台灣養殖業逐年發達且每年用水需求大，為了減少養殖廢水的排放及換水所抽取大量的地下水，本研究以海水飼料類的微藻製作光生物反應器探討去除水中氮、磷的效果，並配合利用微藻吸收水中氮磷後會大量繁殖的特性，試驗是否可藉由去除營養鹽的過程而使得微藻大量繁殖，直接作為養殖池內生物的飼料來達到池內原水重複使用、減少抽取地下水及降低業者成本，以達到水資源永續利用的目的。本實驗所用的微藻為周氏扁藻，並培養至光生物反應器中，利用不同環境如光照強度、光源、溫度、硝酸鹽與磷酸鹽濃度及比例調整、曝氣、攪拌等條件，試驗何種條件下較利於本微藻去除水中氮、磷鹽及成長。
    本研究結果顯示，周氏扁藻在本環境下最佳去除營養鹽效果及最適生長條件為照度為採用光模擬器且照度為12,000 Lux與12小時光照培養下，經由不同溫度條件培養本微藻也可得知最適合生長及去硝酸鹽溫度為攝氏24 ± 1度，從初始營養鹽比例調整後可明顯看出氮磷比調整至3:1下可有較佳的硝酸鹽去除量。而微藻在一般人工培養下會大量繁殖使得水體中碳源供不應求，在未施予曝氣下周氏扁藻對於硝酸鹽的去除效果不佳且會大量沉澱於反應器底部，而加入曝氣後本微藻不會沉澱於反應器底部，也可在短時間內去除硝酸鹽及快速成長。此外，藉由攪拌實驗可確定曝氣中的攪拌不助於周氏扁藻去除硝酸鹽及快速成長，而磷酸鹽則是在任何條件下，周氏扁藻都可快速且大量的去除。經由結果可得知周氏扁藻在適合的生長環境下可有效去除水中氮、磷，並降低養殖池中的營養鹽，若要做為水生生物的飼料則可額外補充磷源增加成長。

The nitrogen and phosphorus in aquaculture wastewater are difficult and expensive to be removed by traditional wastewater treatment process. Therefore aquaculture industry usually dilutes its wastewater by groundwater or direct outfall to natural water body that cause subsidence in coastal area or algal blooms.  This study tries to test the feasibility of using microalgae, namely the Tetraselmis sp., to treat aquaculture wastewater and find the optimal conditions for the Tetraselmis sp. growth and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. 
The study concludes that Tetraselmis sp. growth in a 12,000 Lux light intensity and 12 hours light/dark period in a bio-photo reactor is better than that cultured under sun light and a 24 ± 1oC is best temperature setting for microalgae grow.  An initial N/P ratio of 3/1 provides the best Tetraselmis sp. growth and nutrient removal.  When artificial culture was used in growing microalgae, the cultured environment usually encounters limited carbon source and microalgae deposition problems.  Aeration was applied to prevent microalgae settlement, to increase microalgae growth and to shorten nitrate removal time.  A stirring only without aeration did not improve both microalgae growth and nitrate removal.  Compared with nitrate removal, phosphate is always removed faster in all tested cases by Tetraselmis sp.. This study concludes that using Tetraselmis sp. in removing nitrate and phosphate in aquaculture wastewater with appropriate operations is feasible.

目錄.....................VI
圖目錄.....................X
表目錄.....................XV
第一章 前言.....................1
1.1研究緣起.....................1
1.2 研究目的.....................5
第二章 文獻回顧.....................7
2.1光合作用.....................7
2.1.1光反應.....................8
2.1.2暗反應.....................9
2.2微藻之生長控制因子.....................12
2.2.1光源.....................12
2.2.2碳源.....................16
2.2.3氮源.....................17
2.2.4磷源.....................20
2.2.5溫度.....................21
2.2.6鹽度.....................22
2.2.7 pH值.....................22
2.3微藻去除氮、磷之優勢.....................23
2.4周氏扁藻相關文獻探討.....................26
2.5 光生物反應器培養系統.....................28
2.5.1開放式培養系統.....................28
2.5.2密閉式培養系統.....................29
第三章 實驗材料與方法.....................30
3.1微藻來源、特性與應用.....................30
3.2微藻前培養.....................35
3.3培養基組成.....................36
3.4海水來源.....................38
3.5實驗儀器與設備.....................40
3.5.1培養系統.....................40
3.5.2分析系統.....................41
3.6光模擬器.....................41
3.7實驗方法.....................44
3.7.1初始營養鹽濃度對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響................44
3.7.2不同光源及初始微藻濃度對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響...........45
3.7.3營養鹽濃度比例調整對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響..............47
3.7.4光照強度對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響.....................49
3.7.5曝氣對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響.....................50
3.7.6曝氣與攪拌對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響.....................51
3.7.7高濃度硝酸鹽與磷酸鹽對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響............53
3.8析方法.....................55
3.8.1光照強度分析.....................56
3.8.2微藻生長濃度分析.....................56
3.8.2.1分光光度計與血球計數器測定法.....................56
3.8.2.2 微藻乾重分析.....................59
3.8.3營養鹽分析與校正.....................61
第四章 結果與討論.....................64
4.1初始營養鹽濃度對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響..................64
4.2不同光源及初始微藻濃度對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響............70
4.3營養鹽濃度比例調整對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響...............79
4.4光照強度對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響.....................88
4.5曝氣對微藻對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響.....................96
4.6曝氣與攪拌對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響.....................100
4.7高濃度硝酸鹽與磷酸鹽對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響.............107
第五章 結論與建議.....................114
5.1 結論.....................114
5.2 建議.....................117
參考文獻.....................118
圖目錄
圖1-1台灣各縣市水產養殖業比例.....................2
圖1-2台灣水產養殖面積比例.....................3
圖1-3台灣水產養殖用水量.....................4
圖1-4利用微藻去除養殖廢水中氮、磷概念圖.....................6
圖2-1光合作用反應機制.....................8
圖2-2 光反應示意圖.....................9
圖2-3暗反應示意圖.....................11
圖2-4太陽與葉綠素吸收光譜.....................13
圖2-5光合作用色素之吸收光譜.....................14
圖2-6光合作用速率與光照強度關係圖.....................15
圖2-7濃度為1 g / L的螺藻在500 umol photon m-2s-1之光徑..16
圖2-8水中碳源被微藻利用之情形.....................17
圖2-9 DB、CN、GP吸收不同氮源之情形.....................20
圖2-10開放式藻類培養系統示意圖.....................28
圖2-11密閉式藻類培養系統示意圖.....................29
圖3-1周氏扁藻生長時期示意圖.....................31
圖3-2以顯微鏡觀察周氏扁藻型態.....................31
圖3-3微藻在水產養殖業上的應用示意圖.....................33
圖3-4周氏扁藻前培養實驗圖.....................35
圖3-5 Micro Algae Grow培養基.....................37
圖3-6培養基在顯微鏡下的情況.....................37
圖3-7海水採樣位子.....................38
圖3-8光模擬器.....................42
圖3-9初始營養鹽濃度對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響實驗照片..........45
圖3-10不同光源及初始微藻濃度對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響實驗照片...46
圖3-11透析法實驗示意圖.....................47
圖3-12營養鹽濃度比例調整對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響照片......48
圖3-13光照強度對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響實驗照片...........50
圖3-14曝氣對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響實驗照片............51
圖3-15曝氣與攪拌對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響實驗照片..............52
圖3-16高濃度硝酸鹽與磷酸鹽對於微藻成長及去除氮磷之影響實驗照片.....54
圖3-17實驗分析流程圖.....................55
圖3-18光模擬器內不同網格所代表之照度.....................56
圖3-19血球計數器.....................58
圖3-20微藻數量對應其吸光值之檢量線.....................59
圖3-21混凝沉澱後的周氏扁藻.....................60
圖3-22乾燥後的周氏扁藻.....................61
圖3-23微藻重量與吸光值檢量線.....................61
圖3-24海水與去離子水中硝酸鹽測值校正線.....................63
圖3-25海水與去離子水中磷酸鹽測值校正線.....................63
圖4-1 初始營養鹽濃度對於周氏扁藻生長曲之影響..................65
圖4-2初始營養鹽濃度對於微藻去除硝酸鹽量之影響.................65
圖4-3初始營養鹽濃度對於微藻去除磷酸鹽量之影響.................66
圖4-4營養鹽對於微藻生長狀況之影響.....................67
圖4-5初始營養鹽濃度對周氏扁藻生長狀態照片.....................68
圖4-6不同光源對於周氏扁藻的成長影響.....................71
圖4-7自然光下初始微藻濃度之微藻成長曲線.....................73
圖4-8 自然光下初始微藻濃度對於硝酸鹽的去除量.....................74
圖4-9自然光下初始微藻濃度對於磷酸鹽的去除量.....................74
圖4-10 初始微藻濃度對周氏扁藻生長狀態照片.....................77
圖4-11 氮磷比例調整對於周氏扁藻去除磷酸鹽之影響.................80
圖4-12氮磷比例調整對於周氏扁藻去除硝酸鹽之影響..................81
圖4-13氮磷比例調整對於周氏扁藻生長之影響.....................82
圖4-14高濃度硝酸鹽實驗結果.....................83
圖4-15低濃度硝酸鹽實驗結果.....................84
圖4-16營養鹽濃度比例調整對周氏扁藻生長狀況照片..................86
圖4-17 光照強度對於周氏扁藻生長之影響.....................88
圖4-18 周氏扁藻在不同光照強度下的成長量.....................89
圖4-19光照強度對於周氏扁藻去除磷酸鹽之影響.....................90
圖4-20光照強度對於周氏扁藻去除硝酸鹽之影響.....................91
圖4-21曝氣對於周氏扁藻去除氮源之影響.....................93
圖4-22 未曝氣下反應器內pH值變化.....................93
圖4-23光照強度對於周氏扁藻生長情況照片.....................94
圖4-24 曝氣實驗結果.....................96
圖4-25曝氣vs.未曝氣下對周氏扁藻生長之影響.....................97
圖4-26曝氣vs.未曝氣下對周氏扁藻去除硝酸鹽之影響................98
圖4-27曝氣 vs.未曝氣下對周氏扁藻去除磷酸鹽之影響...............98
圖4-28曝氣對周氏扁藻生長情況照片.....................99
圖4-29 加入營養鹽後造成周氏扁藻產生沉澱現象照片...............100
圖4-30 攪拌實驗組之微藻生長狀況示意圖.....................101
圖4-31 曝氣及攪拌對微藻生長之影響.....................102
圖4-32曝氣及攪拌對於周氏扁藻去除硝酸鹽影響.....................103
圖4-33曝氣及攪拌對於周氏扁藻去除磷酸鹽影響.....................104
圖4-34曝氣與攪拌對反應器內pH值影響.....................105
圖4-35高曝氣流量與攪拌實驗之微藻生長狀況照片.................106
圖4-36高濃度營養鹽實驗之微藻生長狀況照片.....................108
圖4-37 反應器內高濃度磷酸鹽實驗產程磷酸鹽沉澱現象..............110
圖4-38高磷酸鹽濃度實驗結果.....................111
圖4-39高硝酸鹽濃度實驗結果.....................111
表目錄
表2-1光反應與暗反應之比較.....................12
表2-2常用於廢水處理的微藻.....................25
表2-3周氏扁藻相關研究.....................26
表3-1微藻在水產業之應用.....................	34
表3-2 Micro Algae Grow培養基Part A成分.....................36
表3-3 Micro Algae Grow培養基Part B成分.....................36
表3-4海水性質.....................39
表3-5微藻培養實驗設備清單.....................40
表3-6分析微藻、水質之設備清單.....................41
表3-7光模擬器設備功能介紹.....................43
表3-8初始營養鹽實驗初始條件.....................44
表3-9實驗初始條件.....................46
表3-10實驗初始條件.....................48
表3-11實驗初始條件.....................49
表3-12實驗初始條件.....................50
表3-13實驗初始條件.....................52
表3-14實驗初始條件.....................53
表3-15透析膜規格.....................60
表4-1初始與最後之微藻重量.....................75
表4-2微藻初始與最後的重量.....................85
表4-3初始與最後之微藻重量.....................90
表4-4初始與最後之微藻重量.....................109

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