本文主要探討1998至2009年期間印尼軍事改革的不穩定性。藉由社會建構理論中的安全化理論，本文主張印尼軍事改革中安全化與去安全化皆造成某種程度上的進步與(或)退化。然而，安全化理論對於安全與不安全變動的解釋及其重要性的皆未曾被應用在解釋印尼軍事改革，這是本文對於學術最主要的貢獻。
	本文研究指出，第一、安全化(政治停擺中因應緊急的方法))是一個經常的選項當去安全化(將安全議題轉換為其他議題)失效時。第二、去安全化的選項時總是面臨著持續的挑戰，因此，安全化的作為顯然成為理所當然的選項。因此，在該國軍事改革總是被打折扣的。第三，去安全化非能在一個脆弱的政府中實行。去安全化的作為是避免不需軍事支持強勢領導人的專斷。第四，印尼的軍事改革真實的發生成效，印尼的情形亦可成為其他國家做為一種經驗。
	最後，本文最主要的將是，沒有一種軍事解決方案可以完全解決國內的動盪不安。最主要的問題在於，政治上、經濟上及社會上的原因。軍事上的解決應被視為一系列的方式，當行政部門失效時，經由政治上的協商去理解問題、去解決它、去防止問題繼續昇高。政治上的交往互動可以被視為一種選項。但這必須被理解的十，軍事介入是暫時性的，主要在於終止暴力衝突，為一種機制，提供空間做為衝突解決的方案。

This research examines the impact of instability during democratic transition on military reform in Indonesia between 1998 and 2009. By applying securitization theory, which has a root in social constructivist paradigm, this research argues that both the act of securitization and desecuritization have played a certain degree of impact over the progress and/or regress of the Indonesian military reform. Arguably, the use of securitization theory, explanation on securitization – desecuritization dynamics, and the significant role of desecuritization has been never employed in explaining military reform in Indonesia. That would be the main contribution of this research.
As its findings, first, this research shows that the act of securitization (enabling emergency measures and the suspension of normal politics) has always been an option when every attempt for desecuritization (removing issues from security agenda) failed.  Second, options for desecuritization had always faced constant challenges therefore options for securitization had seemingly become unavoidable. Consequently, this fact has discounted the progress of military reform in the country. Third, the act of desecuritization is not compatible with a weak government whose pursue military support. The act of desecuritization would be in case if the government led by a strong leadership, which is identified by its independency from military support to stay in power. Fourth, however, the Indonesian military reform indeed took a place. Some achievement could be underlined and Indonesia’s position among countries having similar experience could also be set up.
Finally, the main message of this research would be: there is no military solution for any domestic unrest. The main problem is not laid in military matter but more in political, economics, and socio-cultural realm. The use of military to solve this problem should be regarded as a series of civilian institutions’ failure to acknowledge the problem, to manage it, to prevent it from becoming escalated, and to solve it within normal political bargaining process. As the last resort, military engagement might be considered as an option. But, it has to be understood that military intervention should be temporary in nature, aimed to end the violence conflict, conducted in order to provide a room for peaceful conflict solution mechanism, and in accordance with just war principles.

LIST OF CONTENTS

Page
Abstract (Chinese) 	 i
Abstract (English)	ii
List of Contents 	iii
List of Figures and Tables 	vi
Chapter I – 	Introduction 	1
I.	Background and Research Motives 	1
II.	Research Motives and Objectives 	8
III.	Literature Review 	10
IV.	Proposed Methodology 	25
V.	Analytical Framework 	32
VI.	Expected Contribution 	32
VII.	Arrangement of Chapters 	34
Chapter II – 	Imperatives for Military Reform:
		Excessive Military Presence 	37
I.	Political Aspects: The Superbody 	40
II.	Economics Aspect: Corrupt System and Independent Soldier 	43
III.	Social Aspects: Fabrication of Truth 	44
IV.	Military Aspects: Lack of Professionalism 	46
V.	Chapter Conclusions 	50
Chapter III – Development of Military Reform: Phase I (1998 – 2001)	54
I.	B. J. Habibie’s Administration (1998 – 1999) 	56
I.1	Military Reform 	59
I.2	Securitization – Desecuritization Dynamics: 	
	Case 1 – Separatist Movement in Aceh 	64
I.2.1	Desecuritization 	64
I.2.2	Securitization 	67
I.3	Securitization – Desecuritization Dynamics: 
	Case 2 – The Independent of East Timor 	69
I.3.1	Desecuritization 	69
I.3.2	Securitization 	71
II.	Abdurrahman Wahid’s Administration (1999 – 2001) 	75
II.1	Military Reform 	75
II.2	Securitization – Desecuritization Dynamics: 
		Case 3 – Separatist Movement in Aceh 	82
II.2.1	Desecuritization 	82
II.2.2	Securitization 	84
III.	Chapter Conclusions 	89
Chapter IV – Development of Military Reform: Phase II (2001 – 2004)	92
I.	Military Reform 	93
II.	Securitization – Desecuritization Dynamics:	
	Case 1 - Horizontal Conflict in Ambon 	99
II.1	Desecuritization 	99
II.2	Securitization 	101
III.	Securitization – Desecuritization Dynamics: 	
	Case 2 – Separatist Movement in Aceh 	103
III.1	Desecuritization 	103
III.2	Securitization 	104
IV.	Securitization – Desecuritization Dynamics:   
	Case 3 – Terrorism 	108
IV.1	Desecuritization 	109
IV.2	Securitization 	111
V.	Chapter Conclusions 	118
Chapter V - 	Development of Military Reform: 
		Phase III (2004 – 2009) 	119
I.	Military Reform 	119
II.	Desecuritization Dynamics: 
	Case 1 - Separatist Movement in Aceh 	126
III.	Securitization Dynamics: Case 2 - Terrorism 	132
IV.	Chapter Conclusions 	138
Chapter VI – Cost and Benefit Assessment 	139
I.	Securitization 	141
I.1	Cost for Military Reform 	141
I.2	Benefit for Military Reform 	142
II.	Desecuritization 	144
II.1	Cost for Military Reform 	144
II.2	Benefit for Military Reform 	146
III.	Impacts of the Past	151
IV.	Future Prospects 	156
V.	Chapter Conclusions 	158
Chapter VII – Conclusion 	162
Bibliography 	 169
 
 
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Page

Figure	I.1.	Analytical Framework 	32
Figure	II.1.	Parallel Structure of Civilian Bureaucracy 
		and Army Territorial Command	41
Table	III.1.	Timeline of Post-Suharto Presidency 
		and Major Events 1998 -2009 	56
Table	III.2.	Securitization – Desecuritization Dynamics 
		during the Indonesian Military Reform 
		under Habibie’s Administration 	74
Table	III.3.	Securitization – Desecuritization Dynamics 
		during the Indonesian Military Reform 
		under Wahid’s Administration 	88
Table	IV.1.	Securitization – Desecuritization Dynamics 
		during the Indonesian Military Reform 
		under Megawati’s Administration 	116
Table	V.1.	Securitization – Desecuritization Dynamics 
		during the Indonesian Military Reform 
		under Yudhoyono’s Administration 	137
Table VII.1	Achievements and Impediments Comparison 
		of the Indonesian Military Reform 	163

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