系統識別號 | U0002-2408202016073000 |
---|---|
DOI | 10.6846/TKU.2020.00709 |
論文名稱(中文) | 台灣學生在跨文化同步遠距交流中使用的溝通策略及參與度 |
論文名稱(英文) | Taiwanese Students' Communication Strategy Use and Conversational Engagement in Synchronous Cross-Cultural Communication |
第三語言論文名稱 | |
校院名稱 | 淡江大學 |
系所名稱(中文) | 英文學系碩士班 |
系所名稱(英文) | Department of English |
外國學位學校名稱 | |
外國學位學院名稱 | |
外國學位研究所名稱 | |
學年度 | 108 |
學期 | 2 |
出版年 | 109 |
研究生(中文) | 簡健軒 |
研究生(英文) | Chien-Hsuan Chien |
學號 | 605110047 |
學位類別 | 碩士 |
語言別 | 英文 |
第二語言別 | |
口試日期 | 2020-06-30 |
論文頁數 | 109頁 |
口試委員 |
指導教授
-
林怡弟
委員 - 蔡麗娟 委員 - 王藹玲 |
關鍵字(中) |
溝通策略 溝通參與度 同步電腦中介傳播 跨文化溝通 靜態學習 |
關鍵字(英) |
communication strategies conversational engagement synchronous computer-mediated communication cross-cultural communication silent learning |
第三語言關鍵字 | |
學科別分類 | |
中文摘要 |
在現今社會中,英語被世界公民廣泛的應用,為了順利了解文化差異及有效地交流意見,學習使用英文變得重要。在溝通時,學生會應用不同的溝通策略去保持對話順暢。 此研究主要探討台灣大學生在同步遠距交流中使用的溝通策略及參與度,在為期八周的跨文化遠距交流計畫中,33位台灣學生需要用英文與日本及韓國大學生進行視訊討論每周的主題,這些同學會在計畫前後完成問卷,為了讓研究更加完整,學生在同步視訊的表現皆有錄製以便分析,除此之外,6位學生也自願接受擔任受訪者分享這個計畫帶給他們的反饋。 結果顯示,參與者較少在此跨文化同步遠距交流表達想法。不常自發性地使用英語表達想法、討論內容的事前準備不夠充分、擔心犯錯及不太熟識這些國際學生會讓台灣學生被認為是較為被動地參與每周視訊交流。然而,台灣學生其實是願意積極參與這次的跨文化同步遠距交流計畫,他們會先聆聽其他人的想法,並在這期間準備要表達的內容;而在表達想法時,溝通策略也會被使用來克服英語溝通時遇到的聽力和口說問題。 針對未來的溝通策略及同步視訊與教學應用中皆有敘述於本研究中。未來的研究可以針對台灣學生在同步視訊合作學習中的參與度及對於英文對話學習議題加以探討。 |
英文摘要 |
Nowadays, English is widely used as a medium among people from different countries. It is necessary to learn and use English to successfully understand cultural diversity and effectively exchange ideas with others around the world. To communicate successfully in a foreign language, learners may use a different set of communication strategies (CSs) to maintain conversations. This study investigates the use of CSs and conversational engagement in synchronous computer-mediated communications (SCMC) of Taiwanese university students with Japanese and Korean students. In an eight-week Interactional Interaction for Global Leadership (IIGL) project, 33 Taiwanese university students engaged in synchronous online chat sections with students from Japanese and Korean universities in English. All the Taiwanese students completed a pre- and post-perception questionnaire. To make the present study more complete, their chat sessions in cross-cultural SCMC were videotaped. Also, 6 students volunteered to share their thoughts via in-depth interviews after the IIGL project. Results showed that Taiwanese students are more reluctant in providing verbal contribution in the cross-cultural SCMC. Lacking experiences of spontaneously using the target language, preparing insufficiently before the discussions, fearing of losing face or being unfamiliar with their interactional partners might be the reasons why Taiwanese learners were regarded as passive learners. However, Taiwanese students would still attempt to engage in the cross-cultural SCMC. They would listen to others’ opinions first and prepare their responses in the non-verbal time. When sharing ideas in the classrooms, different communication strategies were utilized to cope with their speaking or listening problems during the cross-cultural SCMC. Pedagogical implications for the use of communication strategies and integration of SCMC and language learning courses are suggested. Future studies like examining Taiwanese students’ actual participation and self-perceived reflection toward English conversations in SCMC collaborative works are also suggested. |
第三語言摘要 | |
論文目次 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I CHINESE ABSTRACT II ABSTRACT III TABLE OF CONTENTS V LIST OF TABLES VII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Purpose of the Study 5 1.3 Research Questions 5 1.4 Significance of the Study 6 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 Constructivism 7 2.2 Communication Strategies 8 2.3 The CS Use in Synchronous Computer-Mediated Communication 10 2.4 Conversational Engagement in Collaborative Interaction 11 2.4.1 Equality 13 2.4.2 Mutuality 15 2.5 Silent Learning in Collaborative Interaction 18 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 21 3.1 Research Design 21 3.2 Context 21 3.3 Participants 21 3.4 Setting 22 3.4.1. Platform 23 3.4.2. Apowersoft 24 3.5 Data Collection 24 3.5.1. Pre- and post- Perception Questionnaire (see Appendix A) 24 3.5.2. Videotaped Web-Meeting Interaction 30 3.5.3. Semi-Structured Interview 30 3.6 Procedures 31 3.7 Date analysis 33 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35 4.1 Reasons of Unsuccessful Communication in SCMC 35 4.2 Results of Strategies for Coping with Speaking Problems 37 4.3 Results of Strategies for Coping with Listening Problems 53 4.4 Conversational Engagement in SCMC 67 4.4.1 Equality in SCMC 69 4.4.2 Mutuality in SCMC 74 4.5 Silent Learning in SCMC 79 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION 86 5.1 Summary of the Findings 86 5.2 Limitations of the Study 88 5.3 Suggestions for Future Research 89 5.4 Pedagogical Implication 90 REFERENCES 92 APPENDIX 107 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Reliability Analysis Results of Cronbach’s Alpha <Coping with Speaking Problems> 29 Table 3.2 Reliability Analysis Results of Cronbach’s Alpha <Coping with Listening Problems> 29 Table 3.3 The Research Schedule 32 Table 4.1 The Reasons of Unsuccessful SCMC 36 Table 4.2 Strategies for Coping with Speaking Problems before the Experiment 38 Table 4.3 The Items in Accuracy-Oriented Strategies 39 Table 4.4 The Items in Message Abandonment Strategies 39 Table 4.5 Strategies for Coping with Speaking Problems during IIGL Project 40 Table 4.6 The Items in Message Abandonment Strategies 43 Table 4.7 Descriptive Statistical Results in Pretest and Posttest 44 Table 4.8 Comparison of Eight Factors for Coping Speaking Problems 46 Table 4.9 Descrptive Satistical Results in Social Affective Strategies 47 Table 4.10 Comparison of the Items in Social Affective Strategies 47 Table 4.11 Students’ Reflection of Maintaining the Disrupted Communication 52 Table 4.12 Strategies for Coping with Listening Problems Before the Experiment 54 Table 4.13 The Items in Less Active Strategies 55 Table 4.14 Strategies for Coping with Listening Problems During IIGL Project 56 Table 4.15 The Items in Less Active Strategies 59 Table 4.16 Descriptive Statistical Results in Pretest and Posttest 60 Table 4.17 Comparison of Seven Factors for Coping Listening Problems 60 Table 4.18 Descriptive Statistical Results of the Items in Nonverbal Strategies While ...Listening 61 Table 4.19 Comparison of The Items in Nonverbal Strategies While Listening 62 Table 4.20 Descriptive Statistical Results of the Items in Scanning Strategies 63 Table 4.21 Students’ Reflection of Maintaining the Disrupted Communication 65 Table 4.22 Are there any students who speak more in the SCMC communication? 68 Table 4.23 Who speak more in the SCMC communication? 68 Table 4.24 Students’ Level of Equality in SCMC 69 Table 4.25 Frequency of Turn-taking in SCMC 75 Table 4.26 Would you still want to engage in the conversations if someone frequently speak in the SCMC? 80 Table 4.27 Do you think the contents you discussed with international partners are related to the topics? 85 |
參考文獻 |
Allwright, R. (1980). Turns, topics and tasks: Patterns of participation in language teaching and learning. In D. Larsen-Freeman (Ed.), Discourse analysis in second language research (pp.165-187). Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Bao, D. (2014). Understanding silence and reticence: Ways of participating in second language acquisition. London, NY: Bloomsburry. Baralt, M., Gurzynski-Weiss, L., & Kim, Y. (2016). Engagement with language: How examining learners’ affective and social engagement explains successful learner generated attention to form. In M. Sato & S. Ballinger (Eds.), Peer interaction and second language learning. Pedagogical potential and research agenda (pp. 209-240). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins. Blake, R. (2008). Brave new digital classroom: Technology and foreign language learning. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Block, D., & Cameron, D. (Eds.). (2002). Globalization and language teaching. London, NY: Routledge. Brown, H. D. (2014). Principles of language learning and teaching (6th ed.). White Plains, NY: Pearson Education. Canale, M. (1983). From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy. In J.C. Richards & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Language and communication (pp. 2-27). London, NY: Longman. Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1, 1-47. doi: 10.1093/applin/I.1.1 Chartrand, R. (2012). Social networking for language learners: Creating meaningful output with web 2.0 tools. Knowledge Management & E-learning, 4(1), 97-101. doi: 10.34105/j.kmel.2012.04.009 Chen, W. (2016). The effects of conversation engagement on L2 learning opportunities. ELT Journal, 1-12. doi:10.1093/elt/ccw075 Clark, H. (1985). Language use and language users. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (pp.179-231). Boston, NY: McGraw-Hill Clark, H., & Wilkes-Gibbs, D. (1986). Referring as a collaborative process. Cognition, 22, 1-39. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(86)90010-7 Cortazzi, M., & Jin. L. (1996). English teaching and learning in China. Language Teaching, 29(2), 61-80. doi: 10.1017/S0261444800008351 Dabao, A. F. (2014). Vocabulary learning in collaborative tasks: A comparison of pair and small group work. Language Teaching Research, 18(4), 497-520. doi: 10.1177/1362168813519730 Dabao, A. F. (2016). Peer interaction and learning: A focus on the silent learner. In M. Sato & S. Ballinger (Eds.), Peer interaction and second language learning: Pedagogical potential and research agenda (pp. 33-61). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins. De Guerrero, M. C. M. (2005). Inner speech-L2: Thinking words in a second language. Puerto Rico, USA: Springer. Dörnyei, Z. (1995). On the teachability of communication strategies. TESOL Quarterly, 29(1), 55-85. doi: 10.2307/3587805 Dörnyei, Z. (2002). The motivational basis of language learning tasks. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Individual differences and instructed language learning (pp.137-158). Amesterdam: John Benjamins. Dörnyei, Z., & Scott, M. (1997). Communication strategy in a second language: Definitions and taxonomies. Language Learning, 47(1), 173-210. doi: 10.1111/0023-8333.51997005 Dörnyei, Z., & Kormas, J. (2000). The role of individual and social variables in oral task performance. Language Teaching Research, 4, 275-300. doi: 10.1177/136216880000400305 Eaton, S. E. (2010). How to use Skype in the ESL/EFL classroom. The Internet TESL Journal, 16(11), 1-14. Retrieved from http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Eaton-UsingSkype.html Ellwood, C., & Nakane, I. (2009). Privileging of speech in EAP and mainstream university classrooms: a critical evaluation of participation. TESOL Quarterly, 43(2), 203-230. doi: 10.1002/j.1545-7249.2009.tb00165.x Fan, C. C. (2018). The effect of cross-cultural distance learning on EFL learners’ self-perceived speaking competence (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/89v239 Færch, C., & Kasper, G. (1983). On identifying communication strategies in interlanguage production. In C. Færch & G. Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in interlanguage communication (pp.210-238). London, NY: Longman. Færch, C., & Kasper, G. (1984). Two ways of defining communication strategies. Language Learning, 34, 45-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1984.tb00995.x Horibe, H. (1998). A critique of teaching international understanding and intercultural understanding. Modern English Language Education, December, 22-25. Ho, Y. K. (2003). Audiotaped dialogue journals: An alternative form of speaking practice. ELT Journal, 57(3), 269-277. doi: 10.1093/elt/57.3.269 Huang, D. (2015). A study on the application of task-based language teaching method in a comprehensive English class in China. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 7(1), 118-127. doi: 10.17507/jltr.0701.13 Hung, Y. W., & Higgins, S. (2016). Learners’ use of communication strategies in text-based and video-based synchronous computer-mediated communication environments: opportunities for language learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29(5), 901-924. doi: 10.1080/09588221.2015.1074589 Jackson, J. (2002). Reticence in second language case discussions: anxiety and aspirations. System, 30(1), 65-84. doi: 10.1016/S0346-251X(01)00051-3 Jamshidnejad, A. (2011). Functional approach to communication strategies: An analysis of language learners’ performance in interactional discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 3757-3769. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2011.09.017 Jauregi, K., Graaff, R. D., Bergh, H. V. D., & Kriz, M. (2012). Native/non-native speaker interactions through video-web communication: a clue for enhancing motivation. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 25(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1080/09588221.2001.582587 Jerklin, J. (2009). English as a lingua franca: Interpretations and attitudes. Would Englishes, 28(2), 200-207. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-971X.2009.01582.x Jerklin, J. (2014). English as a lingua franca in the international university: The politics of academic English language policy. London, NY: Routledge. Jin, L. & Cortazzi, M. (1998). Dimensions of dialogue: Large classes in China. International Journal of Educational Research, 29(8), 739-761. doi: 10.1016/S0883-0355(98)00061-5 Jin, L. & Cortazzi, M. (2006). Changing Practices in Chinese Cultures of Learning. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 19 (1) 5-20. doi: 10.1080/07908310608668751 Kachru, B. B. (1985). Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk and H. G. Widdowson (Eds.), English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures (pp.11-30). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Kang, Y. S., Lovett, D., & Haring, K. (2002). Culture and special education in Taiwan. Teaching Exceptional Children, 34(5), 12-15. doi: 10.1177/004005990203400502 Karas, M. (2017). Turn-taking and silent learning during open class discussions. ELT Journal, 71(1), 13-23. doi: 10.1093/elt/ccw051 Kasper, G., & Kellerman, E. (1997). Introduction: approaches to communication strategies. In G. Kasper & E. Kellerman (Eds.), Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives (pp. 1-16). London, NY: Longman. Kato, F., Spring, R., & Mori, C. (2016). Mutually beneficial foreign language learning: Creating meaningful interactions through video-synchronous computer-mediated communication. Foreign Language Annals, 49(2), 355-366. doi: 10.1111/flan.12195 Kaufman, D. (2004). Constructivist issues in language learning and teaching. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24, 303-319. doi: 10.1017/S0267190504000121 Kern, R. G. (1995). Restructuring Classroom Interaction with Networked Computers: Effects on Quantity and Characteristics of Language Production. The Modern Language Journal, 79(4), 457-476. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1995.tb05445.x Kim, H. Y. (2014). Learning opportunities in synchronous computer-mediated communication and face-to-face interaction. Computer Assisted Language, 27(1), 26-43. doi: 10.1080/09588221.2012.692386 Kormos, J., & Dornyei, Z. (2004). The interaction of linguistic and motivational variables in second language task performance. Zeitschrift für Interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht, 9(2), 1–21. Retrieved from http://zif.spz.tu-darmstadt.de/jg-09-2/beitrag/kormos2.htm Kost, C. R. (2008). Use of communication strategies in a synchronous CMC environment. In S. S. Magnan (Ed.), Mediating discourse online (pp. 153-189). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins. Kuo, I. C. (2006). Addressing the issue of teaching English as a lingua franca. ELT Journal, 60(3), 213-221. doi: 10.1093/elt/ccl001 Lee, L. (2001). Online interaction: Negotiation of meaning and strategies used among learners of Spanish. ReCALL, 13(2), 232-244. doi: 10.1017/S0958344001000829a Lee, L. (2002). Enhancing learner’s communication skills through synchronous electronic interaction and task-based instruction. Foreign Language Annals, 35(1), 16-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-9720.2002.tb01829.x Levy, M. (2009). Technologies in use for second language learning. The Modern Language Journal, 93(s1), 769-782. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4781.2009.00972.x Lin, C. H., Warschauer, M., & Blake, R. (2016). Language learning though social networks: Perceptions and reality. Language learning & Technology, 20, 124-147. Retrieved from http://llt.msu.edu/issues/feburary2016/linewaeschauerblake.pdf. Lin, H., & Voong, M. (2013). Exploring the efficacy of CMC on second language writing: A meta-analysis. WorldCALL Glasgow, 10-13 July, 189-193. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net Littlemore, J. (2001). An empirical study of the relationship between cognitive style and the use of communicative strategy. Applied Linguistics, 22 (2), 241-265. doi: 10.1093/applin/22.2.241 Liu, M., & Jackson, J. (2008). An exploration of Chinese EFL learners’ unwillingness to communicate and foreign language anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 92(1), 71-86. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00687.x Mak, B. (2011). An exploration of speaking-in-class anxiety with Chinese ESL learners. System, 39 (2), 202-214. doi: 10.1016/j.system.2011.04.002 McCroskey, J. C., & McCroskey, L. L. (1988). Self-report as an approach to measuring communication competence. Communication Research Reports, 5(2), 108-113. doi: 10.1080/08824098809359810 McDonough, K. (2004). Learner-learner interaction during pair and small group activities in a Thai EFL context. System, 32(2), 207-224. doi: 10.1016/j.system.2004.01.003 Muhamad, N. A. B. (2014). Investigating the roles of motivation and technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in computer mediated-communication (CMC) speaking skills instruction. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 3(2), 112-130. doi: 10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.3n.2p.112 Nakatani, Y. (2006). Developing an Oral Communication Strategy Inventory. The Modern Language Journal, 90 (2), 151-168. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4781.2006.00390.x Nakatani, Y. (2010). Identifying strategies that facilitate EFL learners’ oral communication: A classroom study using multiple data collection procedures. The Modern Language Journal, 94 (1), 116-136. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4781.2009.00987.x Ohta, A. S. (1995). Applying Sociocultural Theory to an Analysis of Learner Discourse: Learner-Learner Collaborative Interaction in the Zone of Proximal Development. Issues in Applied Linguistics, 6(2), 94-121. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0zs5j7ps Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research method (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Philp, J., & Duchesne, S. (2016). Exploring engagement in tasks in the language classroom. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 36, 50–72. doi: 10.1017/S0267190515000094 Philp, J., & Iwashita, N. (2013). Talking, tuning in and noticing: Exploring the benefits of output in task-based peer interaction. Language Awareness, 22 (4), 353-370. doi: 10.1080/09658416.2012.758128 Piaget, J. (1970). The science of education and the psychology of the child. London, NY: Orion Press Poulisse, N. (1987). Problems and solutions in the classification of compensatory strategies. Second Language Research, 3, 141-153. doi: 10.1177/026765838700300204 Remedios, L., Clarke, D., & Hawthorne, L. (2008). The silent participant in small group collaborative learning contexts. Active learning in higher education, 9(3), 201-216. doi: 10.1177/1469787408095846 Rosen, T., Nussbaum, M., Alario-Hoyos, C., Readi, F., & Hernἀndez, J. (2014). Silent collaboration with large group in the classroom. IEEE Transaction On learning Technologies, 7(2), 197-203. doi: 10.1109/TLT.2014.2318311 Samarin, W. (1987). Lingua Franca. In U. Ammon, N. Dittmar, & K. Mattheier (Eds.), Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society (pp.371-374). Berlin: De Gruyer. Scarcella, R. X. & Oxford, R. L. (1992). The tapestry of language learning: The individual in the communicative classroom. Boston, Mass: Heinle & Heinle. Soo, R. S., & Goh, H. S. (2013). Reticent students in the ESL classrooms. Advances in language and literary studies, 4(2), 65-73. doi: 10.7575/aiac.alls.v.4n.2p.65 Storch, N. (2001). An investigation into the nature of pair work in an ESL classroom and its effect on grammatical development. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Melborne, Australia. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11343/38809 Storch, N., & Aldosari, A. (2013). Pairing learners in pair-work activity. Language Teaching Research, 17(1), 31-48. doi: 10.1177/1362168812457530 Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Technique and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Sun, Y. C. (2009). Voice Blog: An Exploratory Study of Language Learning. Language Learning & Technology, 13(2), 88-103. Retrieved from http://llt.msu.edu/vol13num2/sun.pdf Swain, M. (2006). Languaging, agency and collaboration in advanced language proficiency. In H. Byrnes (Ed.), Advanced language learning: The contribution of Halliday and Vygotsky (pp. 95-108). London, NY: Continuum. Swain, M., & Lapkin, S. (1998). Interaction and second language learning: Two adolescent French immersion students working together. The Modern Language Journal, 82, 320-337. doi: 10.1016/S0883-0355(03)00006-5 Taillefer, L., & Munoz-Luna, R. (2014). Developing oral skills through skype: A language project analysis. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 141, 260-264. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.045 Tan, L. L., Wigglesworth, G., & Storth, N. (2010). Pair interactions and mode of communication: Comparing face-to-face and computer mediated communication. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 33(3), 2701-2724. doi: 10.2104/aral1027 Tarone, E. (1980). Communication strategies, foreigner talk, and repair in interlanguage. Language Learning & Technology, 30(2), 417-431. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1980.tb00326.x Tarone, E., Cohen, A., & Dumas, G. (1976). A closer look at some interlanguage terminology. Working Papers in Bilingualism, 9, 76-90. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/31550795/A_Closer_Look_at_Some_Interlanguage_Terminology_A_Framework_for_Communication_Strategies._Working_Papers_on_Bilingualism_No._9 Terhune, N. M. (2016). Language learning going global: Linking teachers and learners via commercial skype-based CMC. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29(6), 1071-1089. doi: 10.1080/09588221.2015.1061020 Tian, J., & Wang, Y. (2010). Taking language learning outside the classroom: Learners’ perspectives of E tandem learning via Skype. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 4, 181-197. doi: 10.1080/17501229.2010.513443 Towndrow, P., & Vallence, M. (2004). Using IT in the language classroom. Singapore: Longman. Tsou, W. (2005). Improving speaking skills through instruction in oral classroom participation. Foreign Language Annals, 38, 46-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-9720.2005.tb02452.x Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: the development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, US: Harvard University Press. Watanabe, Y., & Swain, M. (2007). Effects of proficiency differences and patterns of pair interaction on second language learning: Collaborative dialogue between adult ESL learners. Language Teaching Research, 11(2), 121-142. doi: 10.1177/136216880607074599 Wilkes-Gibbs, D. (1997). Studying language use as collaboration. In G. Kasper & E. Kellerman (Eds.), Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives (pp. 238-277). London, NY: Longman. Wu, W. C. V., Marek, M., & Chen, N. S. (2013). Assessing cultural awareness and linguistic competency of EFL learners in a CMC-based active learning context. System, 41(3), 515-528. doi: 10.1016/j.system.2013.05.004 Woo, Y., & Reeves, T. C. (2006). Meaningful interaction in web-based learning: A social constructivist interpretation. The Internet and Higher Education, 10, 15-25. doi: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2006.10.005 Xie, X. (2010). Why are students quiet? Looking at the Chinese context and beyond. ELT Journal, 64(1), 10-20. doi: 10.1093/elt/ccp060 Xie, X. (2011). Turn allocation patterns and learning opportunities. ELT Journal, 65(3), 240-250. doi: 10.1093/elt/ccq064 Yang, Y., Gamble, J. & Tang, S. (2012). Voice over instant messaging as a tool for enhancing the oral proficiency and motivation of English-as-a-foreign-language learners. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(3), 448–464. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2011.01204.x Yashima, T. (2002). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. The Modern Language Journal, 86, 54-66. doi: 10.1111/1540-4781.00136 Young, A., & Tedick, D. J. (2016). Collaborative dialogue in a two-way Spanish-English immersion classroom: Does heterogeneous grouping promote peer linguistic scaffolding? In M. Sato & S. Ballinger (Eds.), Peer interaction and second language learning: Pedagogical potential and research agenda (pp. 135-160). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins. Zhan, S., & Sun, Y. (2015). Literature review of the studies of spoken English in the past five years in China. Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University, 15(1), 123-126. Retrieved from http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-CQJS201501032.htm |
論文全文使用權限 |
如有問題,歡迎洽詢!
圖書館數位資訊組 (02)2621-5656 轉 2487 或 來信