本論文主要是探討一種新型交通柵欄桿整合在場感測器(Occupancy Sensor)，提供低成本、低功耗、容易設置與維護以及不佔用空間的車輛接近偵測方案，輔助現今許多新式住宅中使用無線射頻辨識(RFID)技術停車場管理系統。本方案可以取代高成本、高功耗、不易設置以及需要佔用空間的車輛地感線圈，而且可以避免直接採用RFID讀取器持續性發送電磁波向偵測區偵測電子標籤(Tag)而導致持續性高功率電磁輻射對於環境的污染以及路過行人的危害。
近年隨著物聯網(IoT)的興起，感測器的開發生產與應用越來越多樣性，並且價格越來越低廉。在感測技術成熟的條件下，許多公共設施上紛紛採取自動感測的設計，同時也達成節能減碳的需求。在本論文中探討現今停車場所使用的感測技術和不同類型在場感測器，並提出符合車輛接近與行人路過兩種事件辨識需求的設計方案。
在實驗中，我們採用Arduino uno開發板結合超音波感測器或紅外線感測器，並自行設計出辨識事件的演算法，成功地辨識出車輛接近與行人路過兩種事件。
在本論文中我們已設計出在場感測器整合於交通柵欄桿之可行方案，並以實驗證明其效能及可行性。

This thesis aims at the study of a novel traffic boom-arm combined with occupancy sensors. The proposed scheme has the advantages of low cost, low power, easy installation and maintenance, and small space occupation, offering the vehicle proximity detection to assisting the radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in a parking lot. Also, it can replace the vehicle loop detector that has the disadvantages of high cost, high power consumption, complicated installation, and great space occupation. This scheme can avoid such an inappropriate RFID operation mode of the persistent radiation at the detection area to read electronic tags, and it reduces the environmental pollution of high-power electromagnetic radiation and the hazard to pedestrians.
In recent years along with the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), the development and application of sensors have various types. In the sensing technology mature conditions, many public facilities have taken the design of automatic sensing, simultaneously also to achieve the needs of energy saving and carbon reduction. This thesis discusses the sensing technologies and different types of occupancy sensors implemented are in the existing parking lots. Moreover, the proposed scheme meets the design requirements of distinguishing the events of vehicle proximity and pedestrian passing.
In the experiment, we employed an Arduino Uno development board connecting to ultrasonic sensors or infrared sensors, and designed identification algorithms to identify the events, successfully distinguishing the two events: vehicle proximity and pedestrian passing. In this thesis, we already developed feasible solutions to combine occupancy sensors with a traffic boom arm, and experimentally proved their performance and feasibility.

第一章 簡介............................................1
1.1 前言...............................................1
1.2 研究動機...........................................4
1.3 論文架構...........................................5
第二章 停車場車輛辨識與偵測技術之介紹..................6
2.1 RFID車輛辨識技術...................................6
2.1.1 介紹.............................................6
2.1.2 軟硬體系統.......................................8
2.2 CCD車牌辨識技術....................................9
2.3 對照式紅外線車輛偵測技術..........................12
2.3.1 介紹............................................12
2.3.2 硬體系統........................................14
2.4 地感線圈車輛偵測技術..............................15
2.5 超音波車位偵測技術................................19
第三章 在場感測器之介紹...............................20
3.1 聲波感測器........................................21
3.1.1 何謂聲波........................................21
3.1.2 各類聲波感測器..................................22
3.2 超音波感測器......................................24
3.2.1 何謂超音波......................................24
3.2.2 各類超音波感測器................................26
3.3 微波感測器........................................28
3.3.1 何謂微波........................................29
3.3.2 微波感測器......................................29
3.4 毫米波感測技術....................................32
3.5 紅外線感測器......................................35
3.5.1 何謂紅外線......................................35
3.5.2 主動式紅外線感測器..............................36
3.5.3 被動式紅外線感測器..............................38
3.6 各類感測器之比較..................................44
第四章 無線射頻身份辨識系統技術.......................48
4.1 原理類別介紹......................................48
4.2 RFID與條碼之比較..................................55
第五章 不同在場感測器用於車輛接近偵測之設計與實驗.....56
5.1 採用超音波感測器之偵測技術........................56
5.1.1 採用兩顆超音波感測器之設計與實驗................56
5.1.1.1 兩顆超音波感測器新型柵欄桿之設計..............57
5.1.1.2 實驗結果與分析................................60
5.1.2 採用單顆超音波感測器之設計與實驗................63
5.1.2.1 單顆超音波感測器新型柵欄桿之設計..............63
5.1.2.2 實驗結果與分析................................66
5.2 採用紅外線感測器之偵測技術........................68
5.2.1 紅外線感測器新型柵欄桿之設計....................68
5.2.2 實驗結果與分析..................................71
第六章 結論與未來研究.................................74
6.1 結論..............................................74
6.2 未來研究方向......................................75
參考文獻..............................................76
附錄..................................................80
圖目錄
圖1.1 對照式紅外線感測器示意圖.........................2
圖1.2地感線圈示意圖....................................3
圖2.1停車場作業流程及設施圖............................6
圖2.2 RFID停車場流程圖.................................8
圖2.3 RFID停車場系統示意圖.............................9
圖2.4車牌辨識系統流程圖...............................11
圖2.5對照式紅外線停車場流程圖.........................13
圖2.6雙軌對照式紅外線構造圖...........................14
圖2.7超音波車位偵測系統示意圖.........................19
圖3.1頻率分佈圖.......................................20
圖3.2感測器對照人體五感示意圖.........................21
圖3.3聲音感測器示意圖.................................23
圖3.4 HC-SR04超音波感測器時序圖.......................27
圖3.5 HC-SR04模組圖...................................28
圖3.6 RD3800A感測之角度...............................30
圖3.7 RD3800A內部構造圖...............................31
圖3.8紅外線分佈圖.....................................36
圖3.9反射型主動式紅外線示意圖.........................38
圖3.10 PIR感測器實體圖................................39
圖3.11人體經過PIR感測器輸出的波形圖...................44
圖4.1 實際固定式RFID讀取器的近端電磁波輻射功率值......49
圖4.2 RFID工作原理圖..................................51
圖5.1兩顆超音波感測器架構圖...........................57
圖5.2兩顆超音波感測器柵欄桿示意圖.....................58
圖5.3兩顆超音波感測器之識別區.........................58
圖5.4 兩顆超音波感測器偵測流程圖......................59
圖5.5 行人經過之測距圖................................61
圖5.6 判別為行人之實驗結果............................61
圖5.7 車輛靠近測距圖..................................62
圖5.8 判別為車輛之實驗結果............................63
圖5.9單顆超音波感測器偵測流程圖.......................64
圖5.10單顆超音波感測器柵欄桿示意圖....................66
圖5.11單顆超音波感測器測距圖..........................67
圖5.12 單顆超音波感測器現場實測圖.....................68
圖5.13單顆紅外線感測器偵測流程圖......................69
圖5.14 KC-38IR主動式紅外線模組實體圖..................70
圖5.15 單顆紅外線感測器柵欄桿示意圖...................71
圖5.16 單顆紅外線感測器偵測事件狀態圖.................72
圖5.17 單顆紅外線感測器現場實測圖.....................73
表目錄
表3.1為介質對於超音波關係表...........................26
表3.2 車輛雷達性質之比較表............................34
表4.1電子標籤之類型表.................................54
表4.2 RFID與條碼之比較表..............................55

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