薩爾瓦多因長期資源壟斷、貧富差距大，加上天災、內戰等因素，導致逃離至國外尋求庇護的人口相當多，然而，能取得合法身份與政治庇護的案例只佔少數，致使許多薩國移民只能以非法身份入境美國，直到1986年美國實施「移民改革與控制法」後有所改善。  1992年簽屬和平協議宣告內戰結束後，於1998年及2001年接連面臨天災的襲擊，美國因而提供「臨時保護條款」，使薩國人民得以合法居留美國，也讓薩國政府有時間重建家園。
    然而，美國薩裔移民家庭收入與子女教育程度也與美國有段落差，導致該國人民與美國人間有段落差，形成社會地位不平等的情況。儘管如此，薩國人民仍堅持選擇外移，不僅因為該國經濟狀況改善幅度小、幫派勢力猖獗以及移民先賢在美國所建立的人脈與環境，皆成為薩國人民前往美國的重要拉力。
    此外，除了成年移民，未成年兒少也為了追求更好的經濟機會、擁有良好的教育環境，遠離幫派威脅、期盼家庭團聚等因素，不惜鋌而走險前往美國。
    本論文以推拉理論為主要軸心，介紹及歸納薩爾瓦多國人移民美國的背景、原因與現況外，並針對薩國未成年兒少移民潮進行分析。

Due to long term scarcity in resources, large poverty gap, natural disasters, and civil war, many Salvadorans had escaped from El Salvador to seek refuges in other countries, especially in the United States of America, despite that most of them can only enter USA in an illegal manner, up until 1985 whereby USA implemented IRCA to smoothen legal migration into USA. Even after signing peace agreement in 1992 to end the civil war in El Salvador, Salvadorans faces large scale natural disasters in 1998 and 2001, which displaced people. To allow El Salvador government has enough time to rebuild their homeland, USA had provided “Temporary Protected Status” to Salvadorans to reside in USA legally.
However, Salvadoran migrants have large income and education gap compared to US-born citizens, causing a large social inequality between them. Despite that, the lack of change in El Salvador’s economy situation, gang violence, vast interpersonal network created by their predecessors, and good environment, which makes up the pull factors for Salvadorans to migrate to the United States.
Apart from adult migration, dangerous migration by unaccompanied alien children (UACs) which seeks better economic and education opportunity, avoiding gang violence and family reunification had also been important factors of migration.
This thesis aims to analyze the background, factors, and recent situation of Salvadorans migration to USA specifically on UACs by using push and pull theory as a core.

目錄
第一章、緒論	1
第一節、研究動機與目的	1
第二節、研究方法、範圍與限制	5
第三節、相關理論與解釋	8
第二章、薩爾瓦多裔移民至美國之背景分析	11
第一節、中美洲移民之歷史軌跡	12
第二節、薩爾瓦多移民之歷史軌跡	19
第三節、薩裔移民至美國之主因	29
第三章、當前薩爾瓦多移民在美國之發展概況	41
第一節、美國薩爾瓦多移民之社會情況	41
第二節、美國薩爾瓦多移民之經濟情況	53
第四章、薩爾瓦多未成年兒少移民為美國帶來之影響	67
第一節、未成年兒少移民問題在美國之情形	68
第二節、美國對兒童移民問題之處理與立場	79
結論	87
參考書目	93


圖目錄
圖 2-1：墨西哥與中美洲合法永久居留美國之移民潮總人口數量	18
圖 2-2：薩爾瓦多人口外移因素示意圖	30
圖 2-3：1960~2015年間美國薩爾瓦多移民人數及其在中美洲移民數量與
比率	31
圖 2-4：移民選擇移居國的參考資料來源	36
圖 3-1：美國2015年中美洲北三角國家非法移民人數	45
圖 3-2：2017年拉丁美洲暨加勒比海謀殺死亡率	46
圖 3-3：2010年美國拉丁裔人口分佈情況（%）	48
圖 3-4：美國薩爾瓦多移民各州分佈圖	49
圖 3-5：2007~2017年間美國薩爾瓦多裔人口行業分佈	59
圖 3-6：2017美國薩爾瓦多裔人口職業分佈	60
圖 3-7：美國人口與勞動分類圖	61
圖 3-8：2007~2017年美國各族群家庭收入中位數(美元)	63
圖 4-1：2009~2015年美國無人陪伴兒童之逮捕人數	69
圖 4-2：2014年初美國邊境逮捕之北三角無人陪伴兒童來源分佈圖	70
圖 4-3：2014年薩爾瓦多無人陪伴兒童移民分佈圖	71
圖 4-4：中美洲北三角國家無人陪伴兒童移民動機（%）	73
圖 4-5：薩爾瓦多無人陪伴兒童移民混合動機示意圖（%）	75
圖 4-6：2013-2018年墨西哥與中美洲北三角國家無人陪伴兒童被捕人數	77
圖 4-7：2016-2018年墨西哥與中美洲北三角國家家庭單位被捕數量	79
圖 4-8：2013~2018年中美洲北三角國家僑匯總額（單位：百萬美元）	83


表目錄
表 1-1：2015年世界各國人口移民至美國人數	3
表 2-1：1960~2009年間美國之中美洲與墨西哥移民數	28
表 2-2：薩爾瓦多國內移民人數(至2017年)	29
表 2-3：1970~2017年間中美洲與拉美地區人均國內生產總值(美元)	33
表 2-4：2015年薩爾瓦多海外人口與國家分佈比例	38
表 3-1：2000~2015年間美國境內非法移民人數與國家	43
表 3-2：1990年舊金山、洛杉磯人口行業分佈比例	55
表 3-3：1990年舊金山、洛杉磯人口主要職業分佈比例	56
表 3-4：1990年舊金山、洛杉磯人口就業/失業比例與收入	58

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西文
專書
Blanco, Ferrero y Dolores, M., La Nicaragua de los Somoza: 1936-1979 (Huelva: Universidad de Huelva, 2016).
Gordon, Sara, Crisis Política y Guerra en El Salvador (Coyoacán, Mexico: Siglo XXI).
期刊
Cordoso, Santana and Flamarion, Ciro, “Historia Económica del café en Centroamérica (siglo xix): estudio comparativo,” Estudios Sociales Centroamericanos 4, no. 10 (1975): 9-55.
網路資料

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