九零年代初期，委內瑞拉的經濟狀況一直低迷不振，人民不滿的聲浪也持續高漲。查維茲於1992年發動政變失敗而入獄數年，出獄後查維茲開始參與政治活動，創立了左翼政黨「第五共和運動」。他以拯救委內瑞拉的大量貧窮人口為號召，並於1998年當選總統。

1999年，查維茲提出「委內瑞拉的國家經濟與社會發展計畫」，計畫中提到委內瑞拉面臨的挑戰有：分散國家的經濟出口，同時處理社會問題，並提升窮人的地位。而發展計畫同時列出五項外交政策的主要目標：提倡多極世界、促進拉美整合、鞏固並多元化委內瑞拉的外交關係、提倡新的西半球安全體系以及強化委內瑞拉於世界經濟的地位。、

至2008年，查維茲執政已屆滿十年，本篇論文以建構主義觀點，探討影響查維茲外交決策因素，同時結合實際情況，分析其政策的影響和障礙。

In the February 1992 coup, Hugo Chávez, a former paratrooper, attempted to overthrow the government of President Carlos Andres Perez as anger grew against the President's economic austerity measures. Chávez was unsuccessful and landed up in jail. In 1998, Chávez was elected as the president of Venezuela.

The outlines of Venezuela’s development policy are laid down in the new Constitution, introduced by the Chávez government in 1999, as well as in the National Economic and Social Development Plan for 2001-2007 (Líneas Generales del Plan de Desarollo Económico y Social de la Nación 2001-2007), which defines the principal challenges facing the country as (i) the need to diversify its economy and (ii) to deal with social challenges and the rise in poverty. The development plan lists five main objectives for its foreign policy as: (i)promote multi-polarity, (ii)promote Latin American integration, (iii)consolidate and diversity Venezuela’s foreign relations, (iv)promote a new regime of hemispheric security, (v)strengthen Venezuela’s position in the international economy

After 10 years of taking power, Chávez has reached some progress. The main objective of thesis is to analyze the possible factors that affect Hugo Chávez’s decision in his foreign policy, combine the happening facts and point out the opportunities and obstacles.

Introduction	1
A. Purpose of the Study	2
B. Hypothesis	3
C. Methods of the study	4
D. Ambits and Limitations	5
E. Parts of Study	6
F. Flowchart of the Study	8
I. Theoretical Framework	9
A.	Concept of Constructivism	10
i. Ontological	11
ii. Anarchy	13
B.	Constructivism in the thesis	15
C.	Anticipation	18
i. Governance Policy	19
ii. Economic Policy	21
iii. Foreign Policy	21
iv. Social Policy	22
D.	Limits	23
E.	Brief Conclusion	27
II. Background	29
A.	Internal Issues of Venezuela	30
i. Political	31
ii. Petroleum Economics	34
B.	Foreign Relations of Venezuela	36
i. Venezuela-U.S. Relation	36
ii. Venezuela-Colombia Relations	38
iii. Venezuela-Cuba Relations	39
iv. Sino-Venezuela Relations	40
C.	Hugo Chávez	42
i. Early Life	42
ii. Failured coup	43
iii. The factor of rising	45
D.	Left in Latin America	47
i. Left	48
ii. Populism	49
E.	Brief Conclusion	51
III. Internal Policy of Hugo Chávez	55
A.	Governance Policy	55
i. Constitutional Reform	56
ii. Participatory Democracy	58
iii. 21st Century Socialism	61
B.	Economic Policy	62
i. Venezuelan Economic Indicators	63
ii. Economic Survey from 1999-2008	64
iii. PDVSA and Chávez Government	68
iv. Restriction of Currency	69
C.	Social Policy	72
i. Education	72
ii. Electoral	74
iii. Food and Nutrition	74
iv. Healthcare	75
v. Housing	76
vi. Identification	76
vii. Indigenous Rights	76
viii. Land Reform	77
ix. Rural Development	78
x. Socioeconomic Transformation	79
xi. Civilian Militia	79
D.	Brief Conclusion	79
IV Foreign Policy of Hugo Chávez	81
A.	Promote multi-polarity	81
i. Tensions between Venezuela and U.S..	82
B.	Promote Latin American Integration	84
i. ALBA	84
ii. Bank of the South	85
iii. Mercosur	86
iv. Energy	87
C.	Consolidate and Diversity Venezuela’s Foreign Relations	91
i. 2006 world tours	91
ii. 2008 world tours	92
D.	Promote a New Regime of Hemispheric Security	94
i. Arms purchased	94
ii. Military maneuvers	95
E.	Strengthen Venezuela’s Position in the International Economy	97
i. China	97
ii. Iran	99
F.	Brief Conclusion	101
V. Perspective	103
A.	Internal Opportunities	103
i. The Collapse of the Old Regime	103
ii. Economy	105
iii. Social Programs	107
B.	Foreign Influence	108
i. Latin American Integration	108
ii. Multi-polar World	111
C.	Internal Obstacles	113
i. Political	114
ii. Economic	117
iii. Social	119
D.	Foreign Obstacles	121
i. Interference	122
ii. U.S. Powers	122
iii. Difficult to diversify the petroleum exports	125
E.	Brief Conclusion	125
Conclusion	127
Biography	133

Table
Table 1. Venezuela, GDP Annual Growth Rates of Venezuela	63
Table 2. Barrels of Crude Oil per Metric Ton, 1999-2006	63
Table 3. RWTC, Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB (Dollars per Barrel)	63

A. Books

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3.	Cox, Robert. Production, Power, and World Order: Social Forces in Making History, New York: Columbia University, 1987.
4.	Ellner, Steve. Rethinking Venezuelan Politics: Class, Conflict, and Chávez Phenomenon, London: Lynne Rienner, 2008.
5.	Gott, Richard. In the shadow of Liberator: Hugo Chávez and the transformation of Venezuela, London: Verso, (2000).
6.	Guzzini, Stefano and Leander, Anna. Constructivism and International Relations: Alexander Wendt and his critics, New York: Routledge, 2006.
7.	Hardt, Michael and Negri, Antonio. Multitud: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. New York: Penguin Press, (2004).
8.	Harnecker, Marta. Hugo Chávez: Un Hombre, Un Pueblo, La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales (2002).
9.	Hillman, Richard. Democracy for the Priviledged: Crisis and Transition in Venezuela, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, (1994).
10.	Jepperson, Ronald, Wendt, Alexander and Katzenstein. Peter, The Culture of National Security: Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
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16.	Marcano, Cristina and Tyszka, Alberto Barrera. Hugo Chávez Sin Uniforme: Una Historia Personal, Random House MondadoriIbid. (2005)
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B. Journals

1.	“Annual Statistical Bulletin 2001”, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, (2001)
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3.	“Elecciones de Presidente de la República, Total Nacional Venezuela”, Consejo Nacional Electoral de Venezuela, (30 July, 2000)
4.	“House International Relations Committee, Hearing on the Fiscal Year 2007” International Affairs Budget, Testmony of Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, (February 16, 2006).
5.	“Líneas Generales del Plan de Desarollo Económico y Social de la Nación 2001-2007”, República Bolivariana de Venezuela, (September 2007).
6.	“RCTV Allowed to Broadcast Despite Misgivings”, Latin American Andean Group Report, (August 2007).
7.	“Venezuela Country Strategy Paper 2007-2013”,Commision of the European Communities, http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/venezuela/csp/07_13_en.pdf, (Accessed: June 1, 2008).
8.	“Venezuela: Hugo Chávez’s Revolution”, Latin America Report N.19, International Crisis Group, (February 22, 2007).
9.	“Venezuela: Political Reform or Regime Demise?”, Latin America Report, No.27, International Crisis Group, (July 23, 2008).
10.	Adler, Emanuel. “Cognitive Evolution: A Dynamic Approach for the Study of International Relations and Their Progress”, in Progress in Postwar International Relations, edited by Emanuel Adler and B. Craford, New York: Columbia University.
11.	Adler, Emanuel. “Constructivism and International Relations”, in Handbook of International Relations, edited by W. Charlsnaes, T. Risse, and B. A. Simons, London: Sage Publications (2001).
12.	Adler, Emanuel. “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics”, European Journal of International (1997).
13.	Albo, Gregory. “The Unexpected Revolution: Venezuela Confronts Neoliberalism”, (January 2006),
14.	Alexander, Wendt. “Constructing International Politics”, International Security, Vol. 20, No.1, Summer (1995).
15.	Ashley, Richard K. “The Powers of Anarchy: Theory, Sovereignty, and the Domestication of Global Life”, in J. Der Derian (ed), International Theory: Critical Investigations, Bastingstoke: Macmillan Press, London, (1995). 
16.	Boli, John John Meyer and Thomas, George. “Ontology and Rationalization in the Western Cultural Account” in Institutional Structure: Constituting State, Society, and the Individual, Edited by George Thomas et al. eds., London: Sage, (1989).
17.	Chafetz, Glenn Spirtas, Michael. Benjamin Frankel, “Introduction: Tracing the Influence of Identity of Foreign Policy”, Security Studies, Vol. 8, (Winter 1998).
18.	Checkel, Jeffrey. “The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory”, World Politics 20, (1998).
19.	Chilcote, Ronald H. “The Left in Latin America: Theory and Practice”, Latin American Perspectives Vol.30, No.3, (July 2003), pp.10-15
20.	Cirino, Julio A. “Latin America: Populism for the XXI Century”, Washington DC., (Fall 006)
21.	Collins, Sheila B. “Breaking the Mold? Venezuela’s Defiance of the Neoliberal Model”, New Political Science, Vol. 27, No.3 (September 2005).
22.	Copeland,Dale C. “The Constructivist Challenge to Structural Realism”, International Security, Vol.25, No.2 (Autumn, 2000).
23.	Coronel, Gustavo. “Corruption, Mismanagement, and Abuse of Power in Hugo Chávez´s Venezuela”, CATO Development Policy Analysis, CATO Institute, (November 27, 2006)
24.	Corrales, Javier “Hugo Boss”, Foreign Policy Magazine, (January/Feburary 2006)
25.	ECLAC, Economy Survey of Latin American and the Caribbean, 1998-1999, Chile: United Nations Publication, (April 1999), pp.295-303.
26.	ECLAC, Economy Survey of Latin American and the Caribbean, 1999-2000, Chile: United Nations Publication, (December 2000), pp.299-306.
27.	ECLAC, Economy Survey of Latin American and the Caribbean, 2000-2001, Chile: United Nations Publication, (December 2001), pp.259-266.
28.	ECLAC, Economy Survey of Latin American and the Caribbean, 2001-2002, Chile: United Nations Publication, (July 2002), pp.253-260.
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30.	ECLAC, Economy Survey of Latin American and the Caribbean, 2003-2004, Chile: United Nations Publication, (November 2004), pp.203-210.
31.	ECLAC, Economy Survey of Latin American and the Caribbean, 2005-2006, Chile: United Nations Publication, (December 2006), pp.129-136.
32.	ECLAC, Economy Survey of Latin American and the Caribbean, 2007-2008, Chile: United Nations Publication, (November 2008), pp.113-119.
33.	Economist, “The Rise of the ‘Boligarchs’”, The Economist, (August 9, 2007)
34.	Eller, Steve. “The Radical Potential of Chavismo in Venezuela: The First Year and a Half in Power”, Latin American Perspectives (2001).
35.	Ellner, Steve. “Directions of the Chavista Movement in Venezuela”, Science & Society, Vol. 69, No.2 (April 2005), p171-172.
36.	Ewell, Judith. Venezuela and the United States: From Monroe's Hemisphere to Petroleum's Empire, University of Georgia Press. (1996)
37.	Ewell, Judith. Venezuela: A Century of Change, Stanford: Stanford University Press, (1984)
38.	Falcoff, Mark “Latin American Crack-up?”, Commentary 118, No.1, (July-August, 2004).
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40.	García-Guadilla, María Pilar. “Civil Society: Institutionalization, Fragmentation, Autonomy”, in Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era: Class, Polarization & Conflict, Edited by Steve Ellner and Daniel Hllinger, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, (2003).
41.	Giacalone, R & Hanes de Acevedo, R. “The military in a subsidized democracy: the case of Venezuela”, in: From Military to Civilian Rule. Edited by CP Danopoulos London: Routledge, (1992) pp. 127–157
42.	Gindin, Jonah. “Made in Venezuela: The Struggle to Reinvent Venezuelan Labor”, Monthly Review, (June, 2005).
43.	Haluani, Makram. “Meeting of Minds and Moves: Substance and Significance of the Middle East to Venezuela’s Foreign Policy 1999-2007”, 49th Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association (ISA), (March26-29, 2008)
44.	Haluani, Makram. “Of the Mix of Oil and Ambitions: Substance and Significance of Russia and the Middle East to Venezuela’s Foreign Policy 1999-2008”, 50th Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association (ISA), (February 15-18, 2009).
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46.	Hopf, Ted. “The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory” , International Security, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Summer, 1998)
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48.	Kebschull, Harvey G. “Operation ‘Just Missed’: Lessons from Failed Coup Attempts”, Armed Forces & Society, Vol.20, No.4, North Carolina State University Press, (1994), 
49.	Koslowski, Rey and Kratochwil, Friedrich. “Understanding Change in International Politics: The Soviet Empire's Demise and the International System”, in Richard Ned Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kappen, (eds), International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War, New York: Columbia University Press. (1995).
50.	Kowert, Paul. “National Identity: Inside and Out”, Security Studies, Vol. 8, (Winter 1998).
51.	Lapid, Yosef and Kratochwil, Friedrich. “Revisiting the National: Toward and Identity Agenda in Neorealism?”, in: Nationalism, Citizenship and Identity , Edited by Yosef Lapid, Friedrich Kratochwil (eds), Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner Publ., (1995).
52.	Lopez, Nicolas. Bolivarian circles and Democratization in Venezuela, “The Unexpected Revolution: The Venezuelan People Confront Neo-Liberalism”, Socialist Project, (March 2005).
53.	Mark Eric Williams, Leveraging Influence: International Relations Theory and Venezuela’s ‘Soft Balancing’ Foreign Policy, September 5-8, 2007, (Canada: LASA 2007)
54.	Martz, John D. “Political Parties in Colombia and Venezuela: Contrasts in Substance and Style”, The Western Political Quartely, Vol. 18, No. 2, Part 1 (Jun. 1965), p. 318-333
55.	Martz, John D. “The Generation of ´28: Genesis of Venezuelan Democracy”, Journal of Inter-American Studies, Vol. 6 (January 1964) pp. 17-33
56.	McCoy, Jennifer. “Chávez and the End of “Partyarchy” in Venezuela”, Journal of Democracy, Vol.10, No.3, (July 1999).
57.	Mearsheimer, John J. “The False Promise of International Instituions”, International Security, Vol. 19, No.3 (Winter 1994-1995).
58.	Norden, Deborah L. “The Organizatinal Dynamics of Militaries and Military Movements: Paths to Power in Venezuela”, in Soldiers and Democracy in Latin American: New Analytical Perspectivs, Edited by Pion-Berlin, University of North Carolina Press, (2001)
59.	Parker, Dick. “Chávez and the Search for an Alternative to Neoliberalism”, Latin American Perspectives, (2005).
60.	Philip Seib, “Hegemonic No More: Western Media, the Rise of Al-Jareera, and the Influence of Diverse Voices”, International Studies Review, Vol. 7 (2005), pp.602-604
61.	Price, Richard and Reus-Smit, Christian. “Dangerous Liaisons? Critical International Theory and Constructivism”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol.4, No.3, (1998). 
62.	Shannon, Vaughn P. “World Politics in Their Minds: Political Psychology, Constructivism, and International Relations Theory”, in Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, American Political Science Association, August (2003).
63.	Sullivan, Mark P. “Venezuela: Political Conditions and U.S. Policy”, CRS Report for Congress, (August 1, 2008).
64.	Sylvia, Ronald D. and Danopoulos, Constantine P. “The Chávez Pheonomenon: Political Change in Venezuela”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 24, No.1, (February, 2003), pp. 63-76
65.	Tessieri, Enrique “Latin America’s unresolved border disputes”, Power in Latin America, Issue 129/2004, (2004)
66.	Trinkunas, Harold A. “Defining Venezuela’s Bolivarian Revolution”, Military Review, July-August (2005) pp.40-44
67.	Wendt, Alexander and Duvall, Raymond “Institution and International Order”, in Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N. Rosenau (eds.), Global Changes and Theoretic Challenges: Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s, Lexington: Lexington Books, (1989).
68.	Wendt, Alexander. “Anarchy is what States make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, vol. 46. No.2, (Spring, 1992).
69.	Weyland, Kurt Gerhard “Will Chávez Lose His Luster?”, Foreign Affairs, (November-December 2002), pp.73-87
70.	Williams, “Mark Eric Leveraging Influence: International Relations Theory and Venezuela’s ‘Soft Balancing’ Foreign Policy”, XXVII International Congress September 5-8, 2007, Canada: LASA 2007
71.	Wilpert, Gregory. “Collision in Venezuela”, New Left Review, N. 21 (2003).



C. Internet Resources

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4.	“Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas”, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Alternative_for_the_Americas, (Accessed: May, 2009)
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26.	“OAS Secretary General Expresses Concern Over Decision Not to Review Broadcasting License of Venezuelan Television Station”, Organization of American States, (January 5, 2007), http://www.oas.org/OASpage/press_releases/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-001/07, (Accessed: May 2009).
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28.	“Panama agreement ends UN seat row”, BBC News, November 2, 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6108556.stm, (Accessed: May 2009)
29.	“Peru recalls Venezuela ambassador”, BBC News, (April 30, 2006), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4959220.stm, (Accessed: May 2009).
30.	“Peruvian general election, 2006”, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_national_election,_2006, (Accessed: May 2009).
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35.	“Russian ships to visit Venezuela; naval exercises possible”, CNN, (September 9, 2008), http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/08/russia.venezuela/index.html, (Accessed: May, 2009)
36.	“Second-chance president for Peru”, BBC News, (June 5, 2006) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5047792.stm, (Accessed: May 2009).
37.	“Secretario General del MAS – Oposición Confirma Particiáción en bloque progresista: ´Chávez convirtió en una raya a la izauierda”, El Universal, (March 25, 2002)
38.	“Sino-Venezuela Relations”, XhinHua Online, (January 21, 2005), http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-01/21/content_2490967.htm, (Accessed: 16 February, 2008)
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