本研究使用兩種織布及兩種不織布於未伸張及張應變為5%、10％、20％時，進行變水頭透水速率量測、濕篩法開孔徑量測、及改良ASTM D5101之GR試驗儀；以連續變換水力坡降進行土壤-地工織物系統坡降比試驗，以探討織物於未伸張及張應變下之坡降比值及滲流量變化。試驗結果以織物有效開孔徑、透水速率變化、GR值、系統滲流量及土層滲透係數進行比較與討論。
    織物開孔徑量測結果顯示，織布與不織布的開孔徑皆隨張應變之增加而增加，兩種不同厚度及單位重的織布，其開孔徑分佈曲線有相似的趨勢，即開孔徑於織物張力最大值之前變化較小，當伸張超過最大張力值後則有明顯增加的現象。兩種不同厚度及單位重的不織布，由未伸張至張應變為20％(本研究之最大張應變)之開孔徑分佈曲線有明顯的差異，厚度較大的織物開孔徑隨張應變之增加而增大的趨勢較緩，代表織物的開孔徑變化與厚度及單位重有關，四種織物的有效開孔徑與張應變成線性關係。
    透水速率試驗結果顯示，織布與不織布的透水速率皆隨張應變之增加而增加，其中織布在張力達最大值之前透水速率與張應變呈線性增加，超過張力最大值後則變化較大。不織布材料的透水速率隨張應變增加呈近似線性關係增加。厚度較大的織布及不織布透水速率試驗結果皆呈現較小的變化，主要為張力作用下開孔徑變化較小所導致。
坡降比試驗結果顯示，相同的水力坡降下，隨張應變的增加GR值上升幅度有隨之降低的趨勢，系統滲流量及土層滲透係數k13 及k35有隨之增加的趨勢。相同張應變下，GR值、土層滲透係數k13 及k35隨試驗延時增加有逐漸上升的現象，系統滲流量隨水力坡降增加有逐漸增加的現象，土層滲透係數k13 及k35隨試驗延時增加有逐漸降低的現象。

The influences of unidirectional tensile stain on pore size distribution and filtration characteristics of geotextiles were investigated in this study. Apparatus have been designed and built for determining pore size distribution, measuring flow rate through plain geotextile, and conducting a gradient ratio test. A unidirectional strained geotextile specimen was secured by clamping a pair of steel rings on the specimen; three experiments were carried out collaborated with the clamped specimen. Four geotextiles, two nonwoven and two woven, were employed in this study. The geotextiles were stretched to 5%, 10% and 20% strains prior to installation in apparatus. The experimental results show: (1) For all tested geotextiles, linear function appears to be appropriately in describing relationship between the AOS and the tensile strain. The pore size distribution curves corresponding to 20% strain for both woven geotextiles are distant from the other three curves corresponding to lower strains. (2) There is a growth in the flow rate through the plain geotextile, which is proportional to the magnitude of the tensile strain as the strain is lower than one corresponding to the peak tensile strength. A remarkable increase in flow rate for both woven geotextiles strained at 20% strain is noted, which can be associated to the distinctive pore size distribution. Tensile strains corresponding to peak strength are 11.8% and 14.3% for woven geotextiles W1 and W2. Significantly different behavior of W1 and W2 geotextiles at 20% strain from that of the lower strains may be contributed to the over-straining of woven geotextiles. (3) Under a specific hydraulic gradient, increase of the tensile strain reduces the gradient ratio; the effect is more pronounced for nonwoven geotextiles. The stable flow rate for the system collaborated with stretched geotextile relative to the un-stretched geotextule increase with the increase of the tensile strain except for NW1 geotextile at 5% strain and i=5 condition.

目  錄

目錄………………………………………………………………………….	I
表目錄……………………………………………………………………….	V
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………….	VII
第一章 緒   論……………………………………………………………	1
1.1 前 言……………………………………………………………….	1
1.2 研究動機與目的…………………………………………………...	2
1.3 研究方法…………………………………………………………...	2
1.4 論文組織及研究內容……………………………………………...	3
第二章 文獻回顧…………………………………………………………..	5
2.1 地工織物之開孔徑分佈…………………………………………...	5
2.1.1 土壤顆粒與織物孔徑…………………………………………	5
2.1.2 織物孔徑結構之定義…………………………………………	7
2.1.3 織物孔徑分佈之量測…………………………………………	7
2.1.4 開孔徑量測方法之比較………………………………………	9
2.2 地工織物之水力特性……………………………………………...	10
2.3 過濾排水理論……………………………………………………...	11
2.3.1 過濾排水現象………………………………………………....	12
2.3.2 過濾排水機制………………………………………………....	13
2.3.3 細菌及物理阻塞之行為………………………………………	17
2.3.4 影響過濾行為之因素…………………………………………	19
2.4 過濾排水準則……………………………………………………...	19
2.4.1 滲透性準則……………………………………………………	20
2.4.2 阻留準則………………………………………………………	20
2.4.3 抗阻塞準則……………………………………………………	21
2.5 地工織物過濾排水之相關研究及應用……………………………	22
2.5.1 張應變影響土壤-織物系統過濾行為之相關研究……………	24
2.5.2 地工織物之相關應用………………………………………….	26
第三章 研究計畫與試驗方法……………………………………………..	51
3.1 研究計畫…………………………………………………………...	51
3.1.1 試驗規劃………………………………………………………	51
3.1.2 試驗項目及流程………………………………………………	52
3.2 試驗材料之基本性質……………………………………………...	52
3.2.1 地工織物基本性質……………………………………………	52
3.2.2 土壤材料基本性質……………………………………………	52
3.3 試驗設備…………………………………………………………...	53
3.3.1 地工織物伸張設備……………………………………………	53
3.3.2 地工織物透水速率試驗設備…………………………………	54
3.3.3 地工織物開孔徑分佈量測試驗設備…………………………	55
3.3.4 土壤-地工織物系統過濾試驗設備…………………………..	55
3.4 試驗簡介與試驗方法……………………………………………...	58
3.4.1 地工織物伸張步驟……………………………………………	58
3.4.2 地工織物透水速率試驗步驟…………………………………	59
3.4.3 地工織物開孔徑分佈量測試驗步驟…………………………	60
3.4.4 土壤-地工織物系統過濾試驗步驟…………………………..	60
3.5 試驗結果分析方法………………………………………………...	66
3.5.1 水力坡降比之計算方法………………………………………	66
3.5.2 土層滲透係數之定義…………………………………………	67
第四章 試驗結果分析與討論……………………………………………..	91
4.1 織物拉伸之張力-應變關係……………………………………….	91
4.2 織物開孔徑量測試驗結果………………………………………...	93
4.2.1 織布A…………………………………………………………	93
4.2.2 織布B………………………………………………………….	94
4.2.3 不織布A………………………………………………………	95
4.2.4 不織布B……………………………………………………….	96
4.2.5 開孔徑量測試驗之綜合討論…………………………………	97
4.3 織物透水速率試驗結果…………………………………………...	101
4.3.1 織布……………………………………………………………	101
4.3.2 不織布………………………………………………………...	102
4.3.3 織物透水速率量測試驗之綜合討論…………………………	103
4.4 土壤-地工織物系統之過濾試驗結果…………………………….	104
4.4.1 土壤-織布A系統……………………………………………..	105
4.4.2 土壤-織布B系統……………………………………………...	109
4.4.3 土壤-不織布A系統………………………………………….	112
4.4.4 土壤-不織布B系統…………………………………………...	114
4.5 綜合討論…………………………………………………………...	116
4.5.1 織物過濾試驗之系統最終試驗結果變化…………………….	117
4.5.2 土壤-織物系統過濾試驗之最終GR倍數變化……………….	121
4.5.3 土壤-織物系統過濾試驗之最終系統滲流量倍數變化………	122
4.5.4 土壤-織物系統之最終土層滲透係數(k13＆k35)倍數變化……	123
第五章 結論與建議………………………………………………………...	173
5.1 結論…………………………………………………………………	173
5.2 建議…………………………………………………………………	176
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………….	177
附錄一……………………………………………………………………….	185
附錄二……………………………………………………………………….	189

 
表  目  錄

表2.1	泡沫點法量測相近開孔徑之織物的過濾行為結果	
	(Bhatia and Smith ,1991)………………………………………….	29
表2.2	地工織物滲透準則(Christopher and Fischer,1992)…………........	29
表2.3	無因次之水力傳導係數λp之整理表	
	(Williams et al , 1990 )…………………………………………….	30
表2.4	無因次之水力傳導係數λR之整理表	
	(Williams et al , 1990 )…………………………………………….	31
表2.5	FHWA之過濾排水、沖蝕控制之選材……………………………	32
表3.1	織物基本性質……………………………………………………..	69
表3.2	試驗土壤基本性質………………………………………………..	70
表3.3	分級玻璃珠粒徑一覽表…………………………………………..	70
表4.1	織物伸張試驗之張力變化表……………………………………..	125
表4.2	織物開孔徑試驗結果整理………………………………………..	125
表4.3	織物透水速率試驗結果整理……………………………………..	126
表4.4	試驗結果計算之GR值整理……………………………………...	127
表4.5	正規化GR值結果整理…………………………………………...	128
表4.6	土壤-織布A過濾試驗結果整理…………………………………	129
表4.7	土壤-織布B過濾試驗結果整理………………………………….	130
表4.8	土壤-不織布A過濾試驗結果整理………………………………	131
表4.9	土壤-不織布B過濾試驗結果整理……………………………….	132
表4.10	土壤-織物系統過濾試驗之最終GR值倍數……………………..	133
表4.11	土壤-織物系統過濾試驗之最終系統流量倍數…………………	133
表4.12	土壤-織物系統過濾試驗之最終土層滲透係數倍數……………	134
附表2.1	溫度校正因子……………………………………………………..	190

 
圖  目  錄

圖2.1	土壤顆粒與地工織物孔隙通道示意圖…………………………..	33
圖2.2	水銀滲入法量測之織物開孔徑分佈(Holtz and Luna ,1989)……	33
圖2.3	織物孔隙通道示意圖(Fischer ,1994)……………………………..	34
圖2.4	水力動力濕篩量測開孔徑分佈之儀器圖示(Fayoux,1977)……...	34
圖2.4	水力動力濕篩量測開孔徑分佈之儀器圖示(續) (Fayoux,1977)...	35
圖2.5	濕篩法試驗儀器圖示(Saathoff and Kohlhase ,1986)……………..	35
圖2.6	不同量測方法對針軋不織布之開孔徑分佈量測結果	
	(Smith ,1993)……………………………………………………….	36
圖2.7	阻塞機制圖(Rollin et al.,1988)…………………………………....	36
圖2.8	堵塞機制圖(Rollin et al.,1988)……………………………………	37
圖2.9	遮蔽機制圖(Rollin et al.,1988)……………………………………	37
圖2.10	土壤與地工織物界面層之階段變化(Mlynarek et al.,1991)……...	38
圖2.11	橋式架空結構(Mlynarek et al.,1991)……………………………...	39
圖2.12	圓拱架空結構(Mlynarek et al.,1991)……………………………...	39
圖2.13	典型土壤與地工織物系統之過濾行為(Lawson,1982)…………..	40
圖2.14	土壤與地工織物系統之長期滲透試驗行為(Rollin et al.,1985)…	41
圖2.15	電子顯微鏡下細菌或微生物附著於織物纖維之情形	
	(Mlynarek et al.,1995)……………………………………………...	42
圖2.16	GR值與沉泥含量關係圖(Haliburton and Wood,1982)…………...	43
圖2.17	隨時間變化之土壤水頭變化圖(Fannin et al.,1996)……………...	43
圖2.18	阻留準則試驗之土壤顆粒通過織物之重量(Fannin et al.,1996)...	44
圖2.19	黏土-織物系統阻留準則適用性探討試驗設置圖(Guler,1993)….	44
圖2.20	系統滲透係數與織物開孔徑關係圖(Guler,1993)………………..	45
圖2.21	織物伸張及未伸張之流率變化圖(Fourie and Kuchena , 1995)….	45
圖2.21	織物伸張及未伸張之流率變化圖(續) 	
	(Fourie and Kuchena , 1995)……………………………………….	46
圖2.22	地工砂袋從開底式駁船內落下之示意圖(程時杰,1999)………...	46
圖2.23	地工織物作為道路路基材料之分隔與加勁(摘自張達德,1995)...	47
圖2.24	地工織物作為鐵路路基材料之分隔層(摘自張達德,1995)……...	48
圖2.25	地工織物作為排水溝(管)之過濾層(摘自張達德,1995)…………	48
圖2.26	地工織物作為堤岸底層之分離保護(摘自張達德,1995)………...	49
圖2.27	不同水流狀況之地工織物護坡(摘自Lowson,1995)……………..	50
圖3.1	試驗項目…………………………………………………………...	71
圖3.2	研究試驗流程圖…………………………………………………...	72
圖3.3	試驗土壤之粒徑分佈曲線………………………………………...	73
圖3.4	改繪自ASTM D4595規範之地工織物寬幅拉伸試驗示意圖…...	73
圖3.5	織物拉伸試驗機示意圖…………………………………………...	74
圖3.6	織物拉伸試驗機照片……………………………………………...	74
圖3.7	地工織物透水速率試驗設備示意圖……………………………...	75
圖3.8	地工織物透水速率試驗設備照片………………………………...	75
圖3.9	地工織物開孔徑分佈量測試驗設備示意圖……………………...	76
圖3.10	地工織物開孔徑分佈量測試驗設備照片………………………...	76
圖3.11	ASTM D5101型式坡降比試驗透水儀示意圖…………………...	77
圖3.12	改良之坡降比試驗整體示意圖…………………………………...	78
圖3.13	改良之透水儀示意圖……………………………………………...	79
圖3.14	改良之之透水儀配件照片………………………………………...	80
圖3.15	改良之坡降比試驗整體示意圖…………………………………...	81
圖3.16	改良之透水儀示意圖……………………………………………...	82
圖3.17	改良之透水儀配件照片…………………………………………...	83
圖3.18	固定地工織物的流程……………………………………………...	84
圖3.19	地工織物伸張後之試體取樣過程照片…………………………...	85
圖3.20	地工織物透水速率試驗流程……………………………………...	86
圖3.21	地工織物之開孔徑量測試驗流程………………………………...	87
圖3.22	電子顯微鏡下放大50倍之玻璃珠顆粒………………………….	88
圖3.23	地工織物之坡降比試驗流程……………………………………...	89
圖4.1	織布A、B之張力與張應變關係…………………………………..	135
圖4.2	不織布A、B之張力與張應變關係………………………………..	135
圖4.3	織布A、B之張應變與極限張力百分比關係……………………	136
圖4.4	不織布A、B之張應變與極限張力百分比關係…………………..	136
圖4.5	織布A之開孔徑分佈曲線………………………………………...	137
圖4.6	織布A有效開孔徑與張應變之關係……………………………...	137
圖4.7	織布B之開孔徑分佈曲線………………………………………...	138
圖4.8	織布B有效開孔徑與張應變之關係……………………………...	138
圖4.9	不織布A之開孔徑分佈曲線……………………………………...	139
圖4.10	不織布A有效開孔徑與張應變之關係…………………………...	139
圖4.11	不織布B之開孔徑分佈曲線……………………………………...	140
圖4.12	不織布B有效開孔徑與張應變之關係…………………………..	140
圖4.13	顯微鏡下放大50倍的未伸張織布照片…………………………..	141
圖4.14	顯微鏡下放大50倍的伸張5％織布照片………………………..	141
圖4.15	顯微鏡下放大50倍的伸張10％織布照片……………………….	142
圖4.16	顯微鏡下放大50倍的伸張20％織布照片……………………….	142
圖4.17	未伸張織布長條示意圖…………………………………………...	143
圖4.18	織布長條伸張示意圖……………………………………………...	143
圖4.19	顯微鏡下放大50倍的未伸張不織布照片………………………..	144
圖4.20	顯微鏡下放大50倍的伸張5％不織布照片……………………...	144
圖4.21	顯微鏡下放大50倍的伸張10％不織布照片…………………….	145
圖4.22	顯微鏡下放大50倍的伸張20％不織布照片…………………….	145
圖4.23	織布A、B透水速率與張應變之關係……………………………..	146
圖4.24	織布A透水速率倍數與張應變關係……………………………...	147
圖4.25	織布B透水速率倍數與張應變關係……………………………...	147
圖4.26	不織布A、B之透水速率與張應變之關係………………………	148
圖4.27	不織布A透水速率倍數與張應變關係…………………………..	149
圖4.28	不織布B透水速率倍數與張應變關係…………………………...	149
圖4.29	土壤-織布A系統於各伸張應變下之GR值與延時關係………...	150
圖4.30	土壤-織布A系統於各伸張應變下之流率………………………..	151
圖4.31	土壤-織布A系統於各伸張應變下之滲透係數k13………………	152
圖4.32	土壤-織布A系統於各伸張應變下之滲透係數k35………………	153
圖4.33	土壤-織布B系統於各伸張應變下之GR值與延時關係………...	154
圖4.34	土壤-織布B系統於各伸張應變下之流率………………………..	155
圖4.35	土壤-織布B系統於各伸張應變下之滲透係數k13……………….	156
圖4.36	土壤-織布B系統於各伸張應變下之滲透係數k35……………….	157
圖4.37	土壤-不織布A系統於各伸張應變下之GR值與延時關係……...	158
圖4.38	土壤-不織布A系統於各伸張應變下之流………………………..	159
圖4.39	土壤-不織布A系統於各伸張應變下之滲透係數k13……………	160
圖4.40	土壤-不織布A系統於各伸張應變下之滲透係數k35……………	161
圖4.41	土壤-不織布B系統於各伸張應變下之GR值與延時關係……...	162
圖4.42	土壤-不織布B系統於各伸張應變下之流率……………………..	163
圖4.43	土壤-不織布B系統於各伸張應變下之滲透係數k13…………….	164
圖4.44	土壤-不織布B系統於各伸張應變下之滲透係數k35.....................	165
圖4.45	織布A之GR值倍數變化與張應變之關係………………………	166
圖4.46	織布B之GR值倍數變化與張應變之關係………………………	166
圖4.47	不織布A之GR值倍數變化與張應變之關係……………………	167
圖4.48	不織布B之GR值倍數變化與張應變之關係……………………	167
圖4.49	織布A之最終系統流量倍數變化與伸張應變之關係…………...	168
圖4.50	織布B之最終系統流量倍數變化與伸張應變之關係…………...	168
圖4.51	不織布A之最終系統流量倍數變化與伸張應變之關係………...	169
圖4.52	不織布B之最終系統流量倍數變化與伸張應變之關係………...	169
圖4.53	織布A系統之土層滲透係數倍數變化與伸張應變之關係……...	170
圖4.54	織布B系統之土層滲透係數倍數變化與伸張應變之關係……...	170
圖4.55	不織布A系統之土層滲透係數倍數變化與伸張應變之關係…...	171
圖4.56	不織布B系統之土層滲透係數倍數變化與伸張應變之關係…...	171
附圖1.1	標尺2校正…………………………………………………………	186
附圖1.2	標尺3校正…………………………………………………………	186
附圖1.3	標尺4校正…………………………………………………………	187
附圖1.4	標尺5校正…………………………………………………………	187
附圖1.5	標尺6校正…………………………………………………………	188
附圖1.6	標尺7校正…………………………………………………………	188

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