本研究利用溶液摻混與熔融摻混法製備生物可分解塑膠聚羥基丁酯與澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯PHB/PVAc-modified Starch聚掺合體，探討其相容性並測量其性質，因為PHB成本過高，於是藉著摻合同樣具有生物可分解性但價格便宜的澱粉以大幅降低成本。而為了增加澱粉和PHB的相容性，於是將和PHB相容的PVAc接枝到澱粉上，為了增加接枝比值，將硝酸銨鈰起始劑溶解在不同濃度之硝酸溶液中，探討硝酸濃度對單體轉化率，接枝效率和接枝比值的影響。將接枝比值最高(0.223)的改質澱粉(SV3)直接和PHB以不同比例進行摻混，以TGA測定聚掺合體之熱裂解溫度、DSC觀察玻璃轉移溫度(Tg)、結晶溫度(Tc)和熔點(Tm)、DMA測定Tg及固態機械性質、並以SEM觀察聚摻合物相形態。結果發現在0.5M之硝酸溶液中，單體轉化率和接枝比値都達到最高，分別為93.6%和0.223。另外也測量了接枝產物的熱轉移性質、熱重損失及分子量。
    由DSC和DMA測試得知所有不同組成的PHB/SV3摻混系統都呈現單一Tg，同時Tg隨著SV3比例的增加而增加，因此PHB和SV3為一相容系統，利用Gordon-Taylor方程式去描述PHB/PVAc及溶液摻混和熔融摻混之PHB/SV3 (SV3為澱粉接枝PVAc產物)的Tg和組成之關係，均能符合，所求出之參數k值分別為0.87、0.32和0.35。TGA測試結果顯示掺合體是呈現出三階段的熱裂解行為，各階段主要是由PHB及SV3所表現出來的裂解行為，第一階段為PHB成份的熱裂解，微分裂解峯溫度都在288~305 oC之間，隨著SV3組成的增加而增加，第二階段及第三階段熱裂解則是由SV3成分所造成，焦碳殘餘量則隨著SV3比例之增加而增加，由DMA測試得知在25oC時PHB的儲存模數為3.12GPa，而SV3的儲存模數為1.49GPa；PHB/SV3聚掺合體的模數則隨著SV3組成的增加而下降，另外隨著SV3組成的增加，掺合體的損耗正切峯面積亦隨之增加，顯示材料的韌性因為添加了澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯而增加。改善了原先PHB的脆性。

In this study, the preparation and properties of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate(PHB) blended with modified soluble starch are discussed.  PHB is hard and brittle due to its high degree of crystallinity and high melting point.  Therefore, it is desirable to blend PHB with other polymers to improve its toughness and processing window.  In order to increase the miscibility between PHB and starch, vinyl acetate monomer was graft polymerized onto starch with a redox initiator, cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN).  CAN was dissolved in varying concentration of nitric acid to discuss its impact on the monomer conversion, grafting ration and grafting efficiency and to find the optimum grafting ratio.  The maximum monomer conversion and grafting ratio were 93.6% and 0.223, respectively, in this study.  The composition prepared in this research are as follows: PHB/SV3 =100/0, 80/20, 60/40 , 40/60 , 20/80, 0/100 (SV3 is the reaction product and its grafting ratio is 0.223). Thermal degradation behavior was analyzed by thermal gravimetric analysis, the glass transition temperature Tg and the degree of crystallization of the blends were observed by differential scanning calorimetry. The dynamic mechanical properties of blends were analyzed and their morphology were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy.

總目錄
中文摘要..................................................................................................	I
英文摘要..................................................................................................	III
目錄..........................................................................................................	IV
表目錄......................................................................................................	VIII
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………..	X
第一章、序論............................................................................................	1
第二章、文獻回顧………………………………………………………	2
2.1PHB的簡介…………………………................................................	2
2.2澱粉簡介…………………………………………............................	4
2.2.1澱粉的來源及結構……………………………………………….	4
2.2.2 澱粉的性質……………………………........................................	10
2.2.3 澱粉的改質………………………………………………………	16
2.3熱塑性澱粉…………………………………………………………	19
2.4 澱粉合膠…………………………………………………………...	21
2.5高分子聚摻合物................................................................................	26
2.5.1摻合方法.........................................................................................	26
2.5.2聚摻合體之相容性……………………………………………….	28
2.5.3 相容劑在摻合物中的應用............................................................	36
2.6 PHB/starch 摻合系統.......................................................................	39
2.7 PHB/PVAc摻合系統……………………………………………….	40
2.8 PHB摻合系統...................................................................................	43
第三章、材料與方法……………………………………………………	48
3.1實驗材料............................................................................................	48
3.2實驗設備與分析儀器........................................................................	51
3.3 實驗步驟...........................................................................................	53
3.3.1澱粉-聚醋酸乙烯酯接枝共聚合體的合成………………………	53
3.3.2 計算接枝比值與接枝效率………………………………………	55
3.3.3 分離接枝側鏈................................................................................	56
3.3.4 試片製備與組成代號說明............................................................	56
3.3.5 溶解度表........................................................................................	57
3.3.6利用溶液混摻法製備PHB/PVAc-modified Starch聚掺合體…..	58
3.3.7利用熔融混煉法製備PHB/ PVAc-modified Starch聚掺合體….	58
3.3.8熱壓成膜.........................................................................................	59
3.4 材料測試與分析...............................................................................	61
3.4.1熱重損失測試（TGA）.....................................................................	61
3.4.2示差掃描卡計量測（DSC）............................................................	61
3.4.3動態機械分析儀測試（DMA）........................................................	61
3.4.4場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡(FESEM)形態觀察…………………..	62
3.4.5傅利葉轉換紅外線光譜儀(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, FT-IR)...............................62
3.4.6凝膠層析儀(Gel Permeation Chromatography ; GPC)…………...	63
第四章、結果與討論................................................................................	64
4.1水溶性澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯聚合反應…………………………	64
4.1.1反應機構.........................................................................................	64
4.1.2接枝聚合反應產物結構分析.........................................................	67
4.1.3 SEM型態觀察................................................................................	70
4.1.4單體的總轉化率、接枝效率及接枝比値.......................................	73
4.1.5分子量測定.....................................................................................	77
4.1.6熱重損失測試（TGA）.....................................................................	78
4.1.7玻璃轉移溫度(DSC).......................................................................	83
4.2 PHB/Soluble starch摻混系統............................................................	85
4.3 PHB/PVAc摻混系統…………………………………………….....	88
4.4 PVAc/Soluble Starch摻混系統.........................................................	98
4.5 PHB/PVAc-modified Starch摻混系統..............................................	100
4.5.1 溶液摻混(PHB/SV3).....................................................................	100
4.5.1.1 熱轉移性質(DSC)......................................................................	100
4.5.1.2熱重損失測試（TGA）..................................................................	106
4.5.1.3動態機械性質（DMA）.................................................................	108
4.5.2 熔融摻合(PHB/SV3).....................................................................	114
4.5.2.1 NPHB結構分析...........................................................................	114
4.5.2.2 NPHB熱性質...............................................................................	120
4.5.2.3熔融摻混條件..............................................................................	123
4.5.2.4聚摻合體熱轉移溫度(DSC)........................................................	124
4.5.2.5熱重損失測試（TGA）..................................................................	130
4.5.2.6動態機械性質（DMA）.................................................................	133
第五章、結論............................................................................................	137
第六章、建議事項………………………………………………………	138
第七章、參考文獻....................................................................................	139















表目錄
表2-1 澱粉的化學組成……………...................................................	5
表2-2 反應型與非反應相容劑的優缺點…………………………...	38
表2-3 PHB與不同摻合體的相容性…………………………………	47
表3-1 CAN溶解在不同HNO3濃度時所獲得的聚合反應物代號….	56
表3-2 PHB與澱粉在不同溶劑的溶解情形…………………............	57
表3-3 PHB/ SV3聚掺合體組成…………………...............................	58
表4-1 Starch的主要官能基之特性吸收峰…………………………..	69
表4-2 PVAc的主要官能基之特性吸收峰…………………………...	69
表4-3不同硝酸濃度下澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯的轉化率(X,%) 接枝效率(GE,%)與接枝比値(GR)…………………………………75
表4-4 硝酸銨鈰溶解在不同硝酸濃度下的反應產物中PVAc單聚合體與接枝共聚合體的接枝的PVAc側鏈(g-PVAc)之分子量……..77
表4-5 澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯反應產物中，藉由丙酮萃取的PVAc單聚合體及澱粉接枝PVAc共聚合體(St-g-PVAc)的熱裂解溫度….79
表4-6 澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯共聚物萃取後其玻璃轉移溫度…...	83
表4-7 PHB /Soluble starch摻合體系統的熱轉移溫度及熔解熱…...	87
表4-8 PHB /PVAc摻合體系統的轉移溫度和熔解熱……………….	90
表4-9 PVAc/Soluble Starch摻合體系統的玻璃轉移溫度…………..	98
表4-10 PHB/SV3聚摻合體組成(wt%)……………………………… 	102
表4-11 PHB /SV3聚摻合體系統的轉移溫度和熔解熱.....................	103
表4-12 PHB/SV3聚掺合體裂解溫度和焦碳殘量…………………..	107
表4-13 PHB/SV3摻合體系統於25oC的儲存模數………………….	110
表4-14 PHB/SV3摻合體系統的玻璃轉移溫度……………………..	112
表4-15Aldrich的PHB與南天的NPHB之NMR分析結果…………	115
表4-16 Aldrich的PHB與NPHB粉末的物性表…………………….	122
表4-17 NPHB /SV3摻合體系統的轉移溫度和熔解熱…………….. 	127
表5-18 NPHB/SV3聚掺合體裂解溫度和焦碳殘量...........................	131
表4-19 NPHB/SV3摻合體系統於25oC的儲存模數………………..	134
表4-20 NPHB/SV3摻合體系統的玻璃轉移溫度(tanδ峯溫度)…….	136















圖目錄
圖2-1 PHA胞內合成示意圖…………………………………………..	3
圖2-2 (a)直鏈 (b)支鏈的化學結構……………………………………	6
圖2-3 澱粉顆粒微結構之示意圖……………………………………..	8
圖2-4  A、B與C型澱粉之X-ray繞射圖……………………………	9
圖2-5支鏈澱粉分子鏈長DP 9 和DP 18 與回凝熱焓值的相關性…	13
圖2-6 澱粉雙螺旋結構………………………………………………..	15
圖2-7 單螺旋擠壓機………............................19
圖2-8 澱粉顆粒熔融裂解的狀態模型示意圖………………………..	20
圖2-9 澱粉的糊化程序………………………………………………..	22
圖2-10 熱分析儀器示意圖……………………………………………	29
圖2-11 在DSC圖中玻璃轉移溫度對相容性的關係………………..	31
圖3-1 減壓蒸餾示意圖………………………………………………..	50
圖3-2 反應示意圖……………………………………………………..	54
圖3-3 PHB/( PVAc-modified Starch)聚掺合體製備之流程與分析…..	60
圖4-1水溶性澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯其反應機構(a)接枝共聚合反應 (b)PVAc單聚合反應………………………………………………	66
圖4-2澱粉、萃取之PVAc單聚合體及St-g-PVAc接枝共聚合體接枝的FTIR圖譜…………………………………………………………	68
圖4-3水溶性澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯的乳膠顆粒(SV3)SEM圖譜(a)×30000；(b)×50000；(c)×100000；(d)×200000…………....................	72
圖4-4單體轉化率對硝酸濃度的關係圖……………………………...	75
圖4-5接枝比值對硝酸濃度的關係圖………………………………...	76
圖 4-6不同反應系統中，藉由丙酮萃取出之聚醋酸乙烯酯單聚合體之TGA(a) 和DTG(b)圖形………………………………………….	81
圖 4-7水溶性澱粉及澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(St-g-PVAc)之TGA(a) 和DTG(b)圖形………………………………………………..	82
圖 4-8 PVAc的熱裂解機構.............................	78
圖 4-9澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯反應產物中，藉由丙酮萃取出的PVAc單聚合體的DSC圖(二次升溫曲線,10oC/min)…………………	84
圖4-10 PHB /Soluble starch聚摻合體系統的DSC圖……………….	87
圖4-11 PHB /PVAc聚摻合體系統的DSC圖…………………………	90
圖4-12 利用Fox和Gordon-Taylor equation去描述PHB /PVAc摻合系統的Tg和組成的關係……………………………………………	91
圖4-13 PHB/PVAc聚摻合體系統的轉移溫度和組成關係圖………..	92
圖4-14 PHB /PVAc聚摻合體系統的截面SEM圖(5000倍)…………	94
圖4-15 PHB /PVAc聚摻合體系統的截面SEM圖(10000倍)……….	95
圖4-16 PHB /PVAc = 40/60的截面SEM圖 (a) 蝕刻前(3×104倍) (b) 蝕刻後(3×104倍) (c) 蝕刻前(5×104倍) (d) 蝕刻後(5×104倍)……….	96
圖4-17 PHB /PVAc = 20/80的截面SEM圖 (a) 蝕刻前(3×104倍) (b) 蝕刻後(3×104倍) (c) 蝕刻前(5×104倍)  (d) 蝕刻後(5×104倍) ….....	97
圖4-18 PVAc/Soluble Starch聚摻合體系統的DSC圖………………	99
圖4-19 PHB/SV3聚摻合體系統的DSC圖……………………………	103
圖 4-20利用Gordon-Taylor equation去描述PHB/SV3摻合系統的Tg和組成的關係，SV3為澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯反應產物，接枝比值為0.223，接枝效率為12.5%……………………………………	104
圖4-21 PHB/SV3聚摻合體的轉移溫度和組成的關係。SV3為澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯反應產物，接枝比值為0.223，接枝效率為12.5%	
105
圖4-22不同組成PHB/SV3聚掺合體之TGA圖。SV3為澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯反應產物，接枝比值為0.223，接枝效率為12.5%.........107
圖 4-23不同組成之PHB/SV3系統之儲存模數和溫度關係圖……..	110
圖4-24不同組成之PHB/SV3系統之損耗模數和溫度關係圖，SV3為澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯反應產物，接枝比值為0.223，接枝效率為12.5%.........................................111
圖 4-25不同組成之PHB/SV3系統之損耗正切和溫度關係圖….......	112
圖4-26利用Gordon-Taylor equation去描述PHB/SV3摻合系統的Tg和組成的關係，SV3為澱粉接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯反應產物，接枝比值為0.223，接枝效率為12.5%.............................................113
圖4-27 Aldrich的PHB1H-NMR圖…………………………….............	116
圖4-28 NPHB的1H-NMR圖………………………………………......	116
圖4-29 Aldrich PHB的13C-NMR圖…...................................................	117
圖4-30 NPHB的13C-NMR圖…………...............................................	117
圖4-31 Aldrich的PHB與南天NPHB粉末的ATR-FTIR圖…………	119
圖4-32 Aldrich的PHB與NPHB粉末的DSC圖……………………	121
圖4-33 Aldrich的PHB與NPHB粉末的TGA圖……………………	122
圖4-34 NPHB/SV3聚摻合體系統的DSC圖……….............................	127
圖 4-35利用Gordon-Taylor equation去描述NPHB/SV3摻合系統的Tg和組成的關係…………………………………………………….....	128
圖4-36 NPHB/SV3聚摻合體的轉移溫度和組成的關係…………….	129
圖4-37不同NPHB/SV3聚掺合體之TGA圖…………………………	131
圖4-38不同NPHB/SV3聚掺合體DTG圖形…………………………	132
圖 4-39不同組成之NPHB/SV3系統之儲存模數和溫度關係圖……	134
圖 4-40不同組成之NPHB/SV3系統之損耗模數和溫度關係圖……	135
圖4-41不同組成之NPHB/SV3系統之損耗正切和溫度關係圖……	136

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