系統識別號 | U0002-2612200813574900 |
---|---|
DOI | 10.6846/TKU.2009.01000 |
論文名稱(中文) | 陰離子在電化學處理含重金屬廢水程序之影響研究 |
論文名稱(英文) | Effect of Anions on Electrochemical Coagulation for Cadmium Removal |
第三語言論文名稱 | |
校院名稱 | 淡江大學 |
系所名稱(中文) | 水資源及環境工程學系博士班 |
系所名稱(英文) | Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering |
外國學位學校名稱 | |
外國學位學院名稱 | |
外國學位研究所名稱 | |
學年度 | 97 |
學期 | 1 |
出版年 | 98 |
研究生(中文) | 黃建宏 |
研究生(英文) | Chien-Hung Huang |
學號 | 891330010 |
學位類別 | 博士 |
語言別 | 繁體中文 |
第二語言別 | |
口試日期 | 2008-12-18 |
論文頁數 | 88頁 |
口試委員 |
指導教授
-
陳俊成
委員 - 章裕民 委員 - 陳俊成 委員 - 李奇旺 委員 - 章日行 委員 - 李柏青 |
關鍵字(中) |
電化學混凝 硫酸鹽 硝酸鹽 氯鹽 陽極溶解 鎘 |
關鍵字(英) |
Electrochemical coagulation Sulfate Nitrate Chloride Anodic dissolution Cadmium |
第三語言關鍵字 | |
學科別分類 | |
中文摘要 |
為使含重金屬過量之有害事業廢棄物降低其含量以通過TCLP測試成為一般事業廢棄物以降低其處置成本,研究者經常使用稀釋過後之硝酸、硫酸及鹽酸來萃取重金屬。而其萃取液與其他含重金屬之廢水問題相同需要加以妥善處裡,而電化學混凝法為常被選用之處理技術。故本研究以硝酸根離子(NO3-)、硫酸根離子(SO42-)及氯離子(Cl-)為對象,分別及混合調配水溶液,以金屬鋁為陽極、石墨為陰極,探討陰離子對電化學混凝程序中陽極腐蝕、電流、電流效率、導電度、溶液pH變化、膠羽形成及重金屬鎘移除之影響。 在固定電壓6伏特、反應時間10分鐘的操作條件下,實驗結果顯示,硝酸根離子能令電解槽維持穩定之電流,故於陽極溶出鋁離子、於陰極分解水並使溶液pH上升,但由於pH上升過高,導致Al(OH)4-成為主要物種,故無法觀察到膠羽。在硫酸鹽溶液中,由於陽極鋁板表面迅速形成惰性氧化層導致電解槽幾乎無電流產生,故亦無電混凝反應產生。在氯化鈉溶液中,氯離子提供較高之導電度並令電解槽維持相對較高之電流,鋁離子溶出、溶液pH隨時間呈現先升高後下降然後維持在9〜10之間,故可形成並觀察到明顯之氫氧化鋁膠羽、產生之膠羽將鎘從溶液中有效混凝移除。當硝酸鹽及硫酸鹽混合存在於溶液中,少量之硝酸根離子即可主導硫酸鹽溶液之電化學程序,雖然並無膠羽形成以產生混凝作用但經由鎘之還原程序可將溶液中約50%之鎘移除。當硫酸鹽溶液中存在微量之氯鹽時,氯離子即可穿透鋁板之惰性氧化層而導致電解槽電流明顯產生,此時溶液中之鎘於先於陰極被還原並接續由產生之膠羽所混凝移除,這個機制對鎘之移除相當有效,在反應之10分鐘內可移除超過99.5%之鎘。 |
英文摘要 |
Solutions of nitrate, sulfate, chloride and their combination were prepared and tested in a parallel plate electrochemical cell to study their effect on electrochemical process. Among the parameters studied were conductivity, current, current efficiency, pH change, coagulant formation, and cadmium removal. Nitrate ions were able to sustain a healthy current in the cell. The current dissolved aluminum from the anode, dissociated water molecules on the cathode, and increased pH in the solution. Due to excessive pH, Al(OH)4- became the dominating species and therefore no coagulant was observed. In sodium sulfate solutions, the aluminum anode quickly built up an inert film that prevented current from crossing the cell. Due to the lack of current, no reaction was observed throughout the 10-min treatment. In sodium chloride solutions, chloride ions provided electrolytic conductivity to sustain a current in the cell. The current dissolved aluminum, generated hydroxyl groups, increased pH, produced coagulant, and removed cadmium from the solution. In nitrate-sulfate mixtures, a small amount of nitrate ions dominated the performance of the sulfate solution in an electrochemical process. Although no coagulant was produced, the process removed 50% of the cadmium from the solution through cathodic reduction. In a solution of both sulfate and chloride, chloride ions were able to penetrate the inert film formed in a sulfate solution and drew a healthy current across the cell. Cadmium was initially removed by cathodic reduction followed by coagulation. This mechanism was very effective in cadmium removal. A 10-min treatment removed more than 99.5% of the cadmium, even with a substantial amount of sulfate in the solution. |
第三語言摘要 | |
論文目次 |
目 錄(i) 表目錄(iii) 圖目錄(iv) 第一章 前言(1) 1.1研究緣起(1) 1.2研究目的(3) 第二章 文獻回顧(5) 2.1電化學技術於廢水處理上之應用(5) 2.2電化學混凝技術之理論(8) 2.2.1電解原理(8) 2.2.2電化學混凝原理及程序(9) 2.2.3電極化學反應(10) 2.2.4法拉第定律及電流效率(14) 2.3電極腐蝕與極化現象(16) 2.3.1腐蝕(16) 2.3.2鈍化(21) 2.3.3過電位與極化現象(24) 2.4重金屬廢水之處理方式(26) 2.5鎘之危害及電化學處理(30) 第三章 實驗(33) 3.1實驗構想(33) 3.2實驗材料及設備(35) 3.3實驗方法(38) 第四章 結果與討論(41) 4.1陰離子之電化學行為(41) 4.1.1導電度(44) 4.1.2硝酸鹽(48) 4.1.3硫酸鹽(53) 4.1.4氯鹽(58) 4.1.5綜合比較(61) 4.2混合陰離子及其濃度對電混凝程序之影響(67) 4.2.1硫酸鹽-硝酸鹽(67) 4.2.2硝酸鹽-氯鹽(69) 4.2.3硫酸鹽-氯鹽(70) 4.3重金屬鎘之移除(73) 第五章 結論(81) 參考文獻(83) 表目錄 表3-1第一階段實驗,溶液中陰離子單獨存在之濃度配置(39) 表3-2 第二階段實驗,溶液中陰離子混合存在之濃度配置(39) 表3-3 第三階段實驗,添加重金屬鎘與陰離子之濃度配置(39) 表4-1 第一階段電化學混凝實驗結果摘要表,陽極為鋁板(42) 表4-2 第一階段電化學混凝實驗結果摘要表,陽極更改為石磨板(44) 表4-3 鋁之水解產物與平衡常數(52) 圖目錄 圖2-1 電極佈置,monopolar方式(7) 圖2-2 電極佈置,bipolar方式(7) 圖2-3基本電解現象圖(9) 圖2-4 簡易電混凝反應示意圖(12) 圖2-5 腐蝕的型態(19) 圖2-6 金屬在海水中的局部催化腐蝕行為造成的孔蝕(21) 圖2-7極化曲線(24) 圖3-1 實驗設置系統示意圖(37) 圖3-2 實驗設置系統照片(38) 圖4-1 不同濃度NaNO3水溶液,導電度與反應時間之關係(45) 圖4-2 不同濃度Na2SO4水溶液,導電度與反應時間之關係(45) 圖4-3 不同濃度NaCl水溶液,導電度與反應時間之關係(46) 圖4-4 NaCl、HNO3、H2SO4水溶液導電度與濃度關係(48) 圖4-5 NaNO3水溶液,電流與反應時間之關係(49) 圖4-6 NaNO3水溶液,pH與反應時間之關係(49) 圖4-7 NaNO3水溶液,濁度與反應時間之關係(52) 圖4-8 鋁之溶解度與pH平衡圖(53) 圖 4-9 Na2SO4水溶液,電流與反應時間之關係(54) 圖4-10 Na2SO4水溶液,pH與反應時間之關係(57) 圖4-11 Na2SO4水溶液,濁度與反應時間之關係(57) 圖4-12 NaCl水溶液,電流與反應時間之關係(58) 圖4-13 NaCl水溶液,pH與反應時間之關係(60) 圖4-14 NaCl水溶液,濁度與反應時間之關係(61) 圖4-15不同濃度NaCl、NaNO3及Na2SO4溶液之電流產生情形(64) 圖4-16 0.05 N Na2SO4、NaCl及NaNO3溶液之pH變化(65) 圖4-17 0.05 N Na2SO4、NaCl及NaNO3溶液之膠羽產生情形(66) 圖4-18 0.05 N Na2SO4溶液加入不同濃度NaNO3,電流變化情形(68) 圖4-19 0.05 N Na2SO4溶液加入不同濃度NaNO3,pH變化情形(69) 圖4-20 0.05N NaNO3溶液加入1 mN NaCl之電混凝實驗結果,並與未添加NaCl前之實數據進行比較(70) 圖4-21 0.05 N Na2SO4溶液加入1 mN NaCl,導電度與電流變化情 形(71) 圖4-22 0.05 N Na2SO4溶液加入1 mN NaCl,pH變化與膠羽形成情形(72) 圖4-23 含0.01N Na2SO4、2.4 mN NO3-、20 mg/L Cd溶液,電混凝實驗結果 (A) pH、導電度、電流 (B) Cd濃度變化、膠羽形成(77) 圖4-24含0.01N NaCl、2.4 mN NO3-、20 mg/L Cd溶液,電混凝實驗結果 (A) pH、導電度、電流 (B) Cd濃度變化、膠羽形成(78) 圖4-25含0.05N NaCl、2.4 mN NO3-、20 mg/L Cd溶液,電混凝實驗結果 (A) pH、導電度、電流 (B) Cd濃度變化、膠羽形成(79) 圖4-26含0.1N Na2SO4、0.01N NaCl、2.4 mN NO3-、20 mg/L Cd溶液,電混凝實驗結果(A) pH、導電度、電流 (B) Cd濃度變化、膠羽形成(80) |
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