這份報告主要是探討美國總統歐巴馬的南海策略。其中美國和中國是扮演著最關鍵的角色，而問題的主因是針對中國在南海地區與相鄰國家的領土爭議；這份報告會探討的是從過去到現在歐巴馬及中國的南海政策對兩國國際關係及南海地區的局勢的影響衝擊。
這份論述當中可以看出美國從1975年後就一直以來扮演著「中立國」的角色，直到2009歐巴馬的主張改變了原有的現況，他根據不同的國際局勢和中國的行為舉止而做出應變及回應。
此論述中也看得出歐巴馬政府不時對於中國的南海侵略行動提出自我堅定的立場，但大致上還是小心翼翼處理，以不造成相互經濟利益衝突為主。然而，有許多的例子可證明中國的南海侵略行動依舊在持續上演中並未停止。總兒言之，美國與中國之間在南海議題上小衝突是無可避免的，但起碼在歐巴馬的主張之下，現階段南海議題不至於造成美國與中國的武力衝突!

This paper examines U.S foreign policy in South China Sea disputes under the Obama administration. The two major actors involved are the U.S and China together with littoral States in Asia whom together with China have territorial disputes in South China Sea. The paper generally examines and analyzes Obama policy towards the disputes together with China’s policy and how the former and the latter respective policies impact their bilateral relations and the situation (stability) of the region (South China Sea).
The study shows that U.S policy in South China Sea of ‘neutral position’ remained ever since it introduced in 1975 until Obama came into office in 2009. However the study shows that eventually under the Obama administration different elements of the policy appear and the depth varies depending on the situation especially on China’s behavior. 
The study also shows that Obama policy though took a tough stance at times in the wake of Chinese aggression, Obama generally tend to be more cautious of the consequences that could disrupt and destroy mutual economic interest. Likewise China though continues with aggression as in their land reclamation, there are instances which show cooperation on their part. As such, this study suggests that U.S and China would not fight or militarily confront each other in South China Sea at least under the Obama administration. Minor conflict is expected at times as mentioned but would not escalate into military confrontation at least under the Obama administration.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 	I
ABSTRACT 	II
CONTENTS 	V
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES 	IX

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 	1
1.1	Research Background 	1
1.1.1	Pivot to Asia 	2
1.1.2	General Origins of South China Sea Disputes 	3
1.1.3	Nature of South China Sea disputes 	3 
1.1.4	Governments Position of US and China in South China Sea disputes 	5
1.1.5	Developments in South China Sea disputes since 2009 	6
1.2	Research Motives 	8
1.3	Research Objectives 	9
1.4	Research Methodology 	9
1.5	Research Scope 	10
1.6	Research Structure 	10 

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 	13
2.1	 U.S Position in South China Sea 	13
2.2	U.S Interest in South China Sea 	14
2.3	Obama’s Pivot to Asia 	16
2.4	China’s Position in South China Sea 	17
2.5	China’s core Interest and Policy 	17
2.6	Debate and Discussion: United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and Sovereignty issue in South China Sea 	18
2.7	Debate and Discussion: International Relations Theories and South China Sea disputes 	21
2.8	The Effectiveness and Constraints of Obama’s policy towards South China Sea disputes 	22

CHAPTER THREE: U.S SOUTH CHINA SEA POLICY: PRIOR & DURING OBAMA’S TERM 	24
3.1	The Underlying and fundamental of U.S national interest and policies 	24
3.2	The Origins and Evolution 	26
3.2.1	The United States prior formulation of South China Sea Policy since the 17th Century 	26
3.2.2	U.S in South China Sea after the Cold War 	27
3.2.3	The U.S formulation of initial elements of South China Sea policy 
in 1975 	29
3.2.4	The adjustments of U.S policy statements in 2010 	30 
3.2.5	The re-adjustment of US policy statements in 2012 	31
3.2.6	The U.S policy most comprehensive statement in 2014 	32
3.3	United States policy measures in South China Sea 	34 
3.3.1	U.S stronger engagements and enhanced support in Asia 	34
3.3.2	U.S recent development of policy measures 	40  
3.4	Summary 	44

CHAPTER FOUR: CHINA’S SOUTH CHINA SEA POLICY 	47
4.1	China’s policy origin and evolution in South China Sea 	47
4.1.1	Discovery and essence of South China Sea from Chinese perspective 	47
4.1.2	Beijing’s delaying strategy since the founding of the PRC in 1949 	48
4.1.3	Policy elements since the 1970s 	49
4.1.4	Beijing’s cycle of Escalation and Delaying Strategy since the 1980s 	50
4.1.5	Policy adjustments since 2000 	51
4.1.6	Policy re-adjustments since 2009 	51
4.2	China’s causes of policy change in South China Sea 	53
4.2.1	Drivers of change in China’s policy 	53
4.3	China’s Strategy in South China Sea 	54 
4.3.1	Diplomatic and Administrative Components 	54
4.3.2	Military Components 	55
4.4	China’s current policy in South China Sea 	55
4.5	Summary 	57

CHAPTER FIVE: THE U.S-CHINA RELATIONS AND INTERACTION IN SOUTH CHINA SEA 	59
5.1	The Foundation of US-China relations 	59
5.1.1	Historical aspects of US-China Relation 	59
5.1.2	The US-China after World War II 	60  
5.2	US-China ‘Distrust’ as a fundamental cause of instability in South China Sea 	61
5.3	The US-China Interactions in South China Sea 	63
5.3.1	Contradictions and frictions: Declaration on Code of Conduct 	63
5.3.2	Contradictions and frictions: Freedom of Navigation 	64
(i)	United States side 	64
(ii)	China’s side 	65
5.3.3	Contradictions and frictions: Freedom of Navigation within 12 nautical miles 	67
5.3.4	Contradictions and frictions: Exploration of resources 	68
5.3.5	Contradictions and frictions: Arbitration Case of Philippines vs. China 	68
5.3.6	Misunderstanding of policies and actions in South China Sea 	72
5.3.7	Confrontation: Incidences of Stand-Off 	74
5.4	US-China future interaction scenarios in South China Sea 	76
5.5	Summary 	78 

CHAPTER SIX: THE EFFECTIVENESS AND CONSTRAINTS OF OBAMA’S POLICY IN SOUTH CHINA SEA 	79
6.1	The Effectiveness of Obama’s Policy against China in South China Sea 	79
6.1.1	Policy Effectiveness over China’s Assertiveness 	79
6.1.2	Drivers of policy effectiveness 	80
6.1.3	Factors contributing to the Effectiveness of ‘Rebalance’ 	81
6.1.4	U.S activities contributing to Obama’s policy effectiveness 	83
6.2	Constraints to Obama’s Policy in South China Sea 	84
6.3	Risks and Consequences 	88
6.4	Summary 	90

CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION 	91
7.1	Findings of U.S policies under the Obama Administration in South China Sea 	91
7.2	Findings on China’s Foreign Policy in South China Sea 	92
7.3	Findings on U.S-China relation and Interaction 	93
7.4	Findings on Obama’s Policy effectiveness and constraints 	94

BIBLIOGRAPHY 	96 
 

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
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Table 2: U.S freedom of navigation within 12 nautical miles since 2015  	67
Figure 1: South China Sea and six claimants territorial claim  	4
Figure 2: China’s Dashed Lines (1947) and (2009) 	20
Figure 3: Timeline of Major Rebalance Statements and Events  	33
Figure 4: U.S current and future plan deployment in Asia-Pacific 	44
Figure 5: South China Sea Map with China’s nine dash line map  	48

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