近年來，由於經濟的起飛，科技的進步，縮短了國與國之間的距離。世界各國對於教育的價值愈來愈重視，在不斷進行教育改革的過程之中，學生求學途徑已經不再只是侷限於學生所屬之國籍的國家，許多學校提出了國際交換學生的計畫，此種風氣在各大專院校已蔚為風潮，因此國際學生來台的跨文化效能相關議題也更形重要。
	
本研究以問卷的方式進行統計檢測，問卷內容乃是引用Han（1997）的研究並加以修改而成。而本文中的跨文化能是指一種跨越文化的成功或能力，包括:溝通能力、處理心理壓力的能力、建立關係的能力、文化同理心的能力及跨文化察覺能力等五項能力。
	
本研究變數資料的取得是透過各校行政單位協助發放問卷而得。研究對象為來台灣就讀高等教育的國際學生，回收的有效問卷總共為182份，透過多變量（MANOVA）與單變量（ANOVA）方式進行實証分析。

	本研究發現如下:
一、	人口統計變項: 國際學生的母國籍、性別、年齡、教育水準及語言能力與跨文化效能呈現顯著差異。
二、	情境變項:國際學生在台灣學習的時間、過去在母國工作的時間愈長及結交外國友人愈多其跨文化效能愈好。

最後，本研究的主要貢獻為: 提供各校在努力邁向頂尖計畫之餘多多關心國際學生以提供良好的環境，提高國際學生效能

Due to the fast growing of economic and improvement of technical, nations have become closer in recent years. Nations have attached importance to the value of education. During the process of education reforming, students not only study at their hometown but also go abroad. While many schools proposed lots of exchange programs for International students, who’s intercultural efficiency becomes very important.

The quantitative research method was used in this research and the questionnaire was modified by Han’s（1997）research as the research instrument. The so-called “ICE”  was a kind of intercultural success or competency, including communication competency, dealing with psychological stress, relationship building competency, cultural empathy competence and cross cultural awareness competence（Han,1997）.

Data were collected from paper questionnaires. The respondents were International students who study higher education in Taiwan. There were 182vaild questionnaires gathered and input into analysis. Through MANOVA and ANOVA analysis, the results showed that:
1.  International students’ nationality, gender, age, education level and language ability can influence students’ intercultural efficiency.
2.	There are 3 factors that influence International students’ intercultural efficiency: 1. The period they stay in Taiwan. 2. The working experience. 3. The friends they made in Taiwan.

Finally, the main contribution for this study was to offer a better environment for International Students in the future.

目錄
第一章: 緒論                                  
第一節: 研究背景與動機……………………1
第二節: 研究問題陳述 …………………… 6
第三節: 研究目的……………………………7
第四節: 研究範圍……………………………8
第五節: 研究假設…………………………  9
第二章：文獻探討 …………………………………… 11
        第一節: 國際學生與跨文化衝擊…………  11
        第二節: 國際學生相關研究………………  12
		  第三節: 跨文化效能相關研究………………14
第三章: 跨文化效能演變過程………………………  18
		  第一節: 文化與文化差異…………………  18
		  第二節: 跨文化衝擊 ……………………   26
		  第三節: 跨文化訓練及相關理論…………  32
		  第四節: 跨文化效能………………………  42
第四章：研究方法……………………………………  59
		  第一節：研究架構…………………………  59
		  第二節：研究對象……………………………62
		  第三節：研究工具…………………………  63
		  第四節：資料分析方法……………………  65
第五章: 實證研究………………………………………68
        第一節: 問卷回收及樣本結構……………  68
        第二節: 個人人口變項與跨文化效能之分析73
        第三節: 情境變項與跨文化效能之分析…  88
		  第四節: 研究結果與發現 ………………   101
		  第五節: 研究發現與分析……………………103
第六章: 結論與建議 ………………………………… 105
       第一節: 研究結論 ………………………… 105
		 第二節: 研究建議 ………………………… 107
		 第三節: 研究限制與後續建議 …………… 109
參考文獻
一、	中文部份………………………………………… 111
二、	英文部份………………………………………… 114
三、	網站部份………………………………………… 125
附錄
英文問卷……………………………………………… 127
中文問卷……………………………………………… 133


















表目錄
表1-1     1995年到2005年國際學生來華就讀學位人數一覽表……………  5
表1-2     留學生赴海外修讀遭遇到適應不良的情形………………………… 7
表2-1     國際學生相關論文……………………………………………………13
表2-2     跨文化效能相關構面…………………………………………………14
表3-1-1   學者對文化所下之定義彙編………………………………………… 19
表3-3-1   跨文化訓練比較表……………………………………………………..35
表3-3-2   國內外學者之跨文化適應構面……………………………………… 39
表5-1-1   問卷回收狀況…………………………………………………………..68
表5-1-2   國際學生樣本分佈情況………………………………………………..69
表5-2-1   國際學生之人口變項與其跨文化效能之MANOVA分析…………..74
表5-2-2   七大洲之國際學生其跨文化效能之MANOVA分析……………… 76
表5-2-3   七大洲國際學生之母國籍與其跨文化效能之ANOVA
分析 ………………………………………………………………… 77
表5-2-4   七大洲國際學生之性別與其跨文化效能之ANOVA
分析……………………………………………………………………. 80
表5-2-5   七大洲國際學生之年齡與其跨文化效能之ANOVA
分析……………………………………………………………………..81
表5-2-6   七大洲國際學生之教育水準與其跨文化效能之ANOVA
分析……………………………………………………………………..83
表5-2-7   七大洲國際學生之語言能力與其跨文化效能之ANOVA
分析……………………………………………………………………..85
表5-3-1   國際學生之情境變項與其跨文化效能之MANOVA分析………….88
表5-3-2   國際學生在台學習時間與其跨文化效能之ANOVA分析…………..92
表5-3-3  國際學生過去在母國工作的時間與其跨文化效能之ANOVA分析.. 94
表5-3-4  國際學生過去在母國工作的單位與其跨文化效能之ANOVA分析...96
表5-3-5  國際學生結交外國同僚或有外國朋友者與其跨文化效能之………..98
ANOVA分析
表5-4-1  研究結果匯整表………………………………………………………..101






















圖目錄
圖3-1   跨文化衝擊過程………………………………………………………..29
圖4-1   研究架構………………………………………………………………..60
圖4-2   本研究進行步驟………………………………………………………62

一、中文部份
1.	王明馨 (2002), 「從跨文化觀點探討國際合資與競爭優勢的關係」, 大同大學事業經營研究所在職專班碩士論文。
2.	甘佩姍 (1998), 「台灣企業派外人員跨文化訓練有效性之實證研究」, 國立成功大學企業管理學系碩士論文。 
3.	吳永欽 (1997),「美日兩國外商派台經理人之跨文化效能研究」,大葉大學工業關係研究所碩士論文。
4.	李豐里 (2000), 「外國學生生活適應及其相關因素之調查研究」, 國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。 
5.	汪振昌 (2003), 「外派人員海外適應及其工作滿足之研究－以大陸設廠之台灣筆記型電腦業為例」, 銘傳大學管理科學研究所碩士在職專班論文。
6.	施秀玲 (2005), 「外國學生來台社會支持與生活適應歷程之探究—以銘傳大學桃園校區外國學生為例」, 銘傳大學公共事務學系碩士論文。
7.	洪冬桂 (1985), 「我國大學生適應問題、因應行為、求助偏 好及其相關因素之研究」, 國立台灣師範大學教育研究所博士論文。
8.	洪鐿月 (2003), 「外派人員跨文化適應之研究」, 國立成功大學國際企業研究所碩士論文。 
9.	康亞佩 (1997), 「臺灣地區外籍勞工適應問題因素分析及其甄選之意義」, 東吳大學企業管理學系碩士論文。 
10.	郭俊賢（2001）, 「影響企業女性海外派遣態度之相關因素研究──以在台灣之多國籍企業為例」,大葉大學工業關係學系碩士論文。
11.	陳廣明 (2002), 「跨文化訓練實施對台商外派大陸人員於工作適應上之影響」, 大葉大學國際企業管理學系碩士論文。
12.	黃思瑋 (2004), 「台灣外派中國人員之文化適應探討」, 國立交通大學管理科學系所碩士論文。
13.	黃健華、劉漢強（1996）,「外籍生適應問題及相關因素之探討」
14.	趙怡淵 (1992), 「在台外國人跨文化適應之研究」, 文化大學新聞學系碩士論文。
15.	劉焜輝（1982）,「國立台灣師範大學僑生生活適應狀況調查報告」, 師範大學輔導研究所論文。
16.	謝佩君 (2003), 「派外人員之人力資源管理對其跨文化適應與組織投入影響之研究」, 國立成功大學工業管理科學系碩士論文。
17.	韓必霽、吳永欽 (2002), 「美日兩國外商派臺經理人之跨文化效能調查」輔仁學誌法管理學院之部, 頁87-116. 
18.	藍雅馨 (2001), 「跨文化訓練實施程度、派外人員能力與海外適應之關聯性研究--以台商派駐大陸人員為例」,中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
























二、英文部份
1.	Abe H. and Wiseman, R. L. (1983). “A cross-cultural confirmation of the dimension of intercultural effectiveness.”  International Journal of intercultural Relations, 7, 53-67.
2.	Adler, N.J, and Bartholomew. (1992) “ International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior (4th ed.).”  Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing 
3.	Amaya, T. (1993). “Globalization: The international HrD consultant and practitioner”. Amherst, MA: Human Resource Development Press, Inc.      p. 487-492
4.	Ansoff, H. I. (1991). “Strategic management in a history perspective in hussey D. E. ed”, International review of stragetic management, 2(1), 3-69.
5.	Arkoff, A. (1968). “Adjustment and mental health.”  New York: McGraw- Hill Book Company.
6.	Baker, J. C., and Ivancevich, J. M. (1971). “The assignment of American executives abroad: Systematic, haphazard or chaotic?”  California Management Review, 13(3), 39-44.
7.	Bennett, M.J. (1986). “A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10(2), 179-195
8.	Brislin, R.W. (1981). “Cross-cultural encounters.”  Toronto: Pergamon.
9.	Brislin, R.W, Landis, D., and Brandt, M.E.(1983). “Conceptualizations of intercultural behavior and training.” In R. Brislin and D. Landis (Eds), Handbook of intercultural training. Vol.1,p2-26
10.	Church, A. T. (1982). “Sojourner adjustment.”  Psychological Bulletin, 91(3), 540-572.
11.	Condon, J.C. and Yousef, F (1975). “An introduction to intercultural communication.” New York: Macmillan.
12.	Cui, G. (1989). “Intercultural effectiveness: An integrative approach.” Paper presented at the 35th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, San Francisco, CA
13.	Cui, G. and Awa, N. E. (1992). “Measuring Intercultural Effectiveness: An Intergrative Approach.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 311-328.
14.	Cui, G. and Van Den Berg, S. (1991). “Testing the Construct Validity of intercultural effectiveness.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 15, 227-241
15.	Dean, O. and Popp.G. E. (1990). “Intercultural Communication effectiveness as Perceived by American Managers in Saudi Arabia and French Managers in the U.S..”  International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 405-424.
16.	Dowling, P. I, and Schuler, R. S. (1990). “International dimensions of human resource management.” Boston, Mass: PWS-Kent.
17.	Dowling, P. J., and Welch D. E., and Schuler R. S. (1999). “International Human Resource Management.” Ohio: South-Western College Publishing.
18.	Earley, P. C. (1987). “Intercultural training for managers: A comparison of documentary and interpersonal methods.” Academy of Management Journal, 30, 685-698.
19.	Fayerweather, J. (1978). “ International Business and Stragegy.” New York: Ballinger
20.	Foster, Nick,（2000） “Expatriates and the Impact of Cross-Cultural Training.”, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol.10, No.3, p.63-78
21.	Fukukawa, S,（1997） “Corss-cultural Management.” Asia Business, Vol.33, No.2, p.18-27
22.	Furnham, Adrian and Bochner Stephen (1994). “Culture Shock, Psychological Reactions to Unfamiliar Environments” London: Routledge. P.131. 
23.	Greenland, K., and Brown, R. (2005). “Acculturation and contact in Japanese students studying in the United Kingdom.” The Journal of social psychology, 145(4), 373-389. 
24.	Grove, C. (1990). “An ounce of prevention: Supporting International Job transitions.” Employment Relations Today, 17(2), 111-119.
25.	Grove, C. L., and Torbiorn, I. (1985). “A new conceptualization of intercultural adjustment and the goals of training.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 9, 205-233.
26.	Gudykunst, W. B., and Hammer, M. R. (1983). “Basic Training design: Approaches to inter-cultural training.”. New York: Pergamon Press. p. 118-154
27.	Gudykunst, W. B., and Kim Y. Y. (1984). “ Methods for intercultural communication research.” Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
28.	Gudykunst, W. B., Wiseman, R. L., and Hammer, M. R. (1977). “Determinants of a sojourner's attitudinal satisfaction: A path model.”. New Burnswick, NJ: Transaction, Inc. pp. 415-425
29.	Gullahorn, J. T., and Gullahorn, J. E. (1963). “An extension of the u-curve hypothesis.” Journal of Social Issues, 19, 33-47.
30.	Hall, E. T. (1976). “Beyond culture.” Garden City, NY: Anchor Press
31.	Hammer, M. R., Gudykunst, W. B., and Wiseman, R. L. (1978). “Dimensions of intercultural effectiveness: An exploratory study.” International Journal of intercultural Relations, 2, 382-393.
32.	Han, P. C. (1997). “An Investigation of Intercultural Effectiveness of International University Students with Implications for Human Resoruce Development.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
33.	Hannigan, T. P. (1990). “Traits, attitudes and skills that are related to intercultural effectiveness and their implications for cross-cultural training: A review of the literature.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 89-111.
34.	Harris, J. G. (1973). “A science of the South Pacific: An analysis of the character structure of the Peace Corp Volunteer.” American Psycholgist, 28, 232-247.
35.	Harris, P. R., and Moran, R. T. (1991). “Managing cultural differences.” Houston, TX: GULF Publishing Company.
36.	Hofstede(1980), “Culture's Consequence.” Sage Publication
37.	Inamura, H. (1980).” Nihonjin no kaigai futekio [The maladjustment of Japanese overseas].” Tokyo: NHK Books
38.	Inanaga, K (1956) “Beikoku ni okeru nihon ryugakusei no seikatsu tekio [The adjustment of Japanese students in the United States].” Seishin Igaku, 7, 413.
39.	Johnston, M.B and Carter, G.L.,(1974). “Training needs of Americans working abroad?” Social Change No.4, 
40.	Kauffmann, N. L., Martin, J. N., Weaver, H. D., and Weaver, J. (1992). “Students abroad: Strangers at home.” Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, Inc.
41.	Kealey, D. J. (1989). “A study of cross-cultural effectiveness: Theoretical issues, practical applications.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 141-165.
42.	Kealey, D. J. (2004). “Research on intercultural effectiveness and its relevance to multicultural crews in space.” Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 75(7 Suppl), C58-64. 
43.	Kent M. Keith (1992). “Global Education and International Students.”
44.	Kim, Y. Y. (1979).” Handbook of international and Intercultural communication: Intercultural Adaptation” Sage Publications. 275-293.
45.	Kim, Y. Y. (1988). “Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory.” Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters Ltd
46.	Kim, Y. Y. (1991). “Intercultural communication competence: A systems-theoretic view.” Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication, Inc.p. 259-275
47.	Kohls, L. R. (1984). “Survival Kit for Overseas Living” Second Ed., Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, Inc., p.65-66.
48.	Koskinen, L., and Tossavainen, K. (2003). “Benefits/problems of enhancing students' intercultural competence.” British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing), 12(6), 369-377. 
49.	Lacina, J. G. (2002). “Preparing international students for a successful social experience in higher education.” New Directions for Higher Education, 117; 117, 21. 
50.	Ladd, P., and Ruby Jr., R. (1999). “Learning style and adjustment issues of international students.” Journal of Education for Business, 74(6; 6), 363. 
51.	Lee, C. (1983). “Cross-cultural training: don't leave home without it.” Training, 20(7), p.20-25.
52.	Leong, F. T. L.; Mallinckrodt, B.; Krolj, M. M. （1990）”Cross-cultural variations in stress and adjustment among Asian and Caucasian graduate students.” Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development; Vol. 18, p19-28, 10p
53.	Liberman, K. (1994). “Asian student perspectives on American university instruction.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations; Vol. 18 Issue 2, p173-192, 20p.
54.	MASLOW, A (1954,) “Motivation and personality” New York : Harper and Row.
55.	McClure, J. W. (2007). “ International graduates' cross-cultural adjustment: Experiences, coping strategies, and suggested programmatic responses.” Teaching in Higher Education, 12(2; 2), 199-217. 
56.	Nelson, D. A. (1986). “A study of predeparture orientation programs for employees of business/industry and U.S. Agency for international development projects.” Oregon State University, Corvallis.
57.	Oberg, K. (1960).” Culture shock: adjustment to new cultural environments.” Practical Anthropology, 7, 177-182
58.	Olaniran, B. A. （1993） “International students' network patterns and cultural stress: What really counts” Communication Research Reports Vol. 10, p69-83, 15p
59.	Olivas, M., and Li, C. (2006). “ Understanding stressors of international students in higher education: What college counselors and personnel need to know.” Journal of Instructional Psychology, 32(3; 3), 217-222. 
60.	Paige, R. M. (1986). “Training competencies: The missing conceptual link in orientation.” International Journal of International Relations, 10, 135-158.
61.	Paige, R. M, Ed.(1993). “Education for the Intercultural Experience” Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, Inc.
62.	Peterson, R. B. (1979). “Systematic Management in Human Resources” Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
63.	Ronen, and Sincha, (1984). “Comparative and International Management” New York: John Wiley.
64.	Sathe, Vijay (1983).”Implications of Corporate Culture: A manager's Guide to action” Organizational Dynamics(Autumn): 5-23.
65.	Spencer-Oatey, H., and Zhaoning Xiong. (2006). “Chinese students' psychological and sociocultural adjustments to britain: An empirical study.” Language, Culture and Curriculum, 19(1; 1), 37-53. 
66.	Surdam, J.; Collins, J (1984) “Adaptation of International Students: A Cause for Concern” Journal of College Student Personnel; Vol. 25, p240-245, 6p
67.	Torbiorn, I. (1982). “Living abroad: Personal adjustment and personal policy in the overseas setting.” New York: Wiley.
68.	Torrington, D. (1994). “International Human Resource Management. “ New York: Prentice-Hall.
69.	Tung, R. L. (1981). “Selection and training of personnel for overseas assignments.” Columbia Journal of World Business, 16(1), 68-78.
70.	Tung, R. L. (1982). “Selection and training procedures of U.S., European and Japanese multinationals” California Management Review, 25(1), 57-71.
71.	Tung R. L. (1984).” Human Resource Planning in Japanese Multinationals: A Model for U.S. Firm?.”, Journal of International Business Studies 134-149.
72.	Tung, R. L. (1987). “Expatriate assignments: Enhancing success and minimizing failure.” Academy of Management Review, 1(2), 117-125.
73.	Wallach, E. J. (1983). “Individiuals and Organizations” The Culture Training and Development Journal,29-76.
74.	Westwood, M.; Barker, M.; (1990), “Oriented for Success: a resource Book on Overseas Student Services” Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service
75.	Westwood, M. U.; Barker, M.（1990） “Academic achievement and social adaptation among international students: A comparison groups study of the peer pairing program” International Journal of Intercultural Relations; Vol. 14, p251-261, 11p
76.	Kim, Y. Y. (1986, November). “Cross-cultural adaptation: A critical assessment of the field”  presented to the annual conference of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, IL.
 










網站部份
1.	亞洲輔導學報--探索美國種族歧視與文化適應對東亞國際學生的衝擊（http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/en/ajc/200200090001/0027c.htm）
2.	高等教育的国际化：外国学生政策之比较分析（http://engine.cqvip.com/content/l/97430a/2004/000/006/jy28_l4_11091237.pdf）
3.	國立台灣大學—國際事務處（http://www.ciae.ntu.edu.tw/index.asp）
4.	國立台灣大學—僑生輔導組（http://gocfs2.gocfs.studa.ntu.edu.tw/）
5.	國立台灣師範大學—國際事務處（http://www.ntnu.edu.tw/oia/）
6.	國立成功大學—國際事務處（http://www.ncku.edu.tw/ver2006/ch/adm/international.htm）
7.	國立東華大學—學生事務處（http://www.student.ndhu.edu.tw/）
8.	國立逢甲大學—國際事務處（http://www.oia.fcu.edu.tw/）
9.	教育部—外國在華留學生人數（http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/STATISTICS/EDU7220001/ebooks/edusta/edusta_foreign.xls）
10.	教育部—重要教育統計資訊大綱（http://140.111.34.69/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/STATISTICS/EDU7220001/overview/brief-htm/index.htm?open）
11.	教育部--高等教育司（http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/Web/HIGH/index.php）
12.	教育部—國際文教處（http://140.111.1.22/bicer/chinese.htm）
13.	MBA滿街都是-昔日身價不再—Cheers雜誌（http://engine.cqvip.com/content/f/83722x/2003/000/020/jj39_f2_8702408.pdf）
14.	The University of Cincinnati（http://www.uc.edu/global/）
15.	University of Oregon—International Affairs（http://international.uoregon.edu/?__utma=1.967029372.1196753874.1196753874.1196753874.1and__utmb=1and__utmc=1and__utmx=-and__utmz=1.1196753874.1.1.utmccn%3D(referral)%7Cutmcsr%3Dedu-fair.com%7Cutmcct%3D%2FFair%2Fusa%2FUniOfOregon.html%7Cutmcmd%3Dreferraland__utmv=-and__utmk=208982163）