由於中國經濟的快速崛起，伴隨其宏觀的世界政治與治理願景，加上不斷發展的全球政治，重塑中國的國際經濟和政治制度。在過去的十年全球經濟與政治動態動盪中，中國在加勒比海有顯著的擴張，一方面北京採用務實的政策方針，強調相應的雙邊、多邊與區域主義，因此加強了與加勒比海國家官方和非官方的關係。中國的戰略包括加入橫跨美洲主要區域與次區域的組織，包括美洲國家組織 (OAS)，拉丁美洲暨加勒比海經濟委員會(ECLAC)，美洲開發銀行(IDB)以及加勒比海開發銀行(CDB)，從而推進其國家利益與地緣政治，進而增強其全球力量。中國不斷增加的自豪感和自信以及身為強權大國身份，伴隨的全球遠見，逐漸建立一個以國際新秩序為基礎的「多極化」和「多邊主義」。中國成立「中國—拉共體論壇」，進行「中拉美加勒比海Sino-LAC經濟與政治對話制度機制」。北京透過積極的經濟援助政策，文化交流與軍事外交手腕，如施與為主政策，特別軍事援助途徑和最小受益原則，強化中國與加勒比地區的經濟，文化和軍事關係。上述中國的戰略除鞏固支持「一個中國」政策，以孤立台灣之外，並採取多樣化的保障自然資源戰略，是以，隨著中國參與加勒比海事務的日益密切，提升中國在全球的影響力和知名度，並在美國的中美洲勢力範圍面前建立一個「反包圍戰略」，並於亞太地區對抵抗美國的軍事和地緣政治的勢力範圍。雖然，中國在加勒比地區日益增長的影響力，至今不構成任何直接威脅到美國的國家利益，但其附帶的效果可能持續影響華盛頓在追求其國家目標和安全利益下，必須尋求北京一定程度的共識。

China’s meteoric economic rise, vision of world politics and governance, and growing global political influence are reshaping the international economic and political system. It is in these global economic and political dynamics that China remarkably expanded its presence in the Caribbean over the last decade. Using a pragmatic policy approach that stresses correspondingly bilateralism, multilateralism, and regionalism, China enhanced both official and unofficial relations with the Caribbean nations. It strategically joined the major regional and sub-regional organizations across the Americas that include the OAS, ECLAC, IDB, and the CDB to advance its interests and geopolitically enhance its global power. As a disclosure of its growing self-confidence, assertiveness, and great power status along with its global agenda and vision to gradually establish a new international order based on multipolarity and multilateralism, China established the China-CELAC Forum, an institutional mechanism of Sino-LAC economic and political dialogue. Through the conduct of proactive economic, cultural and military diplomacy directed by stratagems such as the politics of benevolence, extra-military emphasis, and minimalism, Sino-Caribbean economic, cultural and military relations have been strengthened.  Beyond isolating Taiwan by consolidating support for the “One China” policy and securing strategic natural resources through diversification, China’s increasing engagement with the Caribbean increases Chinese global influence and visibility and is establishing a sphere of influence in the United States’ doorstep as a counter-containment strategy against U.S. military and geopolitical presence in Asia Pacific. Although China’s growing influence in the Caribbean hitherto do not pose any direct threat to U.S. national interests, its incidental effect might nonetheless growingly condition Washington’s ability to pursue its national goals and interests to Beijing’s compliance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements	 i
Abstract	ii
Table of Contents	   v
List of Tables	   x
List of Figures	 xi
List of Maps	xiii
List of Abbreviations	 xiv
Chapter I: Introduction	1
1.1. Research Background	1
1.2. Research Rationale	7
1.3. Research Aims and Objectives	9
1.4. Research Significance	9
1.5. Research Questions	12
1.6. Literature Review	17
1.6.1. Definition of Terms	18
1.6.2. Brief Overview of Sino-Caribbean Relations	20
1.6.3. Theoretical Framework	25
1.6.4. Analytical Framework	33
1.7. Methodology	34
1.7.1. Research Methods and Sources of Data Collection	34
1.7.2. Propositions	35
1.7.3. Conceptual Framework	36
1.7.4. Research Scope and Limitations	39
1.8. Dissertation Structure	40
Chapter II: Development of Sino-Caribbean Relations	43
2.1. Sino-Caribbean Relations during the Colonial Era 	44
2.1.1. Initial Contacts between China and the Caribbean	45
2.2. Sino-Caribbean Relations during the Cold War Era	49
2.2.1. A Promising Relationship	50
2.2.2. Diplomatic Recognition and Mutual Assistance	53
2.2.3. The Role of Sino-Cuban ties in the Development of Sino-Caribbean Relations	55
2.3. Sino-Caribbean Relations in the Post-Soviet Era	58
2.3.1. The blossoming of Sino-Caribbean Economic Relations	59
2.3.2. Emergence of China’s Public Diplomacy in the Caribbean	60
2.3.3. Hurdles to Sino-Caribbean Relations	65
2.3.4. The Caribbean in China’s Global Re-Positioning	68
Chapter III: Factors Explaining China’s Growing Engagement with the Caribbean	75
3.1. The China Card	78
3.1.1. Geoeconomic Motives	80
3.1.1.1. Resources Securing through the Diversification of Sources	80
3.1.1.2. Creation of a Caribbean Consumer Market	81
3.1.2. Geopolitical Motives	82
3.1.2.1. China’s Quest for Global Visibility and Influence	82
3.1.2.2. Superpower Assertion	82
3.1.3. Military Motives	83
3.1.3.1. Develop Strategic Military Relations with the Caribbean	83
3.1.3.2. The Projection of PLA Abroad	83
3.2. The Taiwan Card	85
3.3. The U.S. Card	88
3.3.1. Filling a Geopolitical and Geoeconomic Vacuum	88
3.3.2. Engage with the Caribbean as a Counter-Containment Strategy against U.S. Geopolitical and Geostrategic Influence in Asia Pacific	92
3.4. The Caribbean Card	93
3.4.1. Economic Motives	94
3.4.1.1. Need of Substantial Development Assistance	94
3.4.1.2. Accessing the Large Chinese Market	96
3.4.1.3. Low-cost Imports	97
3.4.1.4. Foreign Direct Investment Prospects	97
3.4.1.5. Tourism Prospects	99
3.4.2. Geopolitical Motives	100
3.4.2.1. Recognition of China as an Emerging Global Power	100
Chapter IV: China’s Policy in the Caribbean under Hu Jintao	105
4.1. The Sino-Caribbean New Political Partnership	106
4.1.1. Foreign Policy Concept 	107
4.1.2. The Taiwan Issue, the Nexus of Hu’s Caribbean Policy	111
4.1.3. Membership Seeking in Key Regional and Sub-Regional Organizations	126
4.1.4. Visit Diplomacy	129
4.1.5. Threat of UNSC Veto	131
4.2. Sino-Caribbean Economic and Trade Relations	133
4.2.1. Economic Cooperation	134
4.2.2. Trade and Investments Relations	139
4.2.3. Development Aid	147
4.3. Sino-Caribbean Cultural Relations by means of Cultural Diplomacy	148
4.3.1. People-to-People Diplomacy and Caribbean Perception about China	150
4.3.2. Hanban and the Establishment of Confucius Institute (CI) 	152
4.3.3. Academic and Cultural Exchange	154
4.4. Sino-Caribbean Military Relations	155
4.4.1. Regular High-Level Military Visits	156
4.4.2. Military Aid	159
4.4.3. Arms Sales	161
4.4.4. Peacekeeping Missions	163
4.4.5. International Humanitarian Assistance	164
Chapter V: China’s Policy in the Caribbean under Xi Jinping	167
5.1. Latin America and the Caribbean, a Strategic Priority in Xi’s Foreign Policy	169
5.1.1. Taiwan and the “One China” Policy	171
5.1.2. Geopolitical Initiatives	175
5.1.3. Visit Diplomacy	178
5.2. Sino-Caribbean Strategic Economic and Trade Partnerships 	179
5.2.1. Enhanced Economic Cooperation	180
5.2.2. Sino-Caribbean Economic and Trade Interactions 	183
5.2.3. Economic Assistance	188
5.3. Soft Power Promotion, the Core of China’s Cultural Diplomacy in the Caribbean	189
5.3.1. People-to-People Diplomacy	190
5.3.2. Establishment of Confucius Institute (CI)	191
5.3.3. Educational and Cultural Interactions	193
5.4. Sino-Caribbean Military Interactions	195
5.4.1. Military Cooperation	195
5.4.2. Arms Sales	199
5.5. Comparing Hu’s and Xi’s Caribbean Policy	200
5.5.1. Continuity and Change	200
5.5.2. Stratagem	203
Chapter VI: Strategic Implications of China’s Growing Presence in the Caribbean	207
6.1. Geopolitical Implications	208
6.1.1. Development of Sino-Caribbean Collective Identities and Shared Interests and Norms	209
6.1.2. A Competitive Sino-U.S.-Caribbean Triangular Relationship	212
6.1.3. A Pragmatic PRC-R.O.C.-Caribbean Triangular Relationship	216
6.2. Geoconomic Implications	218
6.2.1. A Coopetitive Sino-U.S.-Caribbean Triangular Relationship	219
6.2.2. The Beijing Consensus vs. The Washington Consensus	221
6.2.3. Waning Strategic Significance of Taiwan to the Caribbean	222
6.3. Military and Security Implications	224
6.3.1. China, an Option for Security Cooperation	224
6.3.2. Increased Chinese Military Activities in the Caribbean	225
6.4. Geostrategic Implications	227
6.4.1. Quiet Encirclement of America through Extra-Military Means	227
6.4.2. Enhanced Chinese Global Stature, Visibility and Influence	228
Chapter VII: Conclusions: Assessing China’s Caribbean Policy	231
7.1. Dissertation Summary	231
7.2. An Appraisal of the Strategic Triangle Theory	240
7.3. Policy Implications	242
7.4. Future Research	246
Appendix I. China’s Policy Paper on Latin America and the Caribbean	249
Appendix II. Havana Declaration (CELAC)	265
Appendix III. High Level Visits of Chinese Officials to the Caribbean (1978-2016)	267
Appendix IV. High Level Visits of Caribbean Officials to China (1976-2016)	285
Appendix V. China’s Funded Infrastructure Development Projects in the Caribbean	299
Appendix VI. Beijing Declaration (CELAC)	303
Appendix VII. Joint Declaration of China-CELAC Leaders’ Meeting in Brasilia	309
Appendix VIII. Joint Statement of the PRC and the Russian Federation Regarding the International Order of the 21st Century	315
Bibliography	323

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.6.3.1. Interaction Patterns	26
Table 1.7.1. Elements of Research Design	34
Table 2.1.1. Estimate of Chinese Population in the Caribbean 	48
Table 2.2.2. Caribbean States Allying with the PRC and R.O.C. over Time	54
Table 3.3.1. U.S. Economic Assistance to the Caribbean (2011 to 2016 (Request))	90
Table 4.1.2.1.1. Caribbean Countries Having Diplomatic Ties with the R.O.C.	112
Table 4.1.2.1.2. Caribbean Countries Having Diplomatic Ties with the PRC	113
Table 4.1.2.2.1. ICDF’s Completed and Ongoing Projects in the Caribbean	118
Table 4.1.2.2.2. PRC’s and R.O.C.’s Exports to the Caribbean	122
Table 4.1.2.2.3. PRC’s and R.O.C.’s Imports from the Caribbean	123
Table 4.2.1.2.1. Trade Agreements	136
Table 4.2.1.2.2. Agreements on the Promotion and Protection of Investment	137
Table 4.2.1.2.3. Agreements on Avoidance of Double Taxation	137
Table 4.2.1.2.4. Maritime Agreement	137
Table 4.4.1. Sino-Caribbean Military Interactions (2002-2012)	156

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.6.3.1.1. Menage a trois	27
Figure 1.6.3.1.2. Romantic triangle	27
Figure 1.6.3.1.3. Stable marriage	28
Figure 1.6.3.1.4. All enmity	28
Figure 1.7.3.1. Sino-U.S.-Caribbean Triangular Relationship	37
Figure 1.7.3.2. PRC-R.O.C.-Caribbean Triangular Relationship	38
Figure 1.7.3.3. PRC-R.O.C.-Caribbean Triangular Relationship	38
Figure 3.3.1. U.S. Economic Assistance to the Caribbean (2011 to 2016 (Request)) 	91
Figure 4.1.2.1.1. R.O.C.’s Caribbean Diplomatic Alliances (1993-2013)	115
Figure 4.1.1.1.2. PRC’s Caribbean Diplomatic Alliances (1993-2013)	116
Figure 4.1.2.2.2. PRC’s and R.O.C.’s Exports to the Caribbean (2003-2013)	122
Figure 4.1.2.2.3. PRC’s and R.O.C.’s Imports from the Caribbean (2003-2013)	124
Figure 4.2.2.1. PRC’s FDI Stock in the Caribbean (2003-2013)	143
Figure 4.2.2.2. PRC’s FDI Stock by Caribbean Country (2003-2013)	144
Figure 4.2.2.3. PRC’s FDI Stock in the British Virgin Ilds and Cayman Ilds (2003-2013)	145
Figure 4.2.2.4. PRC’s Exports by Caribbean Country (2003-2013)	146
Figure 4.2.2.5. PRC’s Imports by Caribbean Country (2003-2013)	146
Figure 5.1.1.1. PRC’s and R.O.C.’s Caribbean Diplomatic Alliances (2013-2016)	171
Figure 5.1.1.1.1. PRC’s and R.O.C.’s Exports to the Caribbean (2013-2014)	174
Figure 5.1.1.1.2. PRC’s and R.O.C.’s Imports from the Caribbean (2013-2014)	175
Figure 5.2.2.1. PRC’s Trade Exchanges with the Caribbean (2013-2014)	183
Figure 5.2.2.2. PRC’s Exports by Caribbean Country (2013-2014)	184
Figure 5.2.2.3. PRC’s Imports by Caribbean Country (2013-2014)	185
Figure 5.2.2.4. PRC’s FDI Stock in the Caribbean (2013-2014)	187
Figure 5.2.2.5. PRC’s FDI Stock by Caribbean Country (2013-2014)	187
Figure 5.2.2.6. PRC’s FDI Stock in the British Virgin Ilds and Cayman Ilds (2013-2014)	188
Figure 6.1.2. Sino-U.S.-Caribbean Triangular Relationship	216
Figure 6.1.3. PRC-R.O.C.-Caribbean Triangular Relationship	218
Figure 6.2.3.1. Trade Exchanges between PRC and R.O.C.’s Caribbean Allies	223
Figure 6.2.3.2. Total Trade between PRC and R.O.C.’s Caribbean Allies	223
Figure 7.2. Complex Quadrilateral Model	242

LIST OF MAPS
Map 1.6.1.1 The Caribbean 19
Map 1.6.1.2 Latin America 20

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Dissertations and Reports
Barcena, Alicia.  The People’s Republic of China and Latin America and the Caribbean: towards a strategic relationship. Santiago: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.  ECLAC, LC/L.3224-P, May 2010.
Campbell, Caitlin. “China’s Expanding and Evolving Engagement with the Caribbean.” U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission (May 16, 2014): 1-13. 
“China’s Foreign Policy and ‘‘Soft Power’’ In South America, Asia, and Africa.” Congressional Research Service (a study prepared for the committee on foreign relations of the United States Senate). Washington, D.C., April 2008.
Cordesman, Anthony H. and Steven Colley. “Chinese Strategy and Military Modernization in 2015: A Comparative Analysis.” A report of the CSIS Burke Chair in Strategy, Washington D.C., December 2015.
Ellis, Evan R. “The Strategic Importance of the Western Hemisphere: Defining U.S. Interests in the Region.” Testimony to the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, Foreign Affairs Committee, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington D.C., February 3, 2015.
Erikson, Daniel P. “The New Challenge:  China And The Western Hemisphere.” Testimony before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Washington, D.C., June 11, 2008.
Grimmett, Richard and Paul Kerr. “Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2004-2011.” Congressional Research Service, August 24, 2012.
Maddison, Augus, “Chinese Performance in the Long Run.” Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1998.
Mazuca, Adam Paul. “China’s Role In Latin America: The United States’ Perspective On The Engagement.” Master thesis., University of Texas at San Antonio, 2013.
Meyer, Peter J. U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Trends and FY2016 Appropriations. CRS Report for Congress. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, January 7, 2016.
Morris, Dana Marie. “Caribbean-China Relations: Foreign Policy and Small State Economic Adjustment.” PhD diss., University of Denver, 2008.
Morrison, Wayne M. China’s Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, and Implications for the United States. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, October 21, 2015.
Sistema Economico Latinoamericano y del Caribe. “Recent developments in economic relations between the People’s Republic of China and Latin America and the Caribbean. Institutional and cooperation mechanisms for strengthening relations.” SELA, SP/CL/XXXVI.O/Di No 12-10, October, 2010. 

Statistical Bulletin of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2015.
Sullivan, Mark P. Caribbean Region: Issues in U.S. Relations, CRS Report for Congress. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, October 27, 2006. 
“UN Security Council Working Methods: The Veto,” (Security Council Report No.3, New York, October 15, 2015).
Veillette, Connie et al. U.S. Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: FY2006-FY2008. CRS Report to Congress. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, December 28, 2007. 
Wilson, Jordan. “China’s Military Agreements with Argentina: A Potential New Phase in China Latin America Defense Relations.” Staff Research Report, Washington D.C., November 5, 2015.
Working Papers, Presentations, and Discussion Papers
Bernal, Richard L. “China’s Rising Investment Profile in the Caribbean.” Inter-American Dialogue/Economics Brief. Washington D.C., October 14, 2013.
Bernal, Richard L. “U.S.-Caribbean Relations at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century.” In The United States and Caribbean Strategies: Three Assessments, edited by Richard L. Bernal, Anthony T. Bryan and Georges A. Fauriol. CSIS, Policy Papers on the Americas, Vol. XIII, Study 4, 3-25. Washington, D.C., Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 2001. 
Bloommestein, Erik. “Sustainable Tourism in the Caribbean: An Enigma.” In Economic Policy and the Environment: The Caribbean Experience, edited by Mark Griffith and Bishnodat Persaud. Paper presented at the seminar entitled, “Economic Policy and the Environment,” St. Kitts, October 1994.
Bromley, Mark. “China’s Arms Trade Treaty diplomacy.” Paper presented at the SIPRI conference, Stockholm, April 18-19, 2013. 
Caitlin, Campbell and Zoe Valette. “China’s Expanding and Evolving Engagement with the Caribbean.” U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Staff Report, Washington, D.C., May 16, 2014: 1-13. 
Consulate General of the People’s Republic of China in San Francisco. “Assistant Foreign Minister Zhang Kunsheng Lectures at the 1st China-Latin America High-level Forum on Defense,” November 13, 2012. Accessed May 19, 2015, http://www.chinaconsulatesf.org/eng/zgxw/t989740.htm. 
Ellis, Evan R. “Chinese Military Activities in Latin America: Panda or Dragon?” Inter American Security Watch (ISAW), May 14, 2012. Accessed April 20, 2014, http://interamericansecuritywatch.com/chinese-military-activities-in-latin-america-panda-or-dragon/.
Ellis, Evan R. “The China-CELAC Summit: Opening a New Phase in China-Latin America-U.S. Relations?” The Manzela Report, January 13, 2015. Accessed April 29, 2016, http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/945-the-china-celac-summit-opening-a-new-phase-in-chi.
Glaser, Bonnie S. “Chinese Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping: Continuity and Change.” Critical Issues Confronting China Seminar Series, Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 3, 2014.
Griffith, Ivelaw L. “Dynamics of Regional Security Engagement in the Caribbean.” Consultation with Civil Society and the academic Community on the VIII Conference of Defense Ministers of the Americas: Towards the Development of a Thematic agenda. Bridgetown, Barbados, March 6-7, 2008. Accessed February 29, 2016, http://www.fes-seguridadregional.org/images/stories/docs/5185-001_g.pdf.
Herrero, Alicia Garcia, Le Xia, and Carlos Casanova. “China’s outbound foreign direct investment: How much goes where after round-tripping and offshoring?” (BBVA working paper, Hong Kong, June 2015): 1-21.
Jubany, Florencia and Daniel Poon.” Recent Chinese Engagement in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Canadian Perspective.” Canadian Foundation for the Americas, March 2006.
McGiffert, Carola. Chinese soft power and its implications for the United States: competition and cooperation in the developing world. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, March 2009.
Montoute, Annita. “Emerging players in the Caribbean: What implications for the Caribbean, their relations with the EU and the ACP?” European Center for Development Policy Management, no. 116 (June 2011): 1-21. 
Mora, Frank O. “Strategic Implications of China’s Evolving Relationship with Latin America.” Presentation at the Conference on China in Latin America, Center for Hemispheric Security Studies, U.S.A, November 6, 2009.
Nunez, Gerardo Gonzalez. “Cuba’s Relations with the Caribbean: Trends and Future Prospects.” Briefing Paper at the Canadian Foundation for the Americas’ Forum on Cuba, Ontario, September 2002. Accessed on December 20, 2015, http://www.focal.ca/pdf/cuba_Gonzalez_Cuban%20relations%20Caribbean%20trends%20prospects_September%202002_RFC-02-2.pdf.
World Tourism and Travel Council. “Travel and Tourism: Economic Impact 2015.” Accessed March 3, 2016, https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/regional%202015/caribbean2015.pdf.
Zappino, Vincenzo. “Caribbean Tourism and development: An overview.” Discussion Paper No. 65, Maastricht, European Centre for Development Policy Management, June 2005. Accessed February 29, 2016, http://www.fes-seguridadregional.org/images/stories/docs/5185-001_g.pdf.

Others
“ASEAN Free Trade Area.” http://www.asean.org/asean-economic-community/asean-free-trade-area-afta-council/.
“Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.” http://www.aiib.org/.
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