本論文的目的是以社會建構的角度呈現日本與台灣對於國防及防災政策在優勢互補活動上的有效性及必要性。
本論文的文獻主要是來自質化及二次性的資料如:書籍、雜誌記事、學術論文、政府文件及電子平台。本論文作者將上述的文獻分成五大類。根據這些資料，日本及台灣的災難在大規模的地震及由豪雨、地球暖化所造成的都市災害上有許多共同點。然而，回溯到兩國的歷史及文化，日本和台灣在安全政策上有不同的思考方式。
日本及台灣民眾面臨了自然災害及脆弱性的威脅。因此，應在世界上建立起擁有抗災復原能力和安全的社區。
本研究以Alexander Wendt所提倡的社會建構方式探討優勢互補的有效性。再者，作者實施了個案研究以探討人們在災難防範上企業社會責任意識的改變(CSR)。
政府當局認為制定政策是重要的，因此人民將會被賦予增進災難防範的能力。”Fundamental Plan for National Resilience”(國土強韌化計畫)是日本眾多計畫之一；在日本重大災害不斷地發生，政府及民間企業應該採取BCP　(業務連續性計劃)以達到優勢互補的效果。
台灣由於飽受地震災害之苦，根據國防法，學校及地方政府實行國防教育和全民國防動員法。台灣政府也制定政策解決地震所帶來的問題。雖然日本及台灣政府對於災害防治制定了政策，但是這些政策都似乎未達效果。
在BCP的範疇下，保護人民安全即是確保所有關係者的安全。以企業社會責任中防災的觀點而言，企業應加強區域災難防範因此人民才能經由企業所提供的災難防範教育以增快災後重建的速度。本研究對於災難防範上提出了PDCP　(Proposal, Do, Check, Publication)循環機制以利企業善盡社會責任。
企業及政府都應盡到國家安全的義務。此義務和優勢互補活動的防衛教育與日本及台灣災難防範上有強烈相關性。以社會建構的觀點考量文化、認同、利益、角色及政策是必要的。

The purpose of this research is to present the effectiveness and necessity of mutually complementary activities of education in Japan and Taiwan's defense and disaster prevention policy. It is clarified from the viewpoint of social constructivism.
The literature used in this study is mainly qualitative and secondary materials of books, journal articles, research papers, government documents, electronic platforms. They organize them into five main structure.  From these documents, disaster in Japan and Taiwan is homogeneous, especially large-scale earthquake disasters and urban disasters caused by torrential rains caused by global warming. However, in Japan and Taiwan, the way of thinking and policy on safety are different. It can be seen from the difference in history and culture that Japan and Taiwan have traced.
The various threats of Japan and Taiwan are not limited to natural disasters. It is also required by the world to establish a resilient community that clarifies each vulnerability and complements it.
This research explored the effectiveness of mutually complementary activities by utilizing the analysis tool of Alexander Wendt advocating social constructivism. In addition, we investigated changes in people's consciousness from disaster prevention CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities that are case studies conducted by the author.　
Each government considered that it is important for each policy to promote improvement of the disaster prevention ability of all people. In Japan, various efforts are undertaken against the background of the government's toughening policy, and in recent years large-scale disasters have been occurring continuously in Japan, so it is said that the utilization of BCP (Business Continuity Plan) of a company makes complementary effects effective the public and private sectors tend to be united and active.
In Taiwan, the nation led the national defense law, consistent education in schools and areas such as the whole national defense education and the civil defense mobilization law etc. are carried out. Taiwan has also experienced large earthquakes one after the other and various policies have been born. However, although both have policies, it turns out that it can’t be said that there are not necessarily enough results to say.
Protecting people's safety is seen in securing the safety of stakeholders within the company's BCP. From the perspective of disaster prevention CSR, companies will contribute to the development of resilient people by working on local disaster prevention. It will also pursue that it will lead to establishing a resilient community. This research proposes a PDCP cycle of disaster prevention CSR as a mechanism to induce corporate CSR activities.
The effectiveness of mutually complementary activities of education in defense and disaster prevention policies of Japan and Taiwan is related to the roles of enterprises and the role of individuals as a process of establishing national security.　Especially when organizing the formulation and practice of BCP, it is desirable to consider based on the analysis framework of constructivism from the viewpoint of each culture, identity, profit, role and policy. It has been clarified from the viewpoint of social constructivism.

Table of Contents 
Acknowledgements	ii
Abstract	v
Table of Contents	viii
List of Figure	xv
List of Table	xviii
List of Acronyms	xix
Chapter Ⅰ Introduction	1
1.1. Research background	1
1.2. Research motive and objective	3
1.2.1. Research motive	3
1.2.2. Research Objectives	8
1.3. Literature review	11
1.3.1. Social Constructivism	12
1.3.2. Business Continuity Plan	22
1.3.3. Japan’s Disaster Prevention System	27
1.3.4.　Japan’s Civil Protection	29
1.3.5.　Taiwan’s All-Out Defense and Education System	32
1.4. Research approach and method	36
1.4.1. Classification and Comparison of Social constructivism	36
1.4.2. “BCP”, “BCM”, “BCMS” and “ISO 23301” as a global standard--Comparison of characteristics and roles of each--	36
1.4.3. Relation to disaster prevention system in Japan and protection of citizens	37
1.4.4. Taiwan's All-Out Defense and Education Act	38
1.4.5. Organization of research activities of i-tec 24 as a case study	39
1.5. Research scope and constraint	41
1.5.1. The research scope	41
1.5.2. Research constraints	46
1.6. Framework of research and chapter arrangement	47
1.6.1. Research framework	47
Chapter Ⅱ Theory of Social Constructivism and BCP	52
2.1. Concept and meaning of social constructivism	52
2.1.1. Historical background of social constructivism	52
2.1.2 Three major theory of modern international relations theory-- -Realism · Liberalism · Constructivism ---	53
2.1.3. The development of social constructivism: Form a mainstream school	55
2.1.4 Process and structural change	56
2.1.5. Constructive Communicators	60
2.2.  Idea content of Business Continuity Plan (BCP)	82
2.2.1. History of introduction and development of BCP	83
2.2.2. Evolution of BCP, BCM, BCMS-- Development from ISO 22301 to ISO 22316--	87
2.2.3. Standards, guidelines, organizations etc. for each country Five organizations leading the development of BCP	87
2.2.4. UK trends	95
2.2.5. US trends	97
2.3. Relationship between Social Constructivism and BCP	105
Chapter Ⅲ Japan’s National security and disaster prevention policy	109
3.1. Japan’s national security concept and policy	109
3.1.1. Concept of security	109
3.1.2. Outline of the national security strategy	110
3.1.3. Human security	113
3.1.4. Human security as the 21st century international cooperation philosophy	115
3.1.5. Policies and issues	116
3.2. Japan’s national disaster prevention ideas and policy	118
3.2.1. From voluntary disaster prevention organization to voluntary civil defense	118
3.2.2. Approach civil protection in other Countries	120
3.2.3. Safety consciousness	123
3.2.4. Mechanism of Civil Protection	126
3.2.5. Mechanism of Emergency Response Matters Act	144
3.2.6. SDF and civil protection	147
3.2.7. Government's efforts on emergency affairs legislation	152
3.3. The role of BCP in Japan’s disaster prevention policy	160
3.3.1. History of Japanese disasters	165
3.3.2. Japan's disaster management system	166
3.3.3. The role of BCP in Japan’s disaster prevention policy	167
3.3.4. Basic Act for National Resilience	173
Chapter Ⅳ Japan’s BCP mechanism and deployment	181
4.1. Japan’s BCP policy and rule	181
4.1.1. Trends in BCP in Japan	181
4.2. Japan’s BCP deployment mechanism	193
4.2.1. Status of BCP formulation	193
4.2.2. Relationship between BCM and conventional disaster prevention activities in companies	198
4.2.3.  BCP formulation requirements	202
4.3.  Japan’s BCP case studies	209
4.3.1.  Business continuity plan of national central ministries and agencies	209
4.3.2. BCP of Regional	217
4.3.3. BCP formulation situation and case Humax Co., and Ltd. i-tec 24	218
Chapter Ⅴ Taiwan ‘s National Security and Disaster Prevention Policy	226
5.1. Taiwan’s national security policy and All-Out defense thinking	227
5.1.1. National Security Thinking and Security Report	228
5.1.2. Second, the national security policy and the four-year national defense inspection report	238
5.1.3. National Security Mechanism and National Defense Report	248
5.2. Taiwan’s All-Out disaster prevention policy and mechanism	258
5.2.1. Research on National Security Strategy	258
5.2.2. All-Out Defense Education	269
5.2.3. All-Out Defense Training	273
5.3. Taiwan’s disaster prevention case studies	283
5.3.1. National Security Report Feedback	283
5.3.2. National security education feedback	291
5.3.3. National security report and education feedback	293
Chapter Ⅵ Comparison social disaster prevention system between Japan and Taiwan	306
6.1．Taiwan's National Security and Disaster Concept	306
6.1.1. History and organizational structure of disaster prevention organization in Taiwan	307
6.1.2. Comparison and Analysis disaster prevention and rescue mechanism between Japan and Taiwan	310
6.2. Planning and progress of Taiwan's defense mobilization and disaster prevention and rescue system	314
6.2.1. Discussion on the Operation of Participating and Defending Mobilization Mechanism in Taiwan	314
6.2.2 Military mobilization function to ensure national security and people's happiness	319
6.2.3. The advancement of the All-out Defense Mobilization and disaster prevention and rescue system in Taiwan	323
6.3.  BCP case study between Japan and Taiwan	325
6.3.1. BCP policy and formulation situation in Taiwan	326
6.3.2. Efforts to spread BCP of Japanese companies	328
Chapter　Ⅶ Conclusion	335
7.1. Research conclusion and outcome	335
7.2. Research finding and assessment	338
7.3. Future development and suggestion	341
7.3.1 Future work	343
7.3.2 Learning from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake	345
7.3.3 Tokyo Inland Earthquake and Nankai Trough Earthquake Countermeasures	346
7.3.4 Analysis of data that serves as the basis for improvement measures and proposals	348
7.3.5. Specific improvement measures and new proposals	357
7.3.6.  Management of disaster prevention CSR organization	358
7.3.7. If it is disaster prevention CSR, the mechanism for getting to know will be needed for the next execution.	360
Bibliography	363













List of Figure
Figure 1 : Research Framework	47
Figure 2 Collective Identity Construction	59
Figure 3 Structure and Process of International Communicators	60
Figure 4 Five Integration Road Maps of the Research on the National Security Culture of the Constructivism of Kazanstan	61
Figure 5 Taiwan's National Security Strategy Analysis Framework	64
Figure 6 Social Constructivist Cultural Cognitive Structure	72
Figure 7  Augmenting business continuity	87
Figure 8　 Systematization of familiar security	125
Figure 9　 Cabinet Office Disaster Response Mechanism	132
Figure 10　Scope of Cases involved in the crisis management department	137
Figure 11　Mechanism for protection of citizens in armed attack situations	138
Figure 12 Evacuation System	139
Figure 13 Relief System	140
Figure 14  Response to an Armed Attack	140
Figure 15　Roles of Designated Public Institutions	141
Figure 16 Cooperation of the people	142
Figure 17  Measures Concerning Peoples' Rights and Duties	142
Figure 18  Characteristics of Armed Attack Situations	143
Figure 19 Major communication systems employed for civil protection during armed attack situation etc.	151
Figure 20 Disaster Prevention and Civil Protection	157
Figure 21 Countermeasures Common to All disaster Types	167
Figure 22 Development of business Continuity Plans by local Governments	169
Figure 23 Development of business Continuity Plans by local Governments	171
Figure 24 The Concept of Risk Management Concerning Natural Disasters	173
Figure 25 Community Disaster Management Plan Guidelines 1.	177
Figure 26 Standing position of the Community Disaster Management Plan in the Disaster management system.	180
Figure 27 Comprehensive disaster management system for minimizing negative impact	182
Figure 28   Image of BCP	187
Figure 29 What is BCP	189
Figure 30  Concept of Business Continuity Plan	191
Figure 31 Conceptual diagram of BCP in cases of gradual and long-term damage	192
Figure 32 Continuous improvement (Flow of Good Practice in Business Continuity)	193
Figure 33 Status of formulation of BCP	194
Figure 34 Solution plan for next generation BCP formulation and management Condition of Success	195
Figure 35  If the manager (representative) becomes absent due to unforeseen circumstances, is there an alternative person	197
Figure 36: Example of an earthquake ready office	206
Figure 37 The implementation of BCP	208
Figure 38: Implement training for employees on BCP and disaster prevention activities	208
Figure 39 i-tec24 Questionnaire survey 1	222
Figure 40 i-tec24 Questionnaire survey 2	223
Figure 41 i-tec24 Questionnaire survey 3	224
Figure 42 National Security Report Feedback	291
Figure 43  National Security Education Feedback	292
Figure 44 National Security Report and Education Feedback	303
Figure 45  Taiwan National disaster prevention and rescue system architecture map	309
Figure 46   Disaster processing flow chart	317
Figure 47  Cycle of Constructivism	335
Figure 48 Collective Identity Construction	336
Figure 49  Comparison and subsidiarity of safety culture between Taiwan and Japan	337
Figure 50  Formation of intercity collective identity	338
Figure 51   Formation of collective identity between government and enterprise	339
Figure 52  Formation and maintenance of a resilient society based on social constructivism	340
Figure 53 Formulation of Company’s disaster prevention plan and BCP	351
Figure 54 Cooperation between companies and regions	352
Figure 55  Conclusion rate of Assistance of the cooperation between a company and the government during disasters	353
Figure 56  People's Consciousness and Behavior after the Disaster1.	356
Figure 57  People's Consciousness and Behavior after the Disaster 2.	356
Figure 58 Measures to create a disaster- resilience society	358
Figure 59   PDCP for disaster prevention system	359


 
List of Table
Table 1 Category of Literature review	12
Table 2  Three major theory of modern international relations theory	55
Table 3 The concept and context of Business Continuity	94
Table 4  Top five concerns through the years	104
Table 5  Emergency response situation	144
Table 6  Differences in thinking about safety between Japanese and the European	162
Table 7  District Disaster Planning Guidelines 1.	178
Table 8  Representative examples of advance and post-action measures (in case of earthquake countermeasures)	184
Table 9 Comparison Company's  Disaster Management and BCM	199
Table 10 US National Security Strategy and Report Development List	285
Table 11  National Security Strategy Report, National Security Policy (Defense Policy) Report and National Security Mechanism Report Comparison Table	289
Table 12  Comparison and analysis of disaster prevention and rescue mechanisms between Japan and Taiwan	311
Table 13  Corporate disaster prevention business	329










List of Acronyms
ACT            　American Council for Technology
AD              	Anno Domini
Ad Council     Advertising Council
ANSI/NFPA   American Standards Institute/National Fire Protection Association
BC           	 Business Continuity
BCI           	Business Continuity Institute
BCM      	Business Continuity Management
BCMS     	Business Continuity Management System
BCP      	Business Continuity Planning
BS25999    	British Standard 25999
BSI         	British Standards Institution
CAT Bond     	Catastrophe Bond
CCP 		Chinese Communist Party
COOP     	Continuity of Operations
CPC           	Communist Party of China
CSR     	Corporate Social Responsibility
CSRV           	Corporate Social Responsibility Value
CSV           	Creating Shared Value
DHS         	Department of Homeland Security
DPP            	Democratic Progressive Party
DR          	Disaster Recovery
DRII         	Disaster Recovery Institute International
DRP          	Disaster Recovery Plan 
EO           	 Executive Order
EOC          	Emergency Operations Center
FCDA          	Federal Civil Defense Administration
FEMA        	Federal Emergency Management Agency
FY             	Fiscal Year
G20           	Group of Twenty
GAO          	Government Accountability Office
GDP      	Gross Domestic Product
GIIASS   	Graduate Institute of International Affairs and Strategic Studies
GSA           	General Service Administration
HB211,2001    Occupational health and safety management systems - 					A guide it AS 4801 for small business
IAB           	Intergovernmental Advisory Board
IBHS         	Institute for Business & Home Safety ICT         	Information and Communication Technology
IEC            	International Electrotechnical Communication
IR               	Investor Relations
IR               	International Relations
ISO              	International Organization for Standardization
IT                 	Information Technology
J.C.S             	Joint Chiefs of Staff
KMT             	Kuomintang
MAC            	Mainland Affairs Council
MND           	Ministry of National Defense
NATO          	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO            	Non-Governmental Organization
NHK            	Nippon Hoso Kyokai
NSC             	National Security Council
OB                	Old Boy
OR                	Organizational Resilience
PAS              	Publicly Available Specification
PDCA            	Plan Do Check Action
PDCP             	Plan Do Check Publication
PDD                Presidential Decision Directive
QDR                Quadrennial Defense Review
ROC                Republic of China
SARS              Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SC                	Social Constructivism
SDF                	Self-Defense Force
SRI                 	Socially Responsible Investment
SS507,2004    	Singapore Standard 507,2004
TICAD          	Tokyo International Conference on African Development
U.S.            	United States
UK                 	United Kingdom
UN                 	United Nations
UNDP            	United Nations Development Programmed
UNISDR      	United Nations secretariat for International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

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