本研究旨在探討在個別諮商情境中，心智化能力的涉入情況，並進一步分析專家諮商心理師與新手諮商心理師在諮商情境中涉入的心智化能力與其差異。透過訪談專家與新手諮商心理師，了解其心智化能力涉入個別諮商情境中的情形、專家與新手諮商心理師的差異、以及如何運用心智化能力技巧介入協助諮商工作發展，將可為未來諮商教育訓練、提升諮商心理師自我能力的參考。本研究採質性研究的深度訪談法，以半結構式的訪談大綱，分別對專家與新手進行訪談。以心智化為本的治療模式的介入原則為主要研究工具，以主題編碼方式分析歸納，本研究研究結果如下：
一、專家較關注會談發展，新手較關注自我表現
二、專家採取關係導向，新手只關注問題表層的解決
三、專家較能即時在會談情境中使用心智化能力，新手需經驗累積
四、新手從督導過程學習心智化能力，專家則透過經驗與自我反思
五、心智化能力的應用中，專家較新手準確而迅速，但仍有假設偏誤，並逐步修正假設
六、專家與新手評估會談情境的深度有差異
七、專家在會談情境中的彈性與幽默感優於新手
八、心智化能力是建構諮商心理師專業成長的重點
　　最後研究者按照研究結果提出限制與建議，以提供諮商實務、訓練、自我成長及未來研究的參考。

The purpose of this study is to explore how mentalize ability involve in counseling situation, and further analyze the differences between expert and novice counselors in counseling situation, their mentalize ability, the differences they use mentalize ability to improve the development of counseling and relationship with client. Through quality research based on in-depth interviewing, this research uses semi-structured as guideline to interview expert and novice counselors. The analyses base-on mentalization-base therapy’s seven principles. Furthermore, we can summarize to provide advice to counseling education, counselors training, self-efficiency improve.
The research result consists of eight points:
1.Experts focus on counseling development, novice counselors focus on performance.
2.Experts focus on relationship, novice counselors focus on problem solving.
3.Experts use mentalize ability in counseling situation immediately, novice counselors need more experiences.
4.Novice counselors learn mentalize ability through supervisor, Experts learning through experience and introspection.
5.Experts are more accurate in counseling situation and adjust their intervention and strategy in counseling situation.
6.There are differences between experts and novice counselors of awareness the depth of client’s problem. 
7.Experts are more flexible and humor in counseling situation.
8.Mentalization ability is important to counselors’ profession improve.
　　The research finally provide suggestion based on the results, which assist expert and novice counselors training or learning and guild to further research.

第一章 緒論	1
第一節	研究背景與動機	1
第二節	研究目的	7
第三節	研究問題	7
第四節	名詞解釋	7
第二章 文獻探討	11
第一節	心智化理論及相關研究	11
第二節	專家與新手相關研究	19
第三章 研究方法	27
第一節	研究設計	27
第二節	研究對象與研究參與者	28
第三節	研究工具	32
第四節	研究程序	36
第五節	資料分析	40
第六節	信效度檢核	41
第四章 研究結果	43
第一節	新手諮商心理師在諮商情境中涉入的心智化能力	43
第二節	專家諮商心理師在諮商情境中涉入的心智化能力	59
第三節	專家與新手諮商心理師在諮商情境中涉入的心智化能力比較分析	70
第五章 研究結論與建議	77
第一節	結論	77
第二節	建議與限制	80
參考文獻	86
中文文獻	86
英文文獻	87
附錄
　附錄一 研究邀請函………………………………………………………………94
　附錄二 訪談同意書………………………………………………………………95
 
表次
表3-1 受訪者基本資料……………………………………………………………30
表3-2 訪談大綱對照表……………………………………………………………33

圖次
圖3-1 研究流程……………………………………………………………………39

吳麗娟（2003）。一個諮商員的專業成長:一個「人」的成長-從 Human “doing" 到 Human “being"。中華輔導學報，14，1-30。
李花環（2000）。諮商員專業發展歷程之質性研究 （Doctoral dissertation, 國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所博士論文，未出版，彰化市。
周勵志、林星翔（2016）。 台灣一短期心智化為本治療工作坊訓練成效報告。中華團體心理治療學刊， 22(3)， 3-15。
周勵志、林星翔（2018）。臺灣心智化導向治療訓練團體成效評估.。中華團體心理治療學刊，24(1)， 3-14。
周勵志、俞錦良（2015）。心智化導向治療模式之經驗性團體初探。中華團體心理治療學刊， 21(4)，35-43。
林彥妤、陳冠宇（2015）。個案報告：以心智化為基礎的心理治療在後青春期非典型飲食疾患之治療運用。中華心理衛生學刊， 28(1)，1-18。
林倩如、許欣偉、王智弘（2012）。人際互動團體心理治療於精神官能症病房之運用-以心理動力取向為基礎。 中華團體心理治療學刊，18(1)，17-30。
林家興（2014）。臺灣諮商心理師執業現況與執業意見之調查研究。教育心理學報，45(3)，279-302。
林家興、黃佩娟（2013）。台灣諮商心理師能力指標建構之共識研究。教育心理學報，44(3)，735-750。
林家興、黃佩娟（2013）。台灣諮商心理師能力指標建構之共識研究。教育心理學報，44(3)，735-750。
林烝增（2015）。督導中協助新手實習諮商師以立即性技術處理諮商關係中的僵局。 輔導季刊，51(1)， 49-55。
范麗娟（2004）《深度訪談. 質性研究》, 頁81-126。
孫志麟（1992）生手如何才能成為專家呢？—教師專業表現之探討。師友月刊，(297), 21-25。
張春興（1989）。張氏心理學辭典，台北市：東華書局。
張靜怡、蕭文（2000）。專業實習課程對準諮商員諮商能力發展之分析研究-以彰化師大為例. 彰化師大輔導學報, (21), 1-36.
許玉佩.（1995）。諮商員對諮商歷程中情緒的自我覺察與因應方式之分析研究.。彰化師大輔導研究所碩士論文 (未出版)。
陳均姝（2001）。促進諮商師概念化知能的督導策略與過程 (下)。諮商與輔導， (193)，20-26。
陳育瑮（2015）諮商督導對新手諮商員知覺轉換與專業成長影響之研究─以循環督導模式為例。 暨南大學輔導與諮商研究所學位論文，1-404
陳金燕（1996）。諮商實務工作者對「自我覺察」的主觀詮釋之研究。國立彰化 師範大學輔導學報，19，193-246。 
陳金燕（2003）。自我覺察在諮商專業中之意涵: 兼論自我覺察督導模式。 應用心理研究， 18， 59-87。
陳金燕（1998）。諮商學習者在 [自我覺察] 課程之學習歷程與追蹤效果研究。
陳金燕（2001）。自我覺察督導模式初探。 輔導季刊， 37(2)，1-10。
陳金燕（2003）。自我覺察在諮商專業中之意涵：兼論自我覺察督導模式。 應用心理研究，18，59-87。
陳若璋、鄔佩麗、林玉華（1995）。專家心理學養成教育之改革建言—兼談台灣系統困境。華人心理學家學術研討會論文發表。中國心理學會。 
彭秀玲、黃囇莉、陳金燕（2011）。難以跨越的鴻溝？—諮商老手的意圖與行動之落差。 中華輔導與諮商學報，(30)，103-123。
彭秀玲（2002）。一個諮商新手的初次晤談分析~ 試探諮商師從意圖到行動的過程。 中華輔導學報，(12)，1-32。
楊淑珠（1996）。諮商新手與專業諮商員對個案的概念形成及差異比較研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導系碩士論文，未出版。
潘淑滿（2003）。深度訪談法。 質性研究: 理論與應用，133-158。

Adshead, G., Moore, E., Humphrey, M., Wilson, C., & Tapp, J. (2013). The role of mentalising in the management of violence. Advances in psychiatric treatment, 19(1), 67-76.
Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: Assessed in the strange situation and at home.
Ainsworth, M. S., & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American psychologist, 46(4), 333.
Allen, J. G. (2013). Mentalizing in the development and treatment of attachment trauma. Karnac Books.
Allen, J. G., & Fonagy P. (2006). Handbook of mentalization-based treatment. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. 
Allen, J. G., & Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. W. (2008). Mentalizing in clinical practice. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. 
Asen, E., & Fonagy, P. (2017). Mentalizing family violence part 1: Conceptual framework. Family process, 56(1), 6-21.
Bateman A. W., & Fonagy, P. (2009). Randomized controlled trial of outpatient mentalization-based treatment versus structured clinical management for borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 166(12), 1355-1364. 
Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (2004). Mentalization-based treatment of BPD. Journal of personality disorders, 18(1), 36-51.
Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (2010). Mentalization-Based treatment for borderline personality disorder. World Psychiatry, 9(1), 11-15. 
Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice. American Psychiatric Pub.
Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice. American Psychiatric Pub.
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2001). Treatment of borderline personality disorder with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization: an 18-month follow-up. American Journal of psychiatry, 158(1), 36-42.
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2009). Randomized controlled trial of outpatient mentalization-based treatment versus structured clinical management for borderline personality disorder. american Journal of Psychiatry, 166(12), 1355-1364.
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2013). Mentalization-based treatment. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 33(6), 595-613.
Bateman, A., Bales, D., & Hutsebaut, J. (2012). A quality manual for MBT. In Draft presented at Nordic MBT-network meeting, Oslo.
Bateman, A., Bolton, R., & Fonagy, P. (2013). Antisocial personality disorder: A mentalizing framework. Focus, 11(2), 178-186.
Boyce, C., & Neale, P. (2006). Conducting in-depth interviews: A guide for designing and conducting in-depth interviews for evaluation input.
Bransford, J. D., Brown, A. L., & Cocking, R. R. (2000). How people learn (Expanded ed.). Washington, DC: National Academy.
Bressi, C., Fronza, S., Minacapelli, E., Nocito, E. P., Dipasquale, E., Magri, L., ... & Barone, L. (2017). Short‐term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy with Mentalization‐based Techniques in Major Depressive Disorder patients: Relationship among alexithymia, reflective functioning, and outcome variables–A Pilot study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 90(3), 299-313.
Burns, C. I. (1994). Declarative knowledge differences in expert and novice counselors.
Boyce, C., & Neale, P. (2006). Conducting in-depth interviews: A guide for designing and conducting in-depth interviews for evaluation input.
Chi, M., Bassok, M., Lewis, M., Reiman, P., & Glasser, R. (1989). Self explanations: How students study and use exmaples in learning to solve.
Corsini, R. J. (2013). Current psychotherapies. Cengage Learning.
Cummings, A. L., Hallberg, E. T., Martin, J., Slemon, A., & Hiebert, B. (1990). Implications of counselor conceptualizations for counselor education. Counselor Education and Supervision, 30(2), 120-134.
Daubney, M., & Bateman, A. (2015). Mentalization-based therapy (MBT): an overview. Australasian Psychiatry, 23(2), 132-135.
Dimaggio, G., & Lysaker, P. H. (2015). Metacognition and mentalizing in the psychotherapy of patients with psychosis and personality disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 117-124.
Duncan, B. L., Miller, S. D., Wampold, B. E., & Hubble, M. A. (2010). The heart and soul of change: Delivering what works in therapy. American Psychological Association.
Etringer, B. D., Hillerbrand, E., & Claiborn, C. D. (1995). The transition from novice to expert counselor. Counselor Education and Supervision, 35(1), 4-17.
Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry. American psychologist, 34(10), 906.
Fonagy P. (1989). On tolerating mental states: theory of mind in borderline patients. Bulletin of the Anna Freud Centre, 12, 91-115. 
Fonagy, P., & Allison, E. (2014). The role of mentalizing and epistemic trust in the therapeutic relationship. Psychotherapy, 51(3), 372.
Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. W. (2007). Mentalizing and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Mental Health, 16(1), 83-101.
Fonagy, P., & Ghinai, R. A. (2008). A self-report measure of mentalizing: Development and preliminary test of the reliability and validity of the Reflective Function Questionnaire (RFQ). Unpublished manuscript. UK: University College London.
Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (2006). The mentalization-based approach to the pathology of self. Journal of Personality Disorder, 20(6), 544-576. 
Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., ... & Gerber, A. (1996). The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 64(1), 22.
Fonagy, P., Target, M., Steele, H., & Steele, M. (1998). Reflective-functioning manual, version 5.0, for application to adult attachment interviews. London: University College London, 161-62.
Frensch, P. A., & Sternberg, R. J. (1989). Expertise and intelligent thinking: When is it worse to know better. Advances in the psychology of human intelligence, 5, 157-188.
Goodyear, R. K. (1997). Psychological expertise and the role of individual differences: An exploration of issues. Educational Psychology Review, 9(3), 251-265.
Guy, J. D. (1987). The personal life of the psychotherapist. John Wiley & Sons.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(3), 511.
Hesse, E. (2008). The Adult Attachment Interview: Protocol, method of analysis, and empirical studies.
Hill, C. E., Nutt-Williams, E., Heaton, K. J., Thompson, B. J., & Rhodes, R. H. (1996). Therapist retrospective recall impasses in long-term psychotherapy: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(2), 207.
Hillerbrand, E., & Claiborn, C. D. (1990). Examining reasoning skill differences between expert and novice counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 68(6), 684-691.
Howard, K. I., Krause, M. S., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1986). The attrition dilemma: Toward a new strategy for psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(1), 106.
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology, Vol. 2. NY, US: Henry Holt and Company.
Kvarstein, E. H., Pedersen, G., Urnes, Ø., Hummelen, B., Wilberg, T., & Karterud, S. (2015). Changing from a traditional psychodynamic treatment programme to mentalization‐based treatment for patients with borderline personality disorder–Does it make a difference?. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 88(1), 71-86.
Lambert, M. J., & Bergin, A. E. (1994). The effectiveness of psychotherapy. Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change, 4, 143-189.
Lana, F., Marcos, S., Mollà, L., Vilar, A., Pérez, V., Romero, M., & Martí, J. (2015). Mentalization based group psychotherapy for psychosis: A pilot study to assess safety, acceptance and subjective efficacy. Int J Psychol Psychoanal, 1(007).
Marmarosh, C. L., Nikityn, M., Moehringer, J., Ferraioli, L., Kahn, S., Cerkevich, A., ... & Reisch, E. (2013). Adult attachment, attachment to the supervisor, and the supervisory alliance: How they relate to novice therapists’ perceived counseling self-efficacy. Psychotherapy, 50(2), 178.
Mayfield, W. A., Kardash, C. M., & Kivlighan Jr, D. M. (1999). Differences in experienced and novice counselors' knowledge structures about clients: Implications for case conceptualization. Journal of counseling Psychology, 46(4), 504.
Norcross, J. C. (2002). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients. Oxford University Press.
Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M., & Prochaska, J. O. (2011). Stages of change. Journal of clinical psychology, 67(2), 143-154.
O'byrne, K., Clark, R. E., & Malakuti, R. (1997). Expert and novice performance: Implications for clinical training. Educational Psychology Review, 9(4), 321-332.
Orlinsky, D. E., Grawe, K., & Parks, B. K. (1994). Process and outcome in psychotherapy: Noch einmal.
Orlinsky, D. E., Rønnestad, M. H., Gerin, P., Davis, J. D., Ambühl, H., Davis, M. L., ... & Schröder, T. A. (2005). The Development of Psychotherapists.
Rabinowitz, F. E., Heppner, P. P., & Roehlke, H. J. (1986). Descriptive study of process and outcome variables of supervision over time. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(3), 292.
Reising, G. N., & Daniels, M. H. (1983). A study of Hogan's model of counselor development and supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30(2), 235.
Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of consulting psychology, 21(2), 95.
Schoenfeld, A. H. (1985). Metacognitive and epistemological issues in mathematical understanding. Teaching and learning mathematical problem solving: Multiple research perspectives, 89(4), 361-380.
Schwing, A. E., LaFollette, J. R., Steinfeldt, J. A., & Wong, Y. J. (2011). Novice counselors’ conceptualizations and experiences of therapeutic relationships. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 33(1), 51-63.
Skovholt, T. (2009). 助人工作者自助手冊: 活力充沛的秘訣 (劉小菁譯). 台北: 張老師文化.
Skovholt, T. M., & Rønnestad, M. H. (2003). Struggles of the novice counselor and therapist. Journal of Career Development, 30(1), 45-58.
Stoltenberg, C. D., & Delworth, U. (1987). Supervising counselors and therapists: A developmental approach. Jossey-Bass.
T.D. Eells & K.G. Lombart (2003) Case Formulation and Treatment Concepts Among Novice, Experienced, and Expert Cognitive-Behavioral and Psychodynamic Therapists, Psychotherapy Research, 13:2, 187-204, DOI: 10.1093/ptr/kpg018
Teyber, E. (2006). Interpersonal process in therapy: An integrative model (5th ed.). Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole. 
Teyber, E., & Teyber, F. (2010). Interpersonal process in therapy: An integrative model. Cengage Learning.