美國至今無人能敵的強大軍事力量使大部份學者們認為，她能夠持續維持其世界第一超級強權的地位。然而，在當我們更進一步跨入這個所謂¬「亞洲世紀」的年代裡，必須要認知到亞洲區域的國家特別是中國，她運用一種不同於西方國家的競爭方式，她有策略性的運用硬權力如經濟力量、戰略力量，以及軟權力如其價值，政策以及其風俗文化等軟硬權力組合之力量， 對世界政治發揮其影響力並於全球政局中取得她的地位。

巧實力這個名詞，被認為是由兩位極力支持國際自由主義，其倡導策略性運用軟、硬力量組合的著名學者Joseph Nye與Suzanne Nossel所創。

當在美中之間於亞洲區域出現硬權力的競爭對手時，中國運用巧實力以達到其政策目標的方式便開始對美中平衡產生影響，並改變雙方平衡狀態趨向於中國這一方。而中國策略性的運用其影響力在全球政局上的例子，可由中國在聯合國安理會的投票過程、新型大國關係的建立、強化戰略夥伴關係及同時亦加強本身學術研究、國家發展、文化、法律與教育等各方面的實際運作中可觀察出來。

拿破崙對於中國的曾說過一句名言：「這條龍不但是甦醒了，且嘯聲震天」。而這句話之後過了兩個世紀，許多在亞、非兩洲的外商及工廠，以及遠在法、義兩國的鄉村街道也都被精明的中國商人所收買購入。雖然中國的經濟成長在全球金融危機之下或許略稍減緩，但中國仍為世界工廠的動力中心且為購買美國外債最大債權國。近期，一個美國智庫提出了一個很大膽的預測，於未來十年內，人民幣將取代美元做為世界的主要貨幣，因此許多決策者正重新思考如何面對中國這條已甦醒過來的巨龍。

Most scholars believe that the United States will continue to be the world’s foremost superpower due to its unmatched military might. However, as we enter further into what many have now dubbed the “Asian Century”, it is time to recognize that Asian nations, and in particular Mainland China (中國), are also strategically applying the combination of both hard (economic, strategic) and soft (values, policies, institutions) power, albeit in different and competing types, to make their impact and claim their station on the global stage. This strategic combination of both hard and soft power has been coined as “Smart Power”.
The term Smart Power has been attributed to academics Joseph Nye and Suzanne Nossel—staunch promoters of American liberal internationalism through the strategic use of both hard and soft power.
While there are hard power rivalries between the United States and China in the Asia Pacific, China’s use of Smart Power to achieve its policy objectives has already begun to alter the balance of the U.S.-China relationship in favor of the Middle Kingdom. Examples can be seen in China’s strategic use of its growing influence on the global stage, by way of United Nations Security Council vetoes; creation of new bilateral relationships; strengthening of strategic alliances; as well as a strengthening of its national capacity in the areas of research, national development, culture, laws and education.
Nearly two centuries after Napoleon’s famous quote on China, the dragon is not only awake, but roaring. Foreign companies in Asia, factories in Africa, and even villages in Italy and streets in France have been acquired by astute Chinese businessmen. Although growth may have slowed in the midst of the world debt crisis, China remains the world’s manufacturing powerhouse and America’s biggest creditor. Recently, a Washington think tank made the bold prediction that the Yuan could overtake the U.S. dollar as the principal reserve currency within a decade. As a result, many decision-makers are rethinking their approach to the “Return of the Dragon.”

Abstract                                               iii
Figures                                               viii
Tables                                                viii
Chapter I: Introduction	                                 1
Power Structures	                                 2
“Strategic Mistrust”	                                 3
The Giant Has Awoken	                                 6
1.1	Motives	                                         8
1.2	Objectives	                                 9
1.3	Scope	                                        10
1.4	Hypothesis	                                10
1.5	Methodology	                                10
1.6	Chapter Outline	                                11
Chapter II: The Physiognomies of Power	                13
2.1	Is Power Smart?	                                13
2.1.1	Hard Power	                                14
2.1.2	Soft Power	                                20
Chapter III: Smart Power with Chinese Characteristics	26
3.1	A Dragon Rises in the East	                27
3.1.1	China’s First Emperor	                        28
3.1.2	China’s New Emperors	                        30
3.2	China’s Smart Economics	                        34
3.2.1	China’s Economic Surge	                        36
3.2.2	China’s Economic Importance	                41
Chapter IV: Beijing’s Smart Power Push	                53
4.1	The Consent of Latin America	                54
4.2	China’s Geo-economic and Geopolitical Interests in Latin America and the Caribbean	                        57
4.3	Chinese Military Relations with Latin America	60
4.4	Trends in China’s Strategy	                68
Chapter V: Implications for future U.S.-China Relations	73
5.1	America’s Decline	                        75
5.1.1	Decline At Home	                                75
5.1.2	Decline Abroad	                                79
5.2	The Chinese Hand	                        81
5.2.1	ASEAN	                                        81
5.2.2	An Open Mind	                                85
5.2.3	Increasing Chinese Value	                88
5.2.4	The Chinese Long View	                        89
5.2.5	A Friend in Need	                        90
Chapter VI: Conclusion	                                94
Hypothesis Findings	                                96
U.S.-China Relations	                                97
Sustainable Economic Growth	                        99
Increasing International Stature	               103
Limitations	                                       106
Bibliography	                                       107
Books	                                               107
Reports, Journals, Essays and Working Papers	       109
Websites and Electronic Resources	               113

Figures
Figure 1.1 President Barack Obama and President Hu Jintao of China. Official State visit of President Hu Jintao…....……………………………………………...................………. 3
Figure 2.1 U.S. Military Expenditures 2010..……………………..….................……….. 16
Figure 2.2 Confidence in U.S. Leadership in Foreign Policy.....….................................. . 19
Figure 3.1 Organizational Structure of the Communist Party of China….......................... 31
Figure 3.2 Chinese Global Investments.……………...............................…………… ..... 38
Figure 3.3 Chinese Outward Investments Since 2005........................................................ 43
Figure 5.1 Americans’ Take on International Issues....……….....…………................... . 77
Figure 5.2 Public Views China as Top Economic Power, U.S. as Leading Military Power…....…………………………...…………………………………...…................…. 80


Tables
Table 1.1 Chinese Holdings of U.S. Treasury Securities 2003-2012…………………....... 7
Table 2.1 GDP Growth: Japan, U.S. and China 2010-2030..………........…….................. 24
Table 3.1 Summary Demographic Indicators, China 1950-2000..…………….................. 35
Table 3.2 Chinese Investment by Sector...………………….............................................. 42
Table 3.3 Summary of Chinese Loans to Latin America ..………………......................... 44
Table 3.4 Bank Loans to Latin America by Sector, 2005–2011 (US$ million).................. 46

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