從古至今商業中「信任」一直是企業彼此之間的關係基礎，而信任會構成下一步信任所不可或缺的要件，從而引發一連串的信任反饋。更會有心理層面的關係存在，像是一份心理上的契約一般，而當心理契約被違反時，企業所採取對夥伴廠商的態度是忽視還是表達，則會影響到後續對雙方的關係發展。雙方的關係會在選擇不同的關係效果下，加強或減弱相互的情感信任；增加或減少相互的計算信任；亦或是對於威懾信任的增強或削弱。
本研究主要探討企業在發生違反心理契約後，經由忽視與表達兩種不同關係效果後，對於情感信任、計算信任、威懾信任，三種不同信任類別所造成的影響。本研究採用網路問卷調查方式收集資料，共回收258份有效問卷，有效問卷回收率為91.16%，並用SPSS統計軟體進行資料分析。研究結果顯示，本研究之研究假設均獲得支持。格外來說，本研究除了驗證過去研究，也整理且增加了違反心理契約、EVLN類型學、情感信任、計算信任、威懾信任等相關文獻，除了提出理論與管理意涵外，亦提出研究限制與未來方向。

From ancient times to the present, "trust" in business has always been the basis of the relationship between enterprises, and trust will constitute an indispensable element of the next step of trust, which will trigger a series of trust feedback. There will also be a psychological relationship, which is like a psychological contract. When the psychological contract is violated, whether the company’s attitude toward the partner manufacturer is ignored or expressed will affect the subsequent development of the relationship between the two parties. The relationship between the two parties will strengthen or weaken mutual emotional trust; increase or decrease mutual computational trust; or increase or weaken deterrence trust.
This study mainly explores the impact of three different types of trust, namely, emotional trust, computational trust, and deterrent trust, on three different types of trust after the enterprise violates the psychological contract, by ignoring and expressing two different relationship effects.In this study, data was collected by means of online questionnaire surveys. A total of 258 valid questionnaires were collected. The effective questionnaire recovery rate was 91.16%, and SPSS statistical software was used for data analysis. The research results show that the research hypotheses of this research are all supported. In particular, in addition to verifying past research, this research has also sorted out and added relevant literature on violations of psychological contracts, EVLN typology, emotional trust, computational trust, and deterrent trust. In addition to proposing theoretical and management implications, it also proposes research restrictions Future direction.

目錄 I
表目錄 III
圖目錄 IV
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 6
第三節 研究流程 7
第二章 文獻探討 8
第一節 違反心理契約、社會交換理論、EVLN類型學 8
第二節 情感信任、計算信任 17
第三節 威懾信任（Deterrent trust）19
第四節 研究假說 21
第三章 研究方法 25
第一節 研究架構 25
第二節 研究假說 26
第三節 研究變項與操作型定義 27
第四節 研究對象與範圍 33
第五節 統計分析之方法 34
第四章 資料分析與研究結果 37
第一節 研究環境 37
第二節 敘述性分析 40
第三節 測量題項及信效度檢定 43
第四節 研究結果 49
第五章 結論與意涵 56
第一節 研究結果 56
第二節 理論意涵 57
第三節 實務意涵 59
第四節 研究限制與未來研究建議 61
參考文獻 62
附錄1 問卷 71

表目錄
表2-1違反心理契約之定義 9
表2-2違反心理契約的四種構面 10
表2-3退出的定義 13
表2-4表達的定義 14
表2-5忠誠度的定義 15
表2-6忽視的定義 16
表3-1 研究假說 26
表3-2違反心理契約的問卷題項表 27
表3-3忽視的問卷題項表 28
表3-4表達的問卷題項表 29
表3-5情感信任的問卷題項表 29
表3-6計算信任的問卷題項表 30
表3-7威懾信任的問卷題項表 31
表4-1行業統計分類 37
表4-2樣本基本資料分析 41
表4-3驗證性因素分析 44
表4-4違反心理契約之因素負荷量 44
表4-5忽視之因素負荷量 45
表4-6表達之因素負荷量 45
表4-7情感信任之因素負荷量 45
表4-8計算信任之因素負荷量 46
表4-9威懾信任之因素負荷量 46
表4-10各變數之平均數與標準差 47
表4-11相關係數與AVE值平方根 48
表4-12違反心理契約與忽視之層級迴歸結果 50
表4-13忽視與情感信任、計算信任及威懾信任之層級迴歸結果 52
表4-14違反心理契約與表達之層級迴歸結果 53
表4-15表達與情感信任、計算信任及威懾信任之層級迴歸結果 55
表5-1研究結果成立與否 56

圖目錄
圖1-1 Russelet al.(2020)之研究架構圖 3
圖1 2 Kevin et al.(2019)之研究架構圖 4
圖1 3 研究流程 7
圖3 1研究架構 25

Ali, B., & Yuen, L. B. (2015). Effect of employee incivility on customer retaliation through psychological contract breach: The moderating role of moral identity. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 50, 66-76.
Anderson, E., & Weitz, B. (1992). The use of pledges to build and sustain commitment in distribution channels. Journal of Marketing Research, 29(1), 18-34.
Arpana, R., & Upasna, A. A. (2019). Linking workplace bullying and EVLN outcomes: Role of psychological contract violation and workplace friendship. International Journal of Manpower, 40(2), 212-227.
Aurier, P., & N'Goala, G. (2010). The differing and mediating roles of trust and relationship commitment in service relationship maintenance and development. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(3), 303-325.
Bahar, K., & Osman, M. K. (2020). Attitudinal and behavioral outcomes of work-life balance among hotel employees: The mediating role of psychological contract breach. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 42, 199-209.
Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1991). Marketing Service: Competing through Quality, The Free Press. New York, NY.
Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life, Routledge. New York, NY.
Blessley, M., Mir, S., Zacharia, Z., & Aloysius, J. (2018). Breaching relational obligations in a buyer-supplier relationship: Feelings of violation, fairness perceptions and supplier switching. Industrial Marketing Management, 74, 215-226.
Brown, J. R., Crosno, J. L., & Tong, P. Y. (2019). Is the theory of trust and commitment in marketing relationships incomplete? Industrial Marketing Management, 77(34), 155-169.
Bureau of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Republic of China. (2020). Analysis of international trade situation over the years.
Calabuig, V., Enrique, F., Gonzalo, O., & Ismael, R. L. (2016). Carry a big stick, or no stick at all: Punishment and endowment heterogeneity in the trust game. Journal of Economic Psychology, 57, 153-171.
Christopher, C. R., Chang, C. H., Johnson, R. E. & Levy, P. E. (2009). Perceptions of the organizational context and psychological contract breach: Assessing competing perspectives. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(2), 202-217.
Chung, Y., & Wang. (2020). The contingent effect of social networking ties on Asian immigrant enterprises' innovation. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 414-425.
Coulter, K. S., & Coulter, R. A. (2003). The effects of industry knowledge on the development of trust in service relationships. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 20(1), 31-43.
Cullen, J. B., Johnson, J. L. & Sakano, T. (1995). Japanese and local partners commitment to IJVs: psychological consequences of outcomes and investments in the IJV relationships. Journal of International Business Studies, 26(1). 91-115. 
Dozier, J. B. & Miceli, M. P. (1985). Potential predictors of whistle‐blowing:aprosocial behavior perspective. Academy of Management Review, 10, 823–836.
Eric, V. D., Makaginova, V., Erik, W., de Kwaadsteniet & Schutter, M. (2016). Deterrence-based trust in bargaining: Introducing a new experimental paradigm. Journal of Trust Research, 7(1), 71-89.
Fabrizio, A. & Sonderegger, S. (2015). Trust, trustworthiness and the consensus effect: An evolutionary approach. European Economic Review, 77, 102-116.
Farrell, D. (1983). Exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect as responses to job dissatisfaction: a multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 596-607.
Ford, D. (1980). The development of buyer-seller relationships in industrial markets. European Journal of Marketing, 14(5-6), 339-353.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388.
Gereffi, G. H., Sturgeon, T. J. (2005). The governance of global value chains. Review of International Political Economy, 12(1), 78-104.
Geyskens, I., Steenkamp, J. B. E. M., Scheer, L.K., & Kumar, N. (1996). The effects of trust and interdependence on relationship commitment: a trans-Atlantic study. International Journal of Research in Marketing,13(4), 303-317.
Gundlach, G. T., Achrol, R. S., & Mentzer, J. T. (1995). The structure of commitment inexchange. Journal of Marketing, 59(1), 78-92.
Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, voice and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations and states. Harvard University Press.
Institute for Management Development. (2020). World Competitiveness Center. World Competitiveness Annual Report.
Jap, S. D. (2001). Perspectives on joint competitive advantages in buyer–supplierrelationships. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 18(1/2), 19-35.
Johannes,	 M.	K.,	Olivier, R. L. Herrbach. & Durrieu, F. (2017). Promises to employees matter, self-identity too: Effects of psychological contract breach and older worker identity on violation and turnover intentions. Journal of Business Research, 70, 108-117.
Kaufmann L., Esslinger J., Carter C.R., (2018). Toward relationship resilience: Managing buyer-induced breaches of psychological contracts during joint buyer– supplier projects. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 54 (4), 62-85.
Kingshott, R. P. J. (2006). The impact of psychological contracts upon trust and commitment within supplier-buyer relationships: A social exchange view. Industrial Marketing Management, 35(6), 724-739.
Kingshott, R. P. J., Sharma, P., & Chung, H. F. L. (2018). The impact of relational versus technological resources on e-loyalty: A comparative study between local, national and foreign branded banks. Industrial Marketing Management, 72, 48-58
Kumar, N., Hibbard, J.D. & Stern, L.W. (1994). The nature and consequences of marketing channel intermediary commitment. Report-Marketing Science Institute Cambridge Massachusetts.
Lee, J., & Varon, A. L. (2016). Employee exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect in response to dissatisfying organizational situations: it depends on supervisory relationship quality. International Journal of Business Communication.
Lewicki, R. J., & Bunker, B. B. (1996). Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships. Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research, 133-174.
Lewicki, R. J., & Polin, B. (2013). The role of trust in negotiation processes. In R.Bachmann., & A. Zaheer (Eds.), Handbook of advances in trust research, 29–54.
Lewicki, R. J., Tomlinson, E. C., & Gillespie, N. (2006). Models of interpersonal trust development: Theoretical approaches, empirical evidence, and future directions. Journal of Management, 32, 991–1022.
Luu, N., Ngo, L.V., & Cadeaux, J. (2018). Value synergy and value asymmetry in relationship marketing programs. Industrial Marketing Management, 68, 165-176.
Mehtaa, R., Larsenb. T., Rosenbloom. B., & Ganitskyd. J. (2006). The impact of 37 cultural differences in U.S.business-to-business export marketing channel strategic alliances. Industrial Marketing Management, 35(2), 156-165.
Michalak, R. T., Sandra, A. K. P., & Ashkanasy Neal M., (2018). I Feel Mad So I Be Bad: The Role of Affect, Dissatisfaction and Stress in Determining Responses to Interpersonal Deviance. British Journat of Management, 30(3), 645-667.
Moorman, C., Zaltman, G., & Deshpande, R. (1992). Relationships between providers and users of market research: the dynamics of trust within and between organizations. Journal of Marketing Research, 29(3), 314-328.
Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationshipmarketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20-38.
Morrison, E. W., & Robinson, S. L. (1997). When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops. The Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 226–256.
Naudé, P., & Sutton-Brady, C. (2019). Relationships and networks as examined in Industrial Marketing Management. Industrial Marketing Management, 79, 27-35.
Near, J. P. & Miceli, M. P. (2016). After the wrongdoing: what managers should know about whistleblowing. Business Horizons, 59, 105–114.
Ng, T.W., Feldman, D.C., Butts, M.M. (2014). Psychological contract breaches and employee voice behaviour: The moderating effects of changes in socialrelationships. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(4), 537-553.
Olekalns, K., Kulik, C. T., & Chew, L. (2014). Sweet little lies: Social context and theuse of deception in negotiation. Journal of Business Ethics, 120, 13–26.
Olekalns, M., Lau, F., & Smith, P. L. (2007). Resolving the empty core: Trust as a determinant of outcomes in three-party negotiations. Group Decision and Negotiation, 16, 527–538.
Olson‐Buchanan, J. B. & W. R. Boswell. (2008). An integrative model of experiencing and responding to mistreatment at work. Academy of Management Review, 33, 76–96.
Pailléa, P., & Raineri, N. (2015). Linking perceived corporate environmentalpolicies and employees eco-initiatives: The influence of perceived organizationalsupport and psychological contract breach. Journal of Business Research, 68(11), 2404-2411.
Palmatier, R. W., Dant, R. P., & Grewal, D. (2007). A comparative longitudinal analysis of theoretical perspectives of interorganizational relationship performance. Journal of Marketing, 71(4), 172-194.
Pascal, P., & Nicola,s R. (2015). Linking perceived corporate environmental policies and employees eco-initiatives: The influence of perceived organizational support and psychological contract	breach. Journal of Business Research, 68(11), 2404-2411.
Rai, A., & Agarwal, U. A. (2019). Linking workplace bullying and EVLN outcomes: Role of psychological contract violation and workplace friendship.International Journal of Manpower, 40(2), 211-227.
Robinson S. L. (2000). The development of psychological contract breach andviolation: a longitudinal study.
Robinson, S. L., Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Violating the psychological contract: Not theexception but the norm. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(3), 245-259.
Rousseau, D. M. (1989) Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2(2), 121-139.
Rousseau, D., Sitkin, S., Burt, R., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: Across-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23, 393–404.
Rusbult, C. E., Farrell, D., Rogers, G., & Mainous, A.G.III., (1988). Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: An integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3), 599-627.
Rusbult, C. E., Zembrodt, I. M., & Gunn, L. K. (1982). Exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: Responses to dissatisfaction in romantic involvements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(6), 1230-1242.
Russel K. P. J., Piyush S.., Herbert S. & Wong D. (2020). The impact of psychological contract breaches within east-west buyer-supplier relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 89, 220-231.
Sarah, B. (2015). A process perspective on psychological contract change: Making sense of, and repairing, psychological contract breach and violation through employee coping actions. Joumal of Organizational Behavior, 36(8), 1071-1095.
Seo, Y. Y., Park, S. E., & Kim, C. J. (2011). An Empirical Study onthe Effects of Organizational Cynicism and EVLN Responses on Organizational Commitment and Pro-union behavioral Intentions. International Journal of Contents, 7(2), 36-41.
Shapiro, D., Sheppard, B. H., & Cheraskin, L. (1992). Business on a handshake.Negotiation Journal, 8, 365–377.
Skarmeas, D., Zeriti, A., & Argouslidis, P. (2019). Importer and exporter capabilities,Governance mechanisms, and environmental	factors determining customer-perceived relationship value. Industrial Marketing Management, 78, 158-168.
Thibaut, J. W. & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The Social Psychology of Groups, John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY.
Timothy,	T., Yan, Li., Muhammad, U., Zia	Ul	I., Habib	Gul., Rana, Muhammad Naeem., Humera, Bahadar., Jing, Yuan. & Xuesong, Zha. (2020). Tit for Tat: Abusive Supervision and Knowledge Hiding-The Role of Psychological Contract  Breach and Psychological Ownership. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1240.
Turnley William H., & Feldman Daniel C. (1999). The Impact of Psychological Contract	Violations on	Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and	 Neglect. Human Relations, 52(7), 895-922.
Turnley, W. H. & Feldman, D. C. (1999). The impact of psychological contract violations on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Human Relations, 52 (7), 895-922.
Voss, K. E., Tanner, E. C., Mohan, M., Lee, Y. K., Kim, H. K. (2019). Integrating reciprocity into a social exchange model of inter-firm B2B relationships, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing. 34(8), 36 1668-1680.
Wang, C. L. (2007). Guanxi vs. relationship marketing: Exploring underlying differences. Industrial Marketing Management, 36, 81-86.
Wang, C. L., Shi, Y. & Barnes, B. R. (2015). The role of satisfaction, trust and contractual obligation on long-term orientation. Journal of Business Research, 68(3), 473-479.
Withey M. J., & Cooper W. H. (1989). Predicting Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34(4), 521-539.
World Trade Organization. (2020). Trade Adjustment in Asia.
Yang, L., Hefu, L. & Zhao, C. (2020). The impact of psychological contract under- and over-fulfillment on client citizenship behaviors in Enterprise systems projects:  From the client’s perspective. Information & Management, 57(7), 103366.
Zagenczyk T. J., Cruz K. S., Cheung J. H., Scott K. L., Kiewitz C. & Galloway B. (2015). The moderating effect of power distance on employee responses to psychological contract breach. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(6), 853-865.