冷戰過後，許多全球性的重大變化相繼發生，全球化成為國際時勢所趨，也宣示著全球社會的國際化將轉變成為單一社會。由此可見，人民、商品、服務、資本及思想穿越國家邊界相互交流的重要性。
   當全球議題擴張並整合國家經濟的同時，政府政策的制定將扮演著更為重要的角色，在戰略決定及政策採用的過程中，為國家的穩定成長做擔保。由此觀之，貿易戰略被列入全球化議題之中，而在此議題中，貿易也是決定國家外交政策的重要因素之一。
    貿易戰略政策來自於國內外壓力的基礎，此壓力塑造一個國家的戰略視野，並且決定一國在參與國際社會的貿易及非貿易因素。自由貿易協定是各國依照其特定外交政策所制定的策略，以達到俱競爭力的社會、政治與經濟之多元化目的。
    瓜地馬拉與台灣的自由貿易協定的簽署，為促進雙方參與國際貿易的一大重要進程。隨著台瓜自由貿易協定的簽署，此協定將為台、瓜打開市場經濟的大門，一方面，台灣二千三百萬人的消費市場，將成為瓜地馬拉在亞洲拓展市場的第一站；另一方面，台灣更可藉此鞏固在中美洲地區的市場以打造雙贏的局面。

Many global changes have taken place since the end of the Cold War; globalization has become a popular trend that describes the internationalization of the global community into a single society. It can be observed the importance of exchanges of people, products, services, capital, and ideas across international borders. 

 	As globalization has expanded and integrated national economies, there is a greater role’s recognition of the strategic government’s decision making process to figure out new strategies and adopt policies that help countries ensure a more equitable growth. At this point, trade strategies are inserted into current globalized context, in which international trade is one important factor affecting a nation’s foreign policy.

	Trade policy strategies emerge out of a matrix of domestic and international pressures that shape a nation’s strategic vision and determine the trade and non-trade elements of the nation’s participation in the international community. Free Trade Agreements are strategies shaped according to the particular foreign policy of each country, which can achieve a variety of competitive social, economical and political goals.

	The Free Trade Agreement signed between Taiwan and Guatemala constitutes an important step to improve the countries’ world trade participation. With the signature of a trade treaty, a big market door is open for both sides, on one hand, Guatemala will have its first open door in Asia, with a market of almost 23 millions of people, on the other, Taiwan is able to consolidate its market with the Central America region.

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................- 1 -
1.1 MOTIVATIONS OF THE RESEARCH ......... ........... - 2 -
1.2 GOALS..............................   ........... - 2 -
1.3 TIME AND SPACE LOCATION .......................... - 3 -
1.4 RESTRICTIONS ............     ................... - 3 -
1.5 HYPOTHESIS ............................. - 3 -
1.6 THEORY................................... - 4 -
1.7 METHODOLOGY
1.8 SOURCES ................................... - 6 -
1.9 STRUCTURE....................................... - 6 -
1.10 GLOSARY ...................................... - 9 -
2. INTERNATIONAL THEORETICAL DISCUSSION AND LITERATURE REVIEW........- 13 -
2.1 POLITICAL DIMENSION OF GLOBALIZATION............. - 13 -
2.1.1 Definition and Theoretical Overview.... ........- 14 -
2.1.2 Opportunities and Risks.........................- 16 -
2.1.3 Challenges .....................................- 18 -
2.2 STRATEGIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS............ - 20 -
2.2.1 Definitions and Decision-Making Process ........- 21 -
2.2.2 Types of Strategies ............................- 23 -
2.2.3 Evolution of Strategies until 21st Century .....- 26 -
2.3 COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE THEORY................... - 28 -
2.3.1 Definition and Characteristics..................- 31 -
2.3.2 Analysis and Applicability .....................- 36 -
2.3.3 Limitations and Observations ...................- 37 -
2.4 SUMMARY.......................................... - 39 -
3. FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS AND DIPLOMACY ...............- 41 -
3.1 FREE TRADE AGREEMENT’S DEFINITIONS.............. - 41 -
3.1.1 Trade without Limits............................- 45 -
3.1.2 Economic advantages ............................- 47 -
3.1.3 Motivations and Interests.......................- 49 -
3.1.4 Conformity with WTO agreements..................- 51 -
3.2 BARGAINING STRATEGIES ........................... - 51 -
3.2.1 Justification of Free Trade Agreement ..........- 54 -
3.2.2 Negotiation Process.............................- 54 -
3.2.3 Negotiation Rounds............ .................- 58 -
3.2.4 More than Economic Advantages ..................- 60 -
3.3 DIPLOMACY ....................................... - 61 -
3.3.1 Tasks of Diplomacy and Recent Development ......- 63 -
3.3.2 Commercial Diplomacy ...........................- 64 -
3.3.3 Trade and Diplomacy Implications ...............- 65 -
3.4 SUMMARY.......................................... - 67 -
4. ACTORS IN THE GUATEMALA-TAIWAN CASE STUDY..........- 69 -
4.1 GUATEMALA ....................................... - 69 -
4.1.1 General Data ..............  ...................- 69 -
4.1.2 Economy Aspects .......................- 70 -
4.1.3 Social and Political Aspects....................- 72 -
4.1.4 Foreign Policy Orientation......................- 74 -
4.2 TAIWAN........................................... - 75 -
4.2.1 General Data ...................................- 76 -
4.2.2 Economy Aspects ................................- 76 -
4.2.3 Social and Political Aspects....................- 80 -
4.2.4 Foreign Policy Orientation.....................- 83 -
4.3 LOOKING FOR COMMON GROUNDS ................... - 87 -
4.3.1 Cooperation .................................- 88 -
4.3.2 Possible Strategies.........................- 90 -
4.3.3 Challenges ...........................................- 92 -
4.4 SUMMARY.......................................... - 93 -
5. TAIWAN - GUATEMALA FOREIGN AFFAIRS ................- 95 -
5.1 TAIWAN - GUATEMALA RELATIONS BACKGROUND; COOPERATION, MUTUAL ASSISTANCE, AND
EDUCATION ............... - 95 -
5.1.1 Taiwan - Guatemala Relations from 1930 to 1960...........................................................- 97 -
5.1.2 Taiwan - Guatemala Relations from 1960 to 2006...........................................................- 98 -
5.2 TRADE RELATIONS................................. - 99 -
5.2.1 Bilateral Trade Exchange.......................- 100 -
5.2.2 What Guatemala Exports?........................- 102 -
5.2.3 What Taiwan Exports?...........................- 104 -
5.2.4 Taiwan and Guatemala External Trade............- 106 -
5.3 FACTS TO SIGN A FREE TRADE AGREEMENT............ - 107 -
5.3.1 Interpreting the Decision to Negotiate.........- 108 -
5.3.2 Main Concerns and Achievements........... .....- 109 -
5.4 SUMMARY......................................... - 111 -
6. TAIWAN - GUATEMALA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT ANALYSIS..............................- 113 -
6.1 FREE TRADE AGREEMENT OVERVIEW............. - 113 -
6.1.1 Free Trade Agreement Structure ...............- 116 -
6.1.2 Objectives ...................................- 120 -
6.1.3 Essential Measures ............................- 120 -
6.1.4 National Treatment and Merchandise Access .....- 123 -
6.2 ASPECTS THAT CAN INFLUENCE IN THE AGREEMENT’S EFFECTIVENESS.............................. - 124 -
6.2.1 Transparency ..................................- 124 -
6.2.2 Disloyal Measures ..........................- 125 -
6.2.3 Dispute Settlement ..........................- 126 -
6.2.4 Influence of External Countries .............- 129 -
6.3 PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES .................. - 129 -
6.3.1 Short and Long-Term Perspectives..............- 131 -
6.3.2 Taiwan and Free Trade Agreements with the Central American Region .......................- 133 -
6.3.3 Complex Interdependence Theory Applied to the Case ..................................................- 135 -
6.4 SUMMARY........................................ - 137 -
7. CONCLUSIONS ...............................- 139 -
BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................- 147 -
BOOKS........................................... - 147 -
ARTICLES ....................................... - 150 -
ELECTRONIC SOURCES ............................. - 152 -
ON LINE NEWSPAPERS.............................. - 157 -
INTERVIEWS...................................... - 158 -
ANNEXES..........................................- 159 -
INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRES...................... - 160 -

Books

Aggarwal, Vinod K. and Ralph Espach. The Strategic Dynamics of Latin America Trade. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2004.

Barston, R. P. Modern Diplomacy, 2nd ed. New York: Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 1997.

Baylis, John & Steve Smith. The Globalization of World Politics, An Introduction to International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Bhagwati, Jagdish. In Defense of Globalization. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Beck, Ulrich. What Is Globalization , Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000.

Brady, Linda P. The Politics of Negotiation, America’s Dealings with Allies, Adversaries, and Friends. North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.

Cohn, Theodore H. Global Political Economy, Theory and Practice. 3rd Ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2005.

Crane, George T. and Abla Amawi. The Theoretical Evolution of International Political Economy, a Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Delgado, Kevin. Modern Nations of the World. Miami: Thomson Gale, a part of Thomson Corporation, 2005.

Giddens, Anthony, Beyond Left and Right: the future of radical politics. California: Standford University Press, 1994.

Goldstein, Joshua S. International Relations. 3rd edition. Washington: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1999.

Goldstein, Joshua S. and John R. Freeman. Three-Way Street: Strategic Reciprocity in World Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1990.

Hansson, Gote. Trade, Growth and Development, the Role of Politics and Institutions. New York: Routledge 1991.

Hastedt, Glen and Kay Knickrehm. Toward the Twenty-First Century, a Reader in World Politics. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1994.

Henderson, Hazel. Beyond Globalization, Shaping a sustainable global economy. Conneecticut: Kumarian Press, 1999.

Kegley, Charles W. Jr. and Eugene R. Wittkopf. World Politics, Trend and Transformation. 9th ed. Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2004.

Kegley, Charles W. Jr. and Eugene R. Wittkopf. World Politics, Trend and Transformation. 6th ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.

Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, World Politics in Transition. 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989.

Kennedy, Paul. Grand Strategies in War and Peace. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.

Larios Ochaita, Carlos, Derecho Diplomatico y Consular, Guatemala: Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, 1995.

Lechner, Frank J. and John Boli. The Globalization Reader. Massachusetts: Balackwell Publishers, 2000.Miller, Arnold S. Free Trade, Current Issues and Prospects. New York: Novinka Books, 2004. 
      
Lentner, Howard H. International Politics. Minneapolis: West Publishing Company, 1997.

Monzon Garcia, Samuel Alfredo. Introduction to the Process Research. Guatemala: Editorial Oscar de Leon Palacios, 2000.

Morggenthau, Hans. Politics among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace, 5th edition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972.  

Nau, Henry R. Trade & Security, U. S. Policies at Cross-Purposes. Washington: American Enterprise Institute Press, 1995.

Ravenhill, John. Global Political Economy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 

Rawnsley, Gary D. Taiwan’s Informal Diplomacy and Propaganda. New York: Palgrave, 2000.

Regional Surveys of the World, “Guatemala”, South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2004, 12th Edition. United Kingdom: European Publications, 2003.

Reynolds, P.A. An Introduction to International Relations. 3rd ed. New York: Longman, edition, 1994.
Russet, Bruce and Harvey Starr. World Politics, The menu for choice. 4th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1992.

Salazar - Xirinachs, Jose M. and Maryse Robert, Toward Free Trade in the Americas, Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2001.

United Nations Development Program, Rockefeller Brothers Fund and Wallace Global Fund, Making Global Trade Work for People, New York: Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2003.

Articles
Akawe, Dee. “Globalization and Internationalization: Different or Equal”. Globalization and New World Configuration, Tamkang University (2005): pp. 25-42.

Free Trade Agreement Text Republic of Guatemala – Republic of China (Taiwan), Guatemala City (2005): pp. 1-767.

Council for Economic Planning and Development Executive Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. Economic Development, Taiwan, Republic of China (2003).

Economical Analysis Direction, “Guatemala External Trade Behavior during First Semester 2006”, Ministry of Economic Affairs of Guatemala, (2006): pp. 1-21.

Goldstein, Joshua S., “Reciprocity in Superpower Relations: An Empirical Analysis”. International Studies Quarterly 35, (1991): pp. 195-209.

Guo, Jiann-Jong, “Impacts of the WTO on Taiwan’s International Economic Relations”, Conference on New Developments in Asia Pacific and the World, Tamkang University, May 9, (2006): pp. 1-16.

Hoadley, Stephen. “Southeast Asian Cross-Regional FTA: Origins, Motives, and Aims”. Article from the author, New Zeland: University of Auckland, (2007): pp. 1-35.

Hsu, Paul, “Taiwan Economy and a US-Taiwan Free Trade Agreement”, Conference of the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. (February 6, 2007): pp. 1- 36.

Kearney, A.T. “The Globalization Index”. Foreign Policy Magazine, (November-December 2006): pp. 74-81.

Kellner, Douglas, “Theorizing Globalization”. Sociological Theory, Vol. 20, No. 3. (Nov. 2002): pp. 285-305.

Kroll, John A. “The Complexity of Interdependence”. International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 3. (Sept. 1993): pp. 321-347.  

Ministry of Economic Affairs, Republic of  Guatemala, “Brief of the Free Trade Agreement Republic of Guatemala-Republic of China (Taiwan)”,  (2005): pp. 1-46.

Ministry of Economic Affairs, Republic of Guatemala, “How to negotiate with the Republic of China (Taiwan)”. Editorial Serviprensa. (2006): pp.1-147.

Park, Sung-Hoon and Min Gyo Koo, “Forming a Cross-Regional Partnership: The South Korea-Chile FTA and its Implications”, Korea: Korea University and California: University of Southern California respectively, (2007): pp. 1-32.

Solis, Mireya and Saori Katada, “Competitive Regionalism: Strategic Dynamics of FTA negotiation in Japanese Trade Diplomacy”. Conference, Washington D.C. (April 2007): pp. 8-1 – 8-32.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Done at Vienna on 23 May 1969. Entered into force on January 27, 1980.

Vittadini Andres, Susana N. “New Constitutional Challenges and Principles for a Globalization Period”, Tamkang University, Tamkang Journal of International Affairs, Vol. X, No. II (Oct. 2006): pp. 81-124.

Electronic Sources
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A cultural and business conduit between Australia and Taiwan, “People”, (May 2007), [database online] – [cited 09 May 2007]. Available from http://www.taiwan.com.au/Soccul/People/Compos/200508a.html

Bilaterals.org, “Taiwan, Guatemala begin FTA talks”. (no date), [database online] - [cited 03 November 2006]. Available from www.bilateral.org

Bilaterals.org, “Taiwan signs free trade pact with El Salvador and Honduras”, (May, 8 2007); [database online] – [cited 14 May 2007]. Available from http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=8190

“Bilateral Trade between the R.O.C. and Central and South America”, (no date); [database online] – [cited 25 November 2006]. Available from http://ekm92.trade.gov.tw/BOFT/OpenFileService

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Chisik, Richard, “Gradualism in Free Trade Agreements: A Theoretical            Justification”, (no date), [database online] – [cited 12 January 2007]. Available from http://www.fiu.edu/~economic/wp2003/01-07.pdf

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Feketekuty, Geza,  “Commercial Diplomacy: A new Profession and a New                  Program of Study”, (no date), [database online] – [cited 20 November 2006]. Available from http://www.commercialdiplomacy.org/articles_news/ukraine.htm

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International Cooperation and Development Fund, “ICDF SME Development Work: Fast Track to Economic Growth” ICDF.[database online] - [cited 20 November 2006]. Available from http://www.icdf.org.tw/web_pub/20020516162921P22-28.pdf.

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Yarger, H. Richard. “Towards a Theory of Strategy: Art Likke and the Army War College Strategy Model”. (no date), [database online] - [cited 20 November 2006]. Available from  http://dde.carlisle.army.mil/authors/stratpap.htm     

On Line Newspapers
Financial Section, “Free Trade Agreement Administration with Taiwan”, Panama America –EPASA Newspaper, (Panama: April 16, 2007). [database online] – [cited on 16 April 2007]. Available from http://www.pa-digital.com.pa/archive/04162007/finance07.shtml
Ho, Jessie. “Guatemala FTA mostly politics: economists”. Taipei Times, (24 September 2005). Available from http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=2784.
Liu, Christina. “Guatemala deals a golden chance”. Taipei Times, (11 August 2005). [database online] – [cited on 16 Nov. 2006]. Available from http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2005/08/11/2003267293   
Rodriguez , Luisa F. and Byron Dardon, “Moreno calls to unity”, Prensa Libre Newspaper, (Guatemala: March 20, 2007). [database online] – [cited on 20 March 2007]. Available from http://www.prensalibre.com/pl/2007/marzo/20/166247.html
Interviews
-	Interview with Ambassador of the Republic of Guatemala, Sr. Ricardo Putzeys Uriguen. (May 4, 2007). 

-	Interview with the Panama’s Chief of Negotiations, Mrs. Diana Salazar. (April 19, 2007).