倫敦，除了觀光以及高物價以外，最有名的就是它的金融產業。倫敦在過去的三百年中，一直扮演著金融龍頭的腳色。同等地位的當然還有後來崛起的美國紐約和日本的東京。
隨著歷史的演進，雖然有眾多的學者對於金融中心的發展，形成提出他們不同的看法與意見。有人認為金融中心的形成與王族的發展有密切的關係，也有人認為一定是先有一定程度的資本，才有形成金融中心的潛力。二戰以前跟二戰以後金融中心的條件也隨著科技的進步而改變。但不論如何，眾多學者都認同的就是，金融中心的發展與運作，與「規模經濟」和「外溢效應」有密切的關係。
倫敦在這三百年當中，除了兩次世界大戰、金本位、歐洲美元、石油危機等挑戰，依舊屹立不搖。其中最根本的原因，就是倫敦金融中心的「環境」。這其中包括了語言優勢、地理優勢、多變化的金融商品以及全方位的人才等等。這些條件足以讓倫敦面臨各式各樣，不一樣挑戰。
2017年，幾乎可以被視為反全球的代表年代。除了川普的當選跌破眾人的眼鏡，英國的脫歐也超出各國的期待。對倫敦金融中心影響最大的無非也就是脫歐公投的事件。倫敦在過去一直扮演歐洲最大的金融中心，而現在，它將面臨一個前所未有的挑戰。放棄以區域化來迎向全球化對英國是否有好處還未有定論，雖然歐盟已經沙盤推演過英國可能脫歐的方式，但是在談判結果尚未出爐前，沒有人敢對英國接下來面的挑戰下定論。
雖然歐洲大陸的金融中心蠢蠢欲動想要取代倫敦。但脫歐公投至今，MiFIDII進入市場、FinTech產業也將倫敦視為全球最為重要的發展中心，全球經濟穩定的發展。而因全球化形成的兩大強權，美國與中國。在這兩大強權的相互競爭中，雖然有可能造成全球經濟的衰退，但倫敦扮演著歐洲第一大人民幣的離岸金融中心。可見中國一帶一路的布局當中，倫敦似乎是不可少的棋子。在這樣的發展情勢下，如果英國可以控制一部份的美元，甚至讓倫敦變成美元與人民幣的離岸金融中心，則英國就有可能保有其原有的競爭力。
倫敦會以何種形式面對未來的挑戰，又或者被取代為本篇論文探討的重點。

Apart from the sightseeing and high price, London is also world famous for its finance. London has been the leader in the financial field for over three hundred years, alongside with New York and Tokyo.
Throughout history, many scholars have very different and diverse views and opinions on the development and formation of financial centers. Some people think that the formation of financial centers is related to the development the royal family. Some people think that there must be a certain amount of capital to have the potential to form a financial center. But most scholars agree that the development and how financial center operates is closely related to "economies of scale" and "cluster effect".
In the past three hundred years, London has been through two world wars, the gold standard, the Euro Dollar and the oil crisis, yet it remains. The most fundamental reason is London’s “environment” which includes linguistic advantages, geographical advantages, diverse financial products, professions and talents from various fields.
2017 is definitely the year of anti-globalization. Besides the Trump election, the Brexit vote has and will continue to affect London financial center. Although the EU has already deduced the possibilities of how UK may leave the European Union, no one can be 100% certain or dares to conclude before the outcome of the exiting negotiation.
Since the Brexit referendum, MiFIDII has entered the market, FinTech industry has also regarded London as the most important FinTech center in the world. On the other hand, the competition between the two largest supremacies, the
United States and China will also have an effect on the world economy. London became the largest offshore financial center in Europe for RMB trade after the Brexit vote. This indicates that London is now an indispensable piece of puzzle in China's one Belt one Road policy.
This thesis is mainly about how will London face these challenges, why will it remain or be replaced and what are the possibilities for London.

Contenct
I. Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 1
A.Motivation and purpose ................................ ................................ .......... 1
B.Method ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 4
C.Literature Reviews ................................ ................................ .................... 4
D.Field of Research ................................ ................................ ...................... 8
E.Research Framework ................................ ................................ ................ 9
II. Function of a Financial Center and London History ................................ ........... 11
A.Function of a Financial Center ................................ ............................... 11
B.History of London Financial Center ................................ ........................ 26
III.Brexit and Status of London................................ ..................36
A.Occurrence and Results of Brexit Vote................................ ...................36
B.Demands from International Commercial Banks ................................ ... 48
C.UK’s Financial Status ................................ ................................ .............. 50
IV Possibilities for London ................................ ................................ ...................... 56
A.How the Four Scenarios Affects the Status of London Financial Center ......... 56
B.Financial Technology Innovation ................................ ............................ 69
C.What is MiFid II (Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II) ...................... 73
D.Reinforce UK-China Relation ................................ ................................ .. 77
V. Conclusion ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 81
Reference ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 85
Appendix ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 91

Figure Content
Figure 2-1 Top ten MBA worldwide………………………………………………..17
Figure2-2 The statistics of works in the City of London…………………………….19
Figure2-3 GFCI22 ranking…………………………………………………………..22
Figure2-4 Xin Hua International Financial Centers Development Index Report 2016………………………………………………….…….……. ………………….24
Figure 2-5 Portion of finance and business in UK GDP……………………………32
Figure 2-6 World's top 15 investment banks…………………………………………………………33
Figure3-1 Brexit vote based district and GDP……………………………………………………………38
Figure3-2Brexit vote based on age……………………………………………………………………42
Figure 3-3 Brexit vote based on education………………………………………. …42
Figure 3-4 Bank statements on Brexit……………………………………………. …48
Figure 4-1Sectoral breakdown of UK financial services………………………... …57
Figure4-2 pros and cons of Brexit four scenario,………………………………..………67
Figure 4-3 European FinTech deals……………………………………………. …..70

Official Documents:
Continuity in the availability of goods for the EU and the UK,
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/6389
58/Continuity_in_the_availability_of_goods_for_the_EU_and_the_UK_Position_P
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Eur-Lex
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32014L0065
European Parliament,
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/602058/IPOL_STU(20
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The City of London,
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UK government,
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https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/5891

91/The_United_Kingdoms_exit_from_and_partnership_with_the_EU_Web.pdf,
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https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/6389
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William Clark, The Real Reasons for the Upcoming War with Iraq: A Macroeconomic
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Xin Hua International Financial Centers Development Index Report（2016）
http://upload.xh08.cn/2017/1120/1511165366969.pdf
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