系統識別號 | U0002-2601201000422500 |
---|---|
DOI | 10.6846/TKU.2010.00901 |
論文名稱(中文) | 國際調停之研究─以1994年海地調停及2007年哥倫比亞調停為例 |
論文名稱(英文) | Research on International Mediation: the case of Haiti in 1994 and the case of Colombia in 2007 |
第三語言論文名稱 | |
校院名稱 | 淡江大學 |
系所名稱(中文) | 拉丁美洲研究所碩士班 |
系所名稱(英文) | Graduate Institute of Latin American Studies |
外國學位學校名稱 | |
外國學位學院名稱 | |
外國學位研究所名稱 | |
學年度 | 98 |
學期 | 1 |
出版年 | 99 |
研究生(中文) | 劉怡琳 |
研究生(英文) | Yi-Lin Liu |
學號 | 696310159 |
學位類別 | 碩士 |
語言別 | 繁體中文 |
第二語言別 | |
口試日期 | 2010-01-15 |
論文頁數 | 145頁 |
口試委員 |
指導教授
-
李大中
委員 - 熊建成 委員 - 蔡東杰 |
關鍵字(中) |
國際調停 衝突解決 調停者 卡特 查維茲 海地危機 西特拉 烏力貝 哥倫比亞革命武裝力量 人道主義交換 |
關鍵字(英) |
International Mediation Conflict resolution Mediator Jimmy Carter Hugo Chávez Crisis in Haiti Raoul Cedras Álvaro Uribe Vélez FARC humanitarian exchange |
第三語言關鍵字 | |
學科別分類 | |
中文摘要 |
國際調停具備管理和解決衝突的特性,為衝突兩造提供有效的處理方法,而現今國際社會傾向使用和平的方式解決衝突,準此,國際調停愈發受到國際社會的重視。本論文即是運用國際調停的相關概念來進行案例分析,諸如調停的成熟時機、調停者介入調停的動機、衝突兩造接受調停的動機、調停者的角色與策略、調停者的權力來源以及調停結果等,冀望能藉由案例印證國際調停的相關概念,並藉由案例的分析比較以得出新的發現,為國際調停相關概念進行有意義的補充。 本研究中選用的案例為海地的危機調停以及哥倫比亞的人質調停,在深入案例分析之前,先釐清兩國歷史與衝突的背景,詳述調停相關進程之後,才進行案例分析與探究。兩國的案例屬於不同性質的調停,深入分析後,發現即使不同性質的調停,也能比較出相同點,從中印證國際調停相關概念具備廣泛的分析架構。而藉由比較兩個案例中的差異點,可以觀察案例的不足之處,推斷出調停失敗的因素。 |
英文摘要 |
International Mediation possesses the characteristics of Conflict Management and Conflict Solving, which provides an effective manner for solving conflict between antagonistic parties. In addition, current international community tend to resolve conflict in a peaceful manner, therefore, International Mediation is gathering more attention and taken more seriously by the international community. This thesis applied international mediation related concepts to process case analysis, case such as mediation ripeness, motive of mediator, parties in conflict’s motivation to mediate, mediator’s role and strategy, mediator’s source of power and outcomes of mediation,…etc. With those cases, we wish to exam the theories of international mediation, and also to obtain new thoughts and discoveries by analyzing and comparing those cases, and thereafter, hopefully, supplement relevant theories of international mediation. This research selected two cases, which are Mediation for Haiti Politic Crisis and Hostage Mediation for Colombia. Before deep into the case analysis, the thesis clarified the background of historical conflict in Haiti and Colombia, after that, it described details in regard of relevant process of mediation thereof, then, it turned back to analysis and study the cases. Although these two cases are different types of mediation, after in-depth analysis, we had found that even different types of mediation, they might share the same characters; from which, confirms the concept of international mediation associated with a wide range of analytical framework. Moreover, by comparing the difference of those two cases, this research observed the inadequate factors in the case and inferred the reason that caused failure of mediation. |
第三語言摘要 | |
論文目次 |
第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 假設與立論 2 第三節 研究方法 3 第四節 分析架構與章節安排 4 第二章 國際調停相關概念之探討 7 第一節 國際調停、衝突、權力的研析 7 第二節 國際調停的重要概念 16 第三節 拉美地區的調停 22 第四節 小結 25 第三章 海地的危機調停 26 第一節 海地衝突之歷史進程 27 第二節 卡特對海地的危機調停 40 第三節 案例的分析與探討 53 第四節 小結 59 第四章 哥倫比亞的人質調停 61 第一節 哥倫比亞衝突之歷史進程 62 第二節 查維茲對哥倫比亞的人質調停 80 第三節 案例的分析與探討 92 第四節 小結 99 第五章 案例之比較分析 101 第一節 調停者之比較 101 第二節 衝突兩造之比較 108 第三節 調停事件之比較 110 第四節 小結 115 第六章 結論 116 參考文獻 122 附錄一:海地調停事件表 138 附錄二:哥倫比亞調停事件表 142 附錄三:《卡特若納桑協議》(Carter-Joassaint accord) 144 圖目次: 圖1-1 研究流程圖 5 圖2-1 導致調停結果的因素 21 圖3-1 海地危機調停事件相關行為者示意圖 54 圖4-1 安全、經濟、社會發展之良性循環圖 73 圖4-2 哥倫比亞人質調停事件相關行為者示意圖 93 表目次: 表2-1 第三者的類型 8 表2-2 衝突形成示意表 13 表2-3 權力 15 表2-4 關於調停的成熟時機:三種解釋 17 表2-5 冷戰過後拉丁美洲地區相關調停事件 24 表3-1 美洲國家組織與聯合國調停進程的主要參與者 40 表3-2 代表團調停進程的主要參與者 49 表4-1 哥倫比亞陣線與人數表 69 表4-2 美國與歐盟對哥倫比亞政策的差異 78 表4-3 哥倫比亞革命武裝力量與政府協商一覽表 81 表4-4 人質調停進程的主要參與者 86 表5-1 卡特與查維茲的介入動機及形象 103 表5-2 卡特與查維茲扮演的角色及使用的策略 104 表5-3 卡特與查維茲擁有的權力來源─查特曼與托佛 105 表5-4 卡特與查維茲擁有的權力來源─魯賓 107 表5-5 卡特與查維茲柔性權力的差異 107 表5-6 調停者的公正與偏頗帶來的結果 108 表5-7 衝突兩造接受調停的共同動機 110 表5-8 案例的事件本質之異同 111 表5-9 調停成熟時機的誘因 113 表5-10 兩個案例的調停結果分析 114 |
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McCarthy, “Colombia: Staving Off Partial Collapse,” in Russell Crandall, Guadalupe Paz, and Riordan Roett (eds.), The Andes in focus: security, democracy, and economic reform (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005), pp. 11-43. Zartman, I. William and Saadia Touval, “International Mediation: Conflict Resolution and Power Politics,” in Lawrence E. Susskind and Larry Crump (eds.), Multiparty Negotiation V.4 Organizational and International Negotiation (London: Sage, 2008), pp. 220-234. Zartman, I. William and Saadia Touval, “International Mediation in the Post-Cold War Era,” in Crocker A. Chester, (eds.), Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflicts (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996), pp. 445-461. Zartman, I. William and Saadia Touval, “Mediation: The Role of Third-Party Diplomacy and Informal Peacemaking,” in Shery J. Brown and Kimber M. 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Salacuse, “The problem of Power in International Negotiations,” International Affairs, Vol. 12, No 12, 1990, pp. 24-34. Sanín, Francisco Gutiérrez, “Tellin the Difference: Guerrilla and Paramilitaries in the Colombian War,” Politics & Society, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2008, pp. 3-34. Topel, David J., “Hostage Negotiation in Colombia and the FARC: Deconstructing the Problem,” Iberoamerica Global, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2009, pp. 24-38. Wall Jr., James A. and Ann Lynn, “Mediation: A Current Review,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 37, No. 1, 1993, pp. 157-180. 四、研討會論文 Petrásh, Vilma E., “Venezuela’s National Security Policy Under The Chávez Regime: The Impact Of Changed Perceptions and Practices On Venezuelan Regional Dynamics,” REDES 2001 (Washington DC: Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, 2001), pp. 1-32. 五、學位論文 Torres, Diana Fernanda, Negotiated settlements and armed groups in Colombia: a comparative analysis of the AUC and the FARC (Netherlands: University of Amsterdam, 2008). 六、報紙 “A president's duty: Why Colombia's Álvaro Uribe should rule out a third term in office,” The Washington Post, December 15, 2009, (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/14/AR2009121402990.html), available: 2009/12/21. Apple Jr., R. 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Carrigan, Ana, “Colombia: Pawns of War - The Hostage Crisis,” Inter Press Service, November 02, 2007, (http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=39902), available: 2008/10/26. “Chavez: FARC insists on demilitarized zone before possible prisoner swap,” Associated Press, September 18, 2007,(http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/09/19/america/LA-GEN-Venezuela-Colombia-FARC.php), available: 2008/10/26. “Chavez offer on FARC is rejected,” BBC NEWS, September 12, 2007, (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6990514.stm), available: 2008/10/26. “Chavez to meet Colombian rebels in renewed mediation,” Xinhua, October 13, 2007, (http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90852/6282430.html), available: 2008/10/26. “Colombia frees Farc rebels,” Mecca Time, June 05, 2007, (http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A4BEDD39-AB1A-4304-B2A4-4A60107E90E9.htm), available: 2008/10/26. “Colombia’s FARC rebels in Venezuela for talks with Chavez, French envoy,” Associated Press, November 5, 2007, (http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/05/america/LA-GEN-Venezuela-Colombia.php?WT.mc_id=rssap_america), available: 2008/10/26. “Colombia’s most powerful rebels,” BBC NEWS, September 19, 2003, (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1746777.stm), available: 2009/10/15. “Colombia’s Uribe says rebel leader will be killed if emerges from hiding for talks,” Associated Press, November 13, 2007, (http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/13/america/LA-GEN-Colombia-Rebels.php), available: 2008/10/26. “Colombian FARC Rebels Release Four Hostages to Venezuelan Officials,” Associated Press, February 27, 2008, (http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,332951,00.html), available: 2008/10/26. “Colombian Guerrilla Leader Contacts Chavez as Venezuelan President Seeks to Mediate,” Fox News, September 08, 2007, (http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,296178,00.html), available: 2008/10/26. “Colombian mediator seeks to discuss FARC prisoner exchange with US,” DPA, September 19, 2007, (http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/110580.html), available: 2008/10/26. “Colombia puts stop to Chavez mediation with leftist guerillas,” DPA, November 22, 2007, (http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/146175.html), available: 2008/10/26. “Colombia sets tight limit for prisoner swap with rebels,” Associated Press, November 19, 2007, (http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/20/america/LA-GEN-Colombia-Rebels.php), available: 2008/10/26. French, Howard W., “Standoff In Haiti; As U.S. Ships Arrive, Haiti General Refuses to Budge,” New York Times, October 18, 1993, (http://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/18/world/standoff-in-haiti-as-us-ships-arrive-haiti-general-refuses-to-budge.html?scp=4&sq=Cedras&st=nyt&pagewanted=1), available: 2009/11/25. “INTERPOL releases Forensic Report requested by Colombia on seized FARC computers and hardware,” INTERPOL media release, May 15, 2008, (http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2008/PR200817.asp), available: 2008/10/27. Jehl, Douglas, “Showdown in Haiti: Carter; Carter's Diplomatic Mission Was a Last-Minute Gamble,” New York Times, September 19, 1994, (http://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/19/world/showdown-in-haiti-carter-carter-s-diplomatic-mission-was-a-last-minute-gamble.html?scp=3&sq=HAITI&st=nyt&pagewanted=all), available: 2009/11/30. Kraul, Chris, “Border incursion was Colombian gamble,” Time, March 04, 2008, (http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-fg-bordermess4mar04,0,6135493.story), available: 2008/10/27. Kraul, Chris, “Colombia OKs Venezuelan role in hostage release,” Los Angeles Times, December 27, 2007, (http://articles.latimes.com/2007/12/27/news/fg-chavez27), available: 2008/10/26. Kraul, Chris, “Chavez seeks to free hostages,” Los Angeles Times, September 01, 2007, (http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-chavez1sep01,0,6072226.story), available: 2008/10/26. Lyons, Richard D., “U.N. Authorizes Invasion of Haiti to Be Led by U.S.,” New York Times, August 1, 1994, (http://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/01/world/un-authorizes-invasion-of-haiti-to-be-led-by-us.html?scp=4&sq=HAITI&st=nyt&pagewanted=all#), available: 2009/11/25. Márquez, Humnerto, “COLOMBIA-VENEZUELA: Possibly the Bitterest Conflict in a Century,” Inter Press Service, November 26, 2007, (http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40220), available: 2008/10/26. “Mother of French-Colombian hostage wants Chavez back as mediator,” Associated Press, December 2, 2007, (http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/02/america/LA-GEN-Venezuela-Colombia-Hostages.php), available: 2008/10/26. Murphy, Helen, “Colombia Captives' Families Undaunted by Talks Delay,” Bloomberg, October 04, 2007, (http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=aVhQaTQ9GbNs&refer=latin_america), available: 2008/10/26. Muse and Ian James, “Chávez seeks role in Colombian hostage standoff,” Associated Press, August 30, 2007, (http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003859905_chavez30.html), available: 2008/10/26. O’Grady, Mary Anastasia, “The FARC File,” The Wall Street Journal, March 10, 2008, (http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120510858118323265.html), available: 2009/10/26. Padgett, Tim, “Chavez’s new Diplomatic Defeat,” Time, January 01, 2008, (http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1699179,00.html?xid=rss-world), available: 2008/10/26. Padgett, Tim, “Colombia Hostages: Free This Time,” Time, January 10, 2008, (http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1702508,00.html?iid=sphere-inline-sidebar), available: 2008/10/26. Rohter, Larry, “Showdown in Haiti: In Haiti; A Cloudy Future for the Military Leaders,” New York Times, September 16, 1994, (http://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/16/world/showdown-in-haiti-in-haiti-a-cloudy-future-for-the-military-leaders.html?scp=8&sq=HAITI&st=nyt&pagewanted=all), available: 2009/11/26. Romero, Simon, “Colombia Ends Venezuela’s Hostage Mediation Efforts,” New York Times, November 23, 2007, (http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/23/world/americas/23chavez.html?ei=5088&en=d281465c2df06410&ex=1353474000&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=print), available: 2008/10/26. Rueda, Jorge, “Chavez Meets With FARC Representative,” Associated Press, November 08, 2007, (http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=3840360), available: 2008/10/26. “U.S. can help in Colombia hostage crisis: Chavez,” AFP, September 27, 2007, (http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=153837), available: 2008/10/26. “Venezuela’s Chavez wants talks with Colombian rebels,” Reuters, August 07, 2007, (http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN05356880), available: 2008/10/26. “Venezuela president mediates Colombia hostage crisis,” AFP, August 31, 2007, (http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=191975), available: 2008/10/26. Vieira, Constanza, “Colombia: Door ‘Definitively’ Closed on Chávez’s Mediation,” Inter Press Service, November 23, 2007, (http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40191), available: 2008/10/26. 七、雜誌 “Hostage, but to whom?,” Economist, Vol. 384, No. 8545, 2007, p. 39. 八、官方組織文件 Embassy of Colombia, “The Uribe Administration's Democratic Security and Defense Policy (PDF),” Presidenca de la República de Colombia, pp. 1-2, (http://www.presidencia.gov.co/sne/visita_bush/documentos/security.pdf), Available: 2009/10/20. Ministerio de Defensa de Colombia, “The FARC At Their Worst Moment In History,” Ministerio de Defensa de Colombia, pp. 1-14, (http://www.mindefensa.gov.co/descargas/Documentos_Descargables/ingles/THE%20FARC%20AT%20THEIR%20WORST%20MOMENT%20IN%20HISTORY.PDF), available: 2008/10/27. Ministerio de Defensa Nacional República de Colombia, “Policy for the Consolidation of Democratic Security,” Ministerio de Defensa Nacional República de Colombia, p. 1-45. (http://www.mindefensa.gov.co/descargas/Documentos_Descargables/ingles/Policy_for_the_Consolidation_of_Democratic_Security.pdf), available: 2009/10/22. 九、非官方組織文件 Carter Center, “Assessment Mission to Haiti,” Carter Center, January 1995, pp. 1-31, (http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/642.pdf), available: 2009/11/29. Carter Center, “Waging Peace Fighting Disease Building Hope,” Carter Center, pp. 1-2, (http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/about/cc_overview_flier_08.pdf) available: 2009/11/30. DeShazo, Peter, Tanya Primiani, and Phillip McLean, “Back from the Brink: Evaluating Progress in Colombia, 1999-2007,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, pp. 1-55, (http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/071112-backfromthebrink-web.pdf), available: 2009/10/22. International Crisis Group, “Hostages For Prisoners: A Way To Peace In Colombia?,” Latin America Briefing, No.4, March 8, 2004, pp. 1-12. International Crisis Group, “Tougher Challenges Ahead for Colombia’s Uribe,” Latin America Briefing, No.11, October 20, 2006, pp. 1-19. International Crisis Group, “Colombia: Making Military Progress Pay Off,” Latin America Briefing, No.17, April 29, 2008, pp. 1-11. International Crisis Group, “Colombia’s Elusive Quest for Peace,” Latin America Report, No. 1, March 26, 2002, pp. 1-48. International Crisis Group, “Colombia: President Uribe's Democratic Security Policy,” Latin America Report, No. 6, November 13, 2003, pp. 1-29. International Crisis Group, “Colombia’s Borders: The Weak Link in Uribe’s Security Policy,” Latin America Report, No. 9, September 23, 2004, p. 1-33. International Crisis Group, “Colombia: President Politics and Peace Prospects,” Latin America Report, No. 14, June 16, 2005, pp. 1-34. International Crisis Group, “Uribe’s Re-election: Can the EU Help Colombia Develop a More Balanced Peace Strategy?,” Latin America Report, No. 17, June 8, 2006, pp. 1-29. Kurtenbach, Sabine, “Europe and the Colombian Conflict,” Inter-American Dialogue, p. 1-15, (http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/Europe%20and%20Colombia,%20Kurtenbach%20%28June%202005%29.pdf), available: 2009/10/23. 十、網路資料 Clinton, William J., “Address to the Nation on Haiti,” The American Presidency Project, September 15, 1994, (http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=49093#), available: 2009/11/26. The FARC. Press communiqué, “Bolivarian Platform for a New Colombia,” (http://bolivarsomostodos.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=462&Itemid=85), available: 2009/10/24 |
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