原子轉移自由基聚合法，是現今被廣泛研究的活性自由基聚合反應之ㄧ，活性自由基反應的優點是可以抑制自由基聚合反應所可能引發之自由基轉移及自由基的終止反應並避免副反應產生，並可以合成出分子量分布狹窄的產物。
    本研究以氯化亞銅與二甲基二口比 口 定  為觸媒系統，藉由觸媒的作用轉移氟原子以產生自由基去合成聚偏二氟乙烯與聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）的接枝共聚物。利用不同接枝量的共聚物與PMMA依不同比例以溶液混掺後製膜，再以溶液洗去PMMA，使薄膜形成多孔性結構。藉此二高分子不同的混掺比例及不同的乾式成膜條件，進而製備出具有奈米孔隙的多孔性薄膜。
    結果方面，在混掺比例PVDF/PMMA為65/35，接枝共聚物與PMMA呈現完全相溶的形態，經過溶劑移除另一連續相後，薄膜呈現相當均勻的奈米孔洞結構，孔徑約為15～20nm，且介電常數值亦大幅的下降。

Atomic transfer radical polymerization is one of the living radical polymerizations which is the extensive research of the quilt now.    
Excellences of the living radical polymerization are suppressing termination by radicals transfer and avoiding the side reactions during the process. And maintaining a relatively narrow molecular weight distribution.
In this studying, catalyst system is CuCl and DMDP, which transfers fluorine atom and produces radicals to synthesis graft copolymer of PVDF and PMMA. Make membrane by different percentage mixing graft copolymers and PMMA in solution blending. Membrane structures become porous after etching PMMA by solvent. Preparation of nano-porous membranes under different conditions.
Graft copolymer and PMMA display miscible under mixing proportion is 65/35 of PVDF and PMMA. Porous membranes have homogeneously pore diameter in the range of 15～20 nm. And dielectric constant value is also the decline by a wide range.

總目錄
誌謝.................................................................................................................	I
中文摘要.........................................................................................................	II
英文摘要.........................................................................................................	III
總目錄.............................................................................................................	IV
表目錄.............................................................................................................	IX
圖目錄.............................................................................................................	XI
第一章 緒論	
1.1 前言..........................................................................................................	1
1.2研究動機....................................................................................................	2
1.3 研究目的..................................................................................................	3
第二章 理論與文獻回顧	
2.1 低介電材料 (low dielectric materials)....................................................	4
2.2 聚偏二氟乙烯( poly(vinylidene fluoride)，PVDF)..................................	6
2.3 活性自由基聚合法..................................................................................	10
 2.3.1 穩定自由基聚合法 ( Stable Free Radical Polymerization，SFRP )...	12
2.3.2 可逆性加成－斷裂鏈轉移聚合法( Reversible Addition 	
      Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization，RAFT ).....................	12
 2.3.3 原子轉移自由基聚合法( Atomic Transfer Radical Polymerization， 
      ATRP)........................13
  2.3.3.1 由非勻相轉變至勻相....................................................................	15
  2.3.3.2 反應添加物及反應相的研究........................................................	16
2.4 高分子掺合體..........................................................................................	18
 2.4.1 掺合原理.............................................................................................	18
 2.4.2  Huggins-Flory Theory.......................................................................	20
2.5 高分子薄膜..............................................................................................	22
 2.5.1 乾式成膜法.........................................................................................	22
 2.5.2 乾式成膜機制.....................................................................................	23
 2.5.3 濕式成膜法.........................................................................................	24
 2.5.4 濕式成膜機制.....................................................................................	25
 2.5.5 轉化溫度.............................................................................................	27
2.6本研究的目的與創新性............................................................................	29
第三章 實驗流程及分析步驟	
3.1 聚偏二氟乙烯與聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯之接枝共聚物製備及
   分析......................................	30
 3.1.1  PVDF-g-PMMA之製備....................................................................	30
 3.1.2 PVDF-g-PMMA之分析.......................................................................	31
  3.1.2.1 重量分析........................................................................................	31
  3.1.2.2  傅利葉轉換紅外線光譜儀（FT-IR）.............................................	31
   3.1.2.2.1 定量分析（Quantitative Analysis）.............................................	31
   3.1.2.2.2 定性分析（Qualitative Analysis）...............................................	33
  3.1.2.3 微分掃描熱卡儀 (Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC).......	33
  3.1.2.4 熱重分析儀（Thermal Gravity Analyzer，TGA）..........................	34
  3.1.2.5 元素分析（Element analysis，EA）.................................................	34
  3.1.2.6 場放射掃描式電子顯微鏡（field emmission scanning electron 
        microscope, FESEM )........34
3.2 聚偏二氟乙烯與聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯之接枝共聚物反應實
   驗流程...................35
 3.2.1  不同接枝量的PVDF-g-PMMA之製備...........................................	35
 3.2.2  不同接枝量的PVDF-g-PMMA之分析...........................................	35
  3.2.2.1  動態機械分析儀（Dynamic mechanical analysis，DMA）...........	35
  3.2.2.2  電子旋轉共振儀（Electron Spin Resonance，ESR）.....................	35
3.3 接枝共聚物與聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯之掺混共聚物的薄膜製
   備及分析.........................37
 3.3.1  PVDF-g-PMMA與PMMA混掺物之製備.......................................	37
 3.3.2  多孔性薄膜之製備...........................................................................	37
 3.2.3  多孔性薄膜之分析..................................................	37
  3.2.3.1  動態機械分析儀（Dynamic mechanical analysis，DMA）..........	37
  3.2.3.2  場放射掃描式電子顯微鏡（field emmission scanning
         electron microscope, FESEM ).............................................38
  3.2.3.3  介電分析儀（Dielectric Analyzer， DEA）..................................	38
3.4 實驗藥品..................................	39
第四章 結果與討論	
4.1 以ATRP合成PVDF-g-PMMA................................................................	44
 4.1.1 定性分析（Qualitative Analysis）.........................................................	46
 4.1.2定量分析（Quantitative Analysis）........................................................	48
  4.1.2.1重量分析（Gravitational Analysis）.................................................	49
  4.1.2.2  FT-IR基線法（FT-IR calibration method）....................................	50
  4.1.2.3元素分析（Element analysis，EA）..................................................	51
 4.1.3 熱分析（Thermal Analysis）.................................................................	55
  4.1.3.1微分掃描熱卡儀 (Differential Scanning Calorimetry，DSC).........	55
  4.1.3.2熱重分析儀（Thermal Gravitational Analysis，TGA）.....................	59
 4.1.4場放射掃描式電子顯微鏡（field emmission scanning electron  
      microscope, FESEM ).....................64
4.2  ATRP動力學研究..................................................................................	67
 4.2.1 不同的反應溶劑及反應濃度系統.....................................................	68
 4.2.2 抑制劑與觸媒系統對聚合反應的影響.............................................	76
  4.2.2.1 抑制劑對聚合反應的影響............................................................	76
  4.2.2.2 觸媒系統對聚合反應的影響........................................................	78
 4.2.3電子旋轉共振儀（Electron Spin Resonance，ESR）.............................	80
 4.2.4動態機械分析儀（Dynamic Mechanical Analysis，DMA）..................	90
4.3 多孔性薄膜的配製..................................................................................	96
 4.3.1 掺合體的動態機械分析.....................................................................	98
 4.3.2 掺合體的相形態分析.........................................................................	103
 4.3.3 奈米多孔型薄膜之介電常數測試.....................................................	111
第五章 結論	
5.1  PVDF與PMMA接枝共聚物之合成....................................................	115
5.2  ATRP動力學研究..................................................................................	115
5.3 掺合體與多孔性薄膜之性質..................................................................	116
參考文獻.........................................................................................................	118




















表目錄
Table 3.1  Absorbance intensity of C=O / CF2  and grafting ratio………….	33
Table 3.2  Experiment materials……………………………………………...	39
Table 4.1  Characteristic Bands with Specific Vibrational Modes of PVDF &PMMA……………………………………………………….....	47
Table 4.2  Weight of compositions of polymers……………………………..
	49
Table 4.3  Weight of PMMA from graft and homo-polymers……………….	50
Table 4.4  Absorbance & graft ratio of copolymers by FT-IR………............. 	50
Table 4.5  Elemental Analyzer ( EA ) ……………………………………….	52
Table 4.6  Elemental Analyzer ( EA ) ……………………………………….	54
Table 4.7  DSC Results of PVDF and PVDF-g-PMMA……………………..	56
Table 4.8  Td of PVDF and PMMA and PVDF-g-PMMA…………………...	59
Table 4.9  Weight of compositions of polymers in different solvent by ATRP…..........................................................................................	70
Table 4.10  Effect of initial reactant concentration on grafting ratio…...........	73
Table 4.11  Weight of homopolymerization of MMA in DMF
        (100ppm~800ppm)……………………………………………...	77
Table 4.12  Weight of homopolymerization of MMA in DMF
           (800ppm~6400ppm)…………………………………………….	77
Table 4.13  Weight of compositions of polymers in different solvent.............	78
Table 4.14  Transition temperature of graft copolymers inDMF and NMP	
           system……………………………………………………….......	92
Table 4.15  Composition of copolymer(PVDF-g-PMMA) blend PMMA.......	96
Table 4.16  Transition temperature of graft copolymers and PVDF both 
           blend with PMMA........................................................................	98
Table 4.17  Data of etching………………………..........................................	105
Table 4.18  Data of SAXS…………………………........................................	105
Table 4.19  Data of etching………………......................................................	112
Table 4.20  Dielectic constsnt of various polymer……………...........………	112




























圖目錄
Figure 1.1  Relationship of delay time vs technology node………………...	2
Figure 2.1 （a）molecule structure of α，β，γ－PVDF	
         （b）observe molecule structure of α，β，γ－PVDF in a-b	
              Dimension ……………………………………..………….	7
Figure 2.2  Structure of PVDF molecular and unit cell forms:
          ( a ) and ( c )α-phase; ( b ) and (d) β-phase………………..……	9
Figure 2.3  Reaction mechanism of living free radical polymerization...…..	11
Figure 2.4  Reaction mechanism of stable free radical polymerization….....	12
Figure 2.5  Reaction mechanism of reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization…………………………………..	13
Figure 2.6  Reaction mechanism of atomic transfer radical polymerization….....……………………………………………	18
Figure 2.7  Apparatus of drying phase inversion………………………..….	23
Figure 2.8  Phase diagram of the mixtures of solvent and polymer……..…	23
Figure 2.9  Apparatus of wetting phase inversion……….…………………	24
Figure 2.10  Phase diagram of crystallo-polymer…………..………………	25
Figure 2.11  Structure of separation by liquid-liquid phase………………...	26
Figure 3.1  FT-IR spectra of  PVDF blend with PMMA…………….……	32
Figure 3.2  Diagram of C=O／CF2 vs grafting ratio…………………..…...	32
Figure 3.3  Flow chart of synthesis of PVDF-g-PMMA..………………….	40
Figure 3.4  Flow chart of extraction of PVDF-g-PMMA………..…………	41
Figure 3.5  Flow chart of synthesis of graft copolymer in different reaction
          times……………………………………...……………………..	42
Figure 3.6  Flow chart of graft copolymer blend with PMMA by different
          compositions………………………………...………………….	43
Figure 4.1  FT-IR spectrum of PVDF-g-PMMA，PVDF，PMMA，MMA….	48
Figure 4.2  Quantitative Analysis by weight and FT-IR calibration method.	51
Figure 4.3  Graft ratio compared with gravitational，FT-IR and EA…..…..	54
Figure 4.4  Diagram of DSC of  PVDF……………………….…………..	56
Figure 4.5  Diagram of DSC of  PVDF-g-PMMA in different reaction 
time...............................................................................................	57
Figure 4.6  T1 of  PVDF-g-PMMA in different reaction
 time…………………...................................................................	57
Figure 4.7  T2 of  PVDF-g-PMMA in different reaction time……….……	58
Figure 4.8  T3 of  PVDF-g-PMMA in different reaction time……….……	58
Figure 4.9   Diagram of TGA of FgMX…………………..………………..	60
Figure 4.10  Diagram of DTGA of FgMX……………………..…………...	60
Figure 4.11  Diagram of TGA of homo-PMMAX……………………….....	61
Figure 4.12  Diagram of DTGA of homo-PMMAX……………………..…	61
Figure 4.13  Diagram of TGA of commercial PMMA……………………..	62
Figure 4.14  Diagram of DTGA of commercial PMMA………………..…..	62
Figure 4.15  Diagram of TGA of PVDF………………..…………………..	63
Figure 4.16  Diagram of DTGA of PVDF.....................................................	63
Figure 4.17  SEM photomicrographs of the cross section of graft copolymer 50kX...............................................................................................	65
Figure 4.18  SEM photomicrographs of the cross section of graft 
copolymer…...............................................................................	66
Figure 4.19  SEM photomicrographs of the cross section of 12D138 
100kX….....................................................................................	66
Figure 4.20  Grafting ratio of graft copolymer in DMF and NMP 
system…….................................................................................	70
Figure 4.21  Conversion of MMA to homo-PMMA in DMF and NMP 
system.........................................................................................	71
Figure 4.22  Concentration of total polymers in DMF and NMP 
system….............................................................................……	71
Figure 4.23  Grafting ratio of PVDF-g-PMMA at different 
dilution………....................................................................…...	74
Figure 4.24  Grafting ratio of PVDF-g-PMMA at different 
dilution…....................................................................………...	74
Figure 4.25  Conversion of MMA at different 
dilution………...............................................…………………	75
Figure 4.26  Concentration of total polymers at different 
dilution………….................................................................…..	75
Figure 4.27  Concentration of total polymers of different reactant
           concentration..………………………………………………...	76
Figure 4.28  Conversion of MMA in different catalyst 
content………….............................................................……...	79
Figure 4.29 （a）ESR spectra recorded during the solution of PVDF / DMF/	
               [CuCl/DMDP] at 90 oC…………………………………..	82
Figure 4.29 （b）Diagram of intensity of copper(II) vs. time by PVDF / 
DMF/ [CuCl/DMDP] at 90 oC( 3229~3445G )…………..	82
Figure 4.30 （a）ESR spectra recorded during the solution of MMA / DMF/	
               [CuCl/DMDP] at 90 oC…………………………………..	83
Figure 4.30 （b）Diagram of intensity of copper(II) vs. time by MMA / DMF/[CuCl/DMDP] at 90 oC( 3301~3398G )……...……	83
Figure 4.31  ESR spectra recorded during the solution ATRP of MMA /
 NMP at 90 oC…………..........................................................…	85
Figure 4.32  Diagram of intensity of copper(II) vs. time by NMP system
           at 90 oC………….......................................................................	86
Figure 4.33  ESR spectra recorded during the solution ATRP of MMA / DMFat 90 oC…………….............................………………….	87
Figure 4.34  Diagram of intensity of copper(II) vs. time by DMF system at
           90 oC ( 3304~3362G )……..…………………………………..	88
Figure 4.35  ESR spectra recorded during the solution ATRP of MMA / DMF at 90 oC……………............…………………………….	88
Figure 4.36  Diagram of intensity of copper(II) vs. time by DMF	
           system at 90 oC ( 3304~3362G )……………............................	89
Figure 4.37  Diagram of intensity of copper(II) vs. time by DMF	
           system at 90 oC ( 3304~3362G )……....………………………	89
Figure 4.38  DMA spectra of PVDF ( Hylar 500 HP )…………………..…	93
Figure 4.39  Tanδ curves of PVDF-g-PMMA from -100oC to 50oC in
           DMF system………………..………………………………….	94
Figure 4.40  Tanδ curves of PVDF-g-PMMA from -100oC to 50oC in
           DMF system……………………..…………………………….	94
Figure 4.41  Tanδ curves of PVDF-g-PMMA from -70oC to 140oC in
           NMP system..………………………………..………………...	95
Figure 4.42  Phase diagram of PVDF-g-PMMA / PMMA / NMP……….....	97
Figure 4.43 （a）Tanδ curves of blend copolymer from -100oC to	
               140oC before etching…………………………..…………	100
Figure 4.43 （b）Tanδ curves of blend copolymer from -100oC to	
               140oC before etching………………………..……………	100
Figure 4.44  Loss modulus curves of blend copolymer from -100oC	
           to 140oC before etching……………………………..…………	101
Figure 4.45  Tanδ curves of PVDF blend with PMMA from -100oC to	
           before etching.............................................................................	101
Figure 4.46  Tanδ curves of PVDF blend with PMMA from -100oC to	
           before etching.............................................................................	102
Figure 4.47  Loss modulus curves of VDF blend with PMMA from -100oC	
           before etching.............................................................................	102
Figure 4.48  SEM photomicrographs of top section of blend copolymer before etching 50Kx………...…………………………………	106
Figure 4.49  SEM photomicrographs of cross section of blend copolymer
           before etching 100kX…………………………..……………...	107
Figure 4.50  SEM photomicrographs of top section of blend copolymer after etching 50kX…………..…………………………………	108
Figure 4.51  SEM photomicrographs of cross section of blend copolymer after etching 100kX…………..………………………………..	109
Figure 4.52  SEM photomicrographs of blend copolymer after etching 
200kX.........................................................................................	110
Figure 4.53  DEA diagram of PVDF( Hylar 500 HP )and PMMA( 205 ).…	113
Figure 4.54  DEA diagram of BC7030、BC6535、BC6040 before etching…	114
Figure 4.55  DEA diagram of BC7030、BC6535、BC6040 after etching….	114

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