本研究是利用實驗室合成的聚偏二氟乙烯(Polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF)平板式薄膜，來組裝模組進行直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾(Direct Contact Membrane Distillation, DCMD) 與真空式薄膜蒸餾(Vacuum Membrane Distillation, VMD)用於海水淡化之效能探討，進料之模擬海水為3.5 wt%的NaCl水溶液。合成薄膜的組成為PVDF、磷酸三乙酯(Triethyl phosphate, TEP)及Tween-20的混合溶液，將改變沉澱槽之組成成分以製備不同結構之薄膜，探討其薄膜結構對蒸餾操作之影響。
在實驗操作部分主要是探討不同的參數對薄膜蒸餾之滲透通量及鹽阻隔率之影響，DCMD中兩側流體流動是逆流方式，而在VMD操作中滲透側保持在5.33 kPa，其它參數包括在進料溫度(50~70 oC)、進料速度(0.3~0.7 L/min)與不同進料濃度(純水~15wt%NaCl溶液)。
在DCMD與VMD中其結果顯示隨著沉澱槽TEP wt%的比例增加，所製成的薄膜之通量皆會高於沒改質的薄膜，是由於隨著TEP在沉澱槽的比例增加薄膜表面皮層結構不易形成，且大孔洞數變多。且提高進料溫度能明顯增加滲透通量，但極化現象也較嚴重，而增加進料流率則對於滲透通量之提升較不顯著，但對於高溫進料操作之溫度極化現象具有較明顯改善效果。

The synthesized poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) flat-sheet membrane was used in the Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) and Vacuum Membrane Distillation (VMD) for desalination, and the performances of the membrane distillation system were studied. The simulated seawater of 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was adepted as the feed. The dope solution of PVDF, Triethyl phosphate(TEP) and Tween-20, and the flat membranes were prepared by varying the concentration of TEP in the coagulation bath. The membrane structures were observed by the SEM analysis.
The performances of DCMD and VMD were measured under various operating parameters included feed temperature (50~70oC), feed flow rate (0.3~0.7 L/min) and feed concentration (0~15wt% NaCl).
In DCMD and VMD the experimental results showed the higher flux performance than original membranes which prepared by higher weigh percent of TEP solution, and membrane have large pore size in the top surface is increasing the weight percent of TEP in coagulant bath. And increasing the temperature of the feed can significantly increase the flux, but the polarization phenomena become more serious, increasing feed flow rate the effect is not obvious on the flux, but the temperature polarization phenomenon can be reduced by the feed flow rate as the high  feed temperature.

目錄
誌謝I
中文摘要II
英文摘要III
目錄IV
圖目錄VI
表目錄VIII
第一章緒論1
1.1前言1
1.2薄膜分離程序3
1.3薄膜蒸餾6
1.4研究目標8
第二章文獻回顧11
2.1薄膜應用研究11
2.2薄膜蒸餾法之種類13
2.2.1直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾13
2.2.2空氣間隙式薄膜蒸餾13
2.2.3空氣掃掠式薄膜蒸餾14
2.2.4真空式薄膜蒸餾14
2.3薄膜之性質15
2.4影響滲透通量的因素17
2.5薄膜製備之相轉換法19
2.6高分子成膜理論20
2.6.1熱力學之成膜理論20
2.6.2質傳動力學之成膜理論21
2.7膜組及操作程序的改良23
2.7.1膜組傾斜角度23
2.7.2進料增加擾動23
2.7.3減少結垢問題23
2.7.4改良膜組設計24
2.7.5薄膜不同製備及改質25
第三章實驗裝置與方法30
3.1實驗裝置30
3.2實驗設備31
3.3實驗與薄膜藥品32
3.3.1實驗藥品32
3.3.2薄膜藥品32
3.4薄膜製備33
3.5薄膜性質分析34
3.5.1薄膜型態和表面孔洞分析34
3.5.2薄膜膜厚及孔隙度測試34
3.5.3接觸角量測34
3.6實驗步驟35
3.6.1DCMD實驗步驟35
3.6.2VMD操作條件35
3.7操作條件37
3.7.1DCMD操作條件37
3.7.2VMD操作條件37
3.8流量計校正與雷諾數計算38
3.9分析方法39
3.9.1鹽類含量之分析方法與條件39
3.9.2鹽類阻隔率之計算39
第四章結果與討論49
4.1原型模組之滲透通量49
4.1.1薄膜SEM結構分析49
4.1.2薄膜之孔隙度50
4.1.3薄膜之接觸角50
4.2DCMD模組之滲透通量51
4.2.1不同薄膜對DCMD滲透通量之影響51
4.2.2進料流率與溫度對DCMD模組之滲透通量影響51
4.2.3改變進料濃度對DCMD模組滲之透通量影響52
4.3VMD模組之滲透通量53
4.3.1不同薄膜對VMD滲透通量之影響53
4.3.2改變進料流率與溫度對VMD模組之滲透通量影響53
4.3.3改變進料濃度對VMD模組之滲透通量影響54
4.4DCMD與VMD模組比較55
4.5阻隔鹽類之效能56
4.5.1DCMD與VMD系統之阻隔鹽類效能56
4.5.2長時間操作對DCMD系統之影響56
第五章結論72
符號說明75
參考文獻76
附錄A80
圖目錄
圖1.1薄膜分離程序之分類9
圖1.2薄膜蒸餾物流流動示意圖10
圖2.1DCMD 示意圖26
圖2.2AGMD 示意圖27
圖2.3SGMD 示意圖27
圖2.4VMD 示意圖28
圖2.5高分子(非結晶型)-溶劑-非溶劑成膜相圖[MARCEL MULDER, 1991]	28
圖2.6SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF MASS TRANSFER OCCURRING AT THE MEMBRANE/COAGULANT SURFACE[MARCEL MULDER, 1991；LIN AND WANG 等人, 1996]29
圖2.7過濾與逆洗程序示意圖29
圖3.1DCMD 模組示意圖40
圖3.2DCMD與VMD 模組設計示意圖(進料側)41
圖3.3DCMD 模組設計示意圖(冷卻水側)42
圖3.4VMD 模組設計示意圖(真空側)43
圖3.5直接接觸薄膜蒸餾實驗裝置圖44
圖3.6真空式薄膜蒸餾實驗裝置圖45
圖3.7進料流體流量計校正曲線46
圖3.8冷卻水流體流量計校正曲線46
圖3.9進料、冷卻水流體流量與REYNOLD NUMBER之關係圖47
圖4.1PVDF平板薄膜之SEM截面結構圖58
圖4.2PVDF平板薄膜之SEM 5K倍率上表面結構圖59
圖4.3PVDF平板薄膜之SEM 30K倍率上表面結構圖60
圖4.4PVDF平板薄膜之SEM下表面結構圖61
圖4.5不同PVDF薄膜對DCMD滲透通量之影響62
圖4.6T40於DCMD之滲透通量62
圖4.7不同進料溫度對DCMD滲透通量之影響63
圖4.8不同進料流率對DCMD滲透通量之影響63
圖4.9T40於不同進料濃度對DCMD滲透通量之影響64
圖4.10不同PVDF薄膜對VMD滲透通量之影響64
圖4.11T40於VMD之滲透通量65
圖4.12不同進料溫度對VMD滲透通量之影響65
圖4.13不同進料流率對VMD滲透通量之影響66
圖4.14T40於不同進料濃度對VMD滲透通量之影響66
圖4.15T40於DCMD與VMD滲透通量之比較67
圖4.16T40於DCMD與其他論文滲透通量之比較67
圖4.17T40於VMD與其他論文滲透通量之比較68
圖4.18DCMD不同進料溫度改變進料流量之滲透液導電度68
圖4.19VMD不同進料溫度改變進料流量之滲透液導電度69
圖4.20T40於 VMD 15WT% NACL溶液高濃度進料之滲透液導電度69
圖4.21T10於DCMD長時間操作之影響70
圖ANACL檢量線80
表目錄
表1.1不同操作程序之驅動力分類[CHERYAN, 1998]9
表3.1製膜液組成與製備條件48
表4.1PVDF薄膜基本結構與物性分析71

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