由於電子收費系統(Electronic toll collection)在智慧型運輸系統(Intelligent Transport System)上的運用，讓駕駛人在支付通行費上更加地方便。本論文提出一個在智慧型運輸系統中有效率的電子收費機制，方法是基於單向雜湊函數(One-way hash function)與智慧卡(Smart card)完成收費的機制，並能在車子行經入口處與出口處時提供雙向鑑別(Mutual authentication)的功能。在方法中，每一個站可以同時為多位使用者提供服務並且不需要全球衛星定位系統(Global Position System, GPS)的支援。本論文所提出的方法比其他方法更有效率。

Thanks to the rapid development recently in intelligent transport systems (ITS), especially in electronic toll collection (ETC), it has become easier for people to do electronic non-stop transactions at the lanes.  This paper proposes an efficient electronic toll collection protocol for intelligent transport system.  The proposed protocol, based on one-way hash functions and smart cards, provides mutual authentication when the user enters and exits the superhighway for toll collection.  Each station in the protocol can handle many users at one time.  The protocol works without the help of GPS.  The proposed protocol is more efficient than any others.

Contents
Chapter 1  Introduction	1
1.1  Overview	1
1.2  Requirements and Types of ETC Schemes	2
1.3  The Structure of Our Proposed Protocol	3
Chapter 2  Review of S. Matsuo and W. Ogata’s Protocol	6
2.1  The System Model of S. Matsuo and W. Ogata’s Protocol	6
2.2  The S. Matsuo and W. Ogata’s Protocol	8
2.2.1  Notations	8
2.2.2  Ticket Issuing Phase	8
2.2.3  Ticket Processing Phase	10
2.2.4  Ticket Reflux Phase	11
2.3  Restriction Analysis	12
Chapter 3  The Proposed Protocol	14
3.1  Our System Model	14
3.2  Notations	15
3.3  Outline of The Proposed Protocol	16
3.4  The Entrance Phase	18
3.5  The Exit Phase	20
3.6  The Batch Settlement Phase	21
Chapter 4  Security Analysis	23
4.1  Security Discussion	23
4.1.1  Mutual Authentication	23
4.1.2  Non-repetition	24
4.1.3  Non-forging	24
4.2  Logic Analysis	25
4.2.1  Notations	26
4.2.2  Synthetic Rules	26
4.2.3  Formal Proof of The Entrance Phase	27
4.2.4  Formal Proof of The Exit Phase	30
Chapter 5  Performance Analysis and Discussions	34
5.1  Performance Analysis	34
5.2  Discussions	36
Chapter 6  Conclusion	39
Reference	40
Efficient Electronic Toll Collection Protocol for Intelligent Transport System	41

List of Figures
Figure 1.  Message transmission between the user and the station	4
Figure 2.  The system model of S. Matsuo and W. Ogata’s protocol	7
Figure 3.  The structure of S. Matsuo and W. Ogata’s protocol	7
Figure 4.  Ticket issuing phase of S. Matsuo and W. Ogata’s scheme	9
Figure 5.  Ticket processing phase of S. Matsuo and W. Ogata’s scheme	11
Figure 6.  Ticket reflux phase of S. Matsuo and W. Ogata’s scheme	12
Figure 7.  Model of our ETC system	15
Figure 8.  The setup procedure of our proposed protocol	17
Figure 9.  The entrance phase of our proposed protocol	19
Figure 10.  The exit phase of our proposed protocol	21
Figure 11.  The batch settlement phase of our proposed protocol	22

List of Tables
Table 1.  Summaries of comparisons	35
Table 2.  Comparisons of the computation	36

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