱(中) |
國際事務與戰略研究所碩士班 |
| 系所名稱(英) |
Graduate Institute of International Affairs and Strategic Studies |
| 學年度 |
101 |
| 學期 |
2 |
| 出版年 |
102 |
| 研究生中文姓名 |
宮迪彥 |
| 研究生英文姓名 |
Diego Alberto Gonzalez Meza |
| 學號 |
600330418 |
| 學位類別 |
碩士 |
| 語文別 |
英文 |
| 口試日期 |
2013-05-23 |
| 論文頁數 |
113頁 |
| 口試委員 |
指導教授-李大中
委員-王高成
委員-李大中
委員-曾怡碩
|
| 中文關鍵字 |
尼加拉瓜
委內瑞拉
美洲玻利瓦爾替代計畫
美洲玻利瓦爾聯盟
ALBA
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| 英文關鍵字 |
Nicaragua
Venezuela
Bolivarian Alliance
Bolivarian Alternative
ALBA
Latin America
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| 學科別分類 |
學科別＞社會科學＞政治學
學科別＞社會科學＞區域研究
|
| 中文摘要 |
本研究探討通過從左派國際組織美洲玻利瓦爾聯盟(ALBA)檢視尼加拉瓜與委內瑞拉關係。委內瑞拉和ALBA的目標是使尼加拉瓜相較於依賴美國更加依賴對委內瑞拉的經濟、政治和外交形勢。
近幾年尼加拉瓜在與委內瑞拉的合作中扮演著受益者的角色，而尼加拉瓜的發展應感謝ALBA和委內瑞拉。 ALBA在許多不同的領域中擁有許多公司，例如在發電、石油、銀行、食品領域中，其中包括投入數百萬美元資金於尼加拉瓜，提供數以千計的就業機會，幫助尼加拉瓜發展。
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| 英文摘要 |
The research examines the relations of Nicaragua and Venezuela through the leftist international organization ALBA (Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of our America Treaty Trade for the People) from the years 2007 to 2012. The objective of Venezuela and ALBA is make Nicaragua more dependent on the Venezuelan economy, diplomatic and political situation, and depend less on the USA.
Nicaragua has been beneficiated with the Venezuelan cooperation during these years, Nicaragua development could be thanks to ALBA and Venezuela. ALBA has many companies in many different fields as power generating, petroleum distribution, banking, food, among others in Nicaragua, managing hundreds of millions American Dollars, providing thousands of job opportunities helping the development of Nicaragua.
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| 論文目次 |
Table of Contents
Abstract (Chinese Version) …………………………………………………………………... i
Abstract (English Version) …………………………………………………………………... ii
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………… iii
List of Figures ……………………………………………………………..………………... vi
List of Tables ……………………………………………………………..……………….... vii
List of Graphics ………………………………………………………..…………………....viii
Chapter I: Introduction ………………………..…………………………………………... 1
1. Background Introduction …………………………………………….. 1
2. Research Motives …………………………………………………………..….. 2
3. Objectives …………………………………………………………………………. 3
4. Literature Review …………………………………………………………………. 4
5. Hypotheses ……………………………………………………………………… 13
6. Methodology …………………………………………………………………… 13
7. Chapter Arrangement ………………………………………………… 14
Chapter II: The Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ………………………………… 16
1. History of ALBA ……………………………...…………………………….……… 16
1.1 Meaning of ALBA ……………………………………….…………………… 16
1.2 Birth of ALBA ………………………………………………...……………… 19
2. Summits …………………………………………………………………………….. 20
2.1 First Summit ……………………………………………….………………… 21
2.2 Second Summit ………...………………………………...………………...… 23
2.3 Third Summit ………………………………………………………………… 24
2.4 Forth Summit ………………………………………………………………… 26
2.5 Fifth Summmit ……………………………………………………...……....... 26
2.6 Sixth Summit …………………………………………………….…………… 30
2.7 First Extraordinary Summit ……………………………..………………...… 32
2.8 Second Extraordinary Summit ………………………………………..……… 32
2.9 Third Extraordinary Summit ………………………………………….……… 33
2.10 SUCRE ……………………………………………………………………… 34
2.11 Forth Extraordinary Summit …………………………………………......… 34
2.12 Fifth Extraordinary Summit …………………………………………...…… 36
2.13 Sixth Extraordinary Summit …………………………………….………..… 37
2.14 Seventh Summit ……………………………..……………………….……… 38
2.15 Eight Summit ………………………………………………………….…… 41
2.16 Ninth Summit ………………………..………………………...…………… 42
2.17 Tenth Summit …………………………………………………….………… 43
2.18 Summary of Summits ………...……………………………………...……… 43
3. Perception and Reality of ALBA ………………………………………...…….…… 45
4. Summary of Chapter II ……………………...……………………...…………….… 55
Chapter III: Relations and performance between Nicaragua and Venezuela through ALBA 2007-2012 ……………………………………………………… 56
1.Nicaragua-Venezuela bilateral cooperation through ALBA …………….........…….. 57
1.1 ALBA’s cooperation with Nicaragua 2005-2007 ……...... 57
1.2 Nicaraguan-Venezuelan bilateral cooperation through ALBA (2007-2012) ... 58
2.ALBA’s Companies in Nicaragua (Venezuela’s Investment) ………………...…….. 67
3.Third Parties Involvement in the Nicaraguan-Venezuelan Relations ………………. 73
4. Goals, results, perception and reality of the relations between Nicaragua and Venezuela through ALBA …………………………………….…………………...….. 81
5.Summary of Chapter III ……………………………………………………………. 85
Chapter IV: Future of ALBA, Nicaragua and Venezuela …………………….…..…….. 87
1. Scenario of Venezuela ……………..……………………...…………………..….… 89
2. Scenario of ALBA ………………………………...………………...………..…..… 96
3. Scenario of Nicaragua ……………………………………..…………………..…… 98
4. Summary and conclusion of chapter IV ……………………………………………100
Chapter V: Conclusion ……………………………………......………………...……….. 102
1. Major Research Findings ………………………………………………..………… 103
2. Suggestions for future research …………………………………………………… 105
Bibliography …………………………………………..…………………………….…… 106
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Structure of ALBA-TCP ……………………………………………………….. 39
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Frequency of Meetings Based on the Structure of ALBA ……………………..… 41
Table 3.1 Distribution of Venezuelan cooperation in Nicaragua in Millions of United States Dollar (US$) (2007-2012) ………………………………………………………………….. 61
Table 3.2 Imports (via CIF) of Nicaragua in millions of United States Dollar (US$) ……... 66
Table 3.3 Corruption Perception Index for ALBA countries ……………………………..... 80
Table 4.1 Petroleum Industry of Venezuela …………………………………… 93
Table 4.2 Daily and cumulative crude oil production of OPEC members ………………..... 94
List of Graphics
Graphic 2.1 Latin America and the Caribbean public investment in education as % in their GDP ………………………………………………………………………………………… 46
Graphic 2.2 Latin-American and the Caribbean Public Investment in Health, % according their GDP ………………………………………………………………………………….... 48
Graphic 2.3 Some world countries investment in health, % according their GDP (this is 2011 data) ………………………………………………………………………………………… 49
Graphic 2.4 Percentage of Population that lives below the poverty line in Venezuela …….. 50
Graphic 2.5 Percentage of population that lives below the poverty line in Bolivia, Ecuador and Nicaragua ………………………………………………………………………………. 51
Graphic 3.1 Venezuelan Cooperation (investment) to Nicaragua, in millions of US$ dollars, (2012 represents only the first semester, Jan-Jul) ………………………………………….. 60
Graphic 3.2 Exports (of merchandise via FOB) of Nicaragua in millions of United States Dollar (US$) ………………………………………………………………………………... 65
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| 參考文獻 |
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EFE, El Nuevo Diario, “Cierran Albanic” April 26, 2007 http://impreso.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2007/04/26/nacionales/47249
EFE. La Prensa de Nicaragua. “Plantas electricas arriban manana a Managua” December 28, 2006 http://archivo.laprensa.com.ni/archivo/2006/diciembre/28/noticias/ultimahora/
EFE. El Nuevo Diario, “Taiwan donara plantas electricas para paliar crisis” June 13, 2007 http://impreso.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2007/06/13/nacionales/51219
Enriquez, Octavio. La Prensa de Nicaragua, “Albanisa avista millones con muelle en Bilwi” September 6, 2010 http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/09/06/nacionales/36830-albanisa-avista-millones-muelle
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International Monetary Fund (IMF): M. Ayhan Kose (RES, head), Issouf Samake (WHD), Linda Kaltani (SRP), Asmaa Adel ElGanainy (FAD), Ezgi Ozturk (RES) International Moneraty Fund, World Bank, Inter-American Development Bank; 2012 International Monetary Fund, “Nicaragua: Ex Post Assessment of Longer-Term Program Engagement” IMF Country Report No. 12/258, (Washington, D.C. September). http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr12258.pdf
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OPEC, “Annual statistical bulletin 2012” http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/ASB2012.pdf
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The World Factbook, The CIA, “Nicaragua” (Information extracted on April 13, 2013) https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nu.html
The World Factbook, The CIA, “Venezuela” (Information extracted on May 6, 2013) https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.html
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