以大學與城市的互動關係而論，大學的教育除了培訓勞動力以及執行應用科技的研究成果，並且保持和提高美國在全球的競爭力，滿足社會發展的需求；第二，擴大就學的管道，提高就學的效益，一方面是完成美國民主教育的理想，另一方面則也是緩和社會中的種族矛盾；相對而論，城市是擁有經濟實力的中心區，因為經濟發展最初都是集中在一個或幾個有潛在發展實力的區域。所以，大學是城市的基礎配備，也能夠為該市聚集高附加價值以及人才所帶來的利潤。
因此，大學教育的高度發展也能助於社會的經濟發展，漸進帶動城市經濟發展活絡性。然而，以本研究文章中，波士頓除了城市的發展與大學具有高度相關性，也提供了產學合作的機會；自1950年代起，波士頓內的麻省理工(MIT)與哈佛大學(Harvard University)培育出不少理工以及科技業的菁英，波士頓隨著該區大學的學術研究發展成果，漸漸地轉向生技醫療產業，也因為《拜杜法案》的誕生，促使波士頓與該區大學之間的產學合作發揮到最大效益。確實，波士頓的大學是影響該市和整個區域經濟的主要因素；大學不僅是他們主要的資源也是將高技術產吸引到波士頓以及附近地區的主要原因。
除了經濟上的影響以及產業之間的雙贏互利，波士頓因為大學城市的發展，人才帶動經濟，使得總體城市的經濟發展邁向卓越，也證明大學與城市發展的互動關係。

From the perspective of the interaction between Universities and the cities. First, the education of university provides the training of labor force and the implementation of scientific and technological research results maintain and enhance the U.S. competitiveness and the social development. Second, in order to complete the ideal of American democracy education, it expands the ways to enter the University and improves a great effect, and détentes social contradictions of race, too. As a result, the city is based on the university, and bring it the high values and the profits of talent.
Therefore, the high development of university education can contribute to economic of society, driving the active of urban economic development progressively. According to the study article, the development of the Boston city not only is highly related to the university, but also provides an opportunity for academia-industry cooperation. Since 1950, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University in Boston had trained many polytechnic and technology industry elite. Along with academic research and development achievements of the universities in the Boston city, the city turns to biotechnical and medical industry gradually, and also because the "Bayh-Dole Act" was born, it promotes the academia-industry cooperation to maximum effect between the Boston city and the universities in the Boston city. Indeed, the universities in Boston are the major factor that impacts the economics of the city.
Thus, university is not only their main resource, but also the main reason why they attract high-technology industry to the Boston city and surrounding areas. In addition to win-win cooperation and effect of economic, the overall economic development of the Boston city towards excellence because the development of the city's university and talent has driven economy. As a result, the interaction between the university and urban development has been proven.

目錄
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………	1
第一節 研究動機………………………………………………	1
第二節 研究問題………………………………………………	4
第三節 研究方法與架構………………………………	6
第二章 文獻回顧………………………………………………	8
第一節 大學定義與發展…………………………………	8
第二節 大學與城市互動………………………………	17
第三節 政府與大學之合作……………………………	25
第三章 波士頓的大學與城市發展………………	28
第一節 1850至21世紀的大學教育轉變…	28
第二節 美國城市化的發展……………………………	36
第三節 21世紀後的波士頓……………………………40
第四章 波士頓與大學產學合作之關係……	45
第一節 前六大學與波士頓之互動………………	45
第二節 波士頓經濟轉變…………………………………	52
第三節 波士頓生物科技與醫療產業…………	65
第五章 結論…………………………………………………………71
附錄 ………………………………………………………………………75
參考文獻 ………………………………………………………………85
圖目錄
圖一 2009-2013年全美高等教育大學)人口與波士頓百分比較……………………………2
圖二 研究架構……………………………………………………………………………… 7
圖三 大學教育目標分類………………………………………………………………11
圖四 世界前十五大產業創新城市之波士頓位居第四………21
圖五1995年全美公私立大學經費來源平均比例…………………32
圖六 麻薩諸塞州大學學費之降幅百分比………………………………34
圖七 1800-2000年美國四大區塊城市化進程的變化曲線圖………………………………37
圖八 2013-2014哈佛大學研究補助資金來源與成長………48
圖九 2010-2016波士頓大學醫學院之全美醫學院前五十之排名…………………………51
圖十 2003-2012全球生技產業經濟效益現狀與預估………54
圖十一 1992-2014波士頓所獲得美國國家健康協會之贊助金費總額成長圖……………60
圖十二2014年美國國家健康協會補助款分圖…………………………61
圖十三 2014年取得美國國家健康協會研究費贊助之前五城市…………………………62
圖十四 2014年波士頓獲得補助款前六的醫院………………………63
圖十五 1996-2008年美國千禧年製藥公司市值……………………68

表目錄
表一 2015年世界大學排名前二十……………………………………………… 15-16
表二  2014舉辦國際會議的城市之美國前二十排名………………22-23
表三 1800-2000年全美前十大城市排名表(人口規模)……………………39
表四 2015年全美前一百大學排名(列波士頓的大學中五十名內者)……42
表五 2015年全美前十城市獲得美國國家健康協會(NIH)年補助款排名…………43
表六 2000年美國國家健康協會給予九個生技醫療聚落之醫療補助金……………58
表七 2014年美國國家健康協會補助波士頓款項之名單排名…………………59
表八 2004年全球生技公司營利前十大公司…………………………………………………67

參考文獻
壹、中文部分
王旭，2003，《美國城市化的歷史解讀》，湖南省：岳麓書社。
王小俠，劉傑，2005，〈中國城市化的動力機制初探〉，《瀋陽大學學報:社會科學
版》，3，47-49。
王偉霖，2006，〈美國產學合作制度利弊之檢討：台灣科學技術基本法之借鏡〉
《世新法學》，3，4-9。
史靜環，2001，《當代美國教育》，上海市: 社科文獻出版社。
朱俊夫，2006，〈從規劃的形成和發展〉，《北京規劃建設》，10(4)，90-94。
李素華，1999，〈美國技術移轉相關立法與機制簡介〉，《技術尖兵》，55，17。
吳明，「日本武田製藥88億收購麻州千禧年藥廠」，大紀元，2008，4月18日，
	< http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/8/4/18/n2086671.htm>。(2016/3/18)
別敦榮，2002，〈美國大學教育觀察〉，《中國大學教學期刊》，12，42-64。
李緒武，1982，〈德國大學教育對美國高等教育之影響〉，《政治大學教育與心理
研究》，5。
Babbie, Earl ( 2002)。林佳瑩、徐富珍譯，2005，《研究方法：基礎理論與技巧 》，
台北 : 雙葉書廊。
林玉体，2003，《美國教育史》，台北: 三民出版社。
林怡廷，2016，〈波士頓:生技人的新矽谷〉，《天下雜誌》，590。
〈http://www.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5074029〉(2016/6/17)
胡乃文，2011，〈新舊並陳　百年都市波士頓〉，《喀報》，120。
〈https://ir.nctu.edu.tw/handle/11536/35676?locale=zh_TW〉(2016/6/17)
侯永琪，2009，〈21世紀美國研究型大學的研究競爭力-由高等教育分類與排名分
析〉，《臺灣期刊》，4(1)，1-38。
南佐民，2004，〈《拜杜法案》與美國高校的科技商業化〉，《比較教育研究》，25(8)。
范承源，〈美國社會文化變遷與教育，一九六零─一九八零〉，《美國研究》，13(1)。
馬維揚，「世界各國發展生技聚落的經驗與啟示」。台北市: 行政院國家科學委員
會，2005年。九十四年度科技行政研究發展報告。
Bok, Derek ( 1984)。徐小洲、陳軍譯，2001，《走出象牙塔:現代大學的社會責任》，
浙江省 : 浙江教育出版社。
徐仁全(2006，7月)。波士頓＆8所頂尖大學 產學合作，創造2400億產值。遠見
雜誌，241。
財團法人醫藥工業技術發展中心，2008年4月15號，PIDTC。
〈http://www.pitdc.org.tw/look/look.asp?id=431〉(2016/5/24)
Altbach, Philip G, Berdahl, Robert O, and Gumport, Patricia J(2003)。陳舜芬，喬玉全
等人譯，2003，《21世紀美國高等教育》，台北: 高等教育出版社。
Huntington, Samuel P( 1997)。黃裕美譯，1997，《文明衝突與世界秩序的重建》，台
北: 聯經出版事業公司。
Glaeser, Edward (2012)。黃煜文譯，2012，《城市的勝利》，台北 : 時報出版社。
黃漢華(2009，9月)。美國生技業缺資金，台灣投資的新機會。遠見雜誌，279。
葉啟政，1987，《「制度化」的邏輯》，台北: 行政院國家科學委員會。
簡惠閔(2007，5月)。〈美國大學產學合作研究發展之實施現況及其對我國之啟示〉
《教育政策論壇》，10(2)，31-67。

貳、西文部分
Allen, Scoot, and Bombardieri, Marcella. (2008, December 28). A handshake that made healthcare history. Boston Globe, from the Boston Globe web: https://www.bostonglobe.com/specials/2008/12/28/handshake-that-made-healthcare-history/QiWbywqb8olJsA3IZ11o1H/story.html. (2016/4/26)
Altman, L. K. (1996). Medical research hurt by secrecy, official says. New York Times, Retrieved December 4, 2005, from the New York Times web: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage. html?sec=health& res=9507E7DB1539F933A2575 1C0A960958260. (2016/5/3)
Baltzell, E., Digby. 1996. Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia. Chicago, Illinois: Transaction Publishers.
Bacon, Peter. 2003. The Supply and Demand for Skills in the Biotechnology Sector. Ireland: Forf&aacute;s.
Bess, James L., and Association for the Study of Higher Education. 1999. Foundations of American Higher Education (2nd Edition). New York, NY: Pearson Learning Solutions.
Bloom, B.S. 1971. Handbook on Formative and Summative Evaluation of Student Learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bok, Derek .2015. Higher Education in America. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
Bowie, N. E.. 1994. University- Business Partnerships, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.
Brandt, Allan M., (2011, December 12). Surgical Anesthesia, Harvard gazette, from the Harvard University web: http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/10/surgical-anesthesia/ (2016/4/27)
Clarke, Toni. (2007, November 28). UPDATE 1-Millennium drops arthritis drug after fails trial. Reuters News, from the Reuters News web: http://www.reuters.com/article/millennium-idUKN2862904320071128?rpc=44 (2016/3/9)
Clark, Burton R. 1987. Perspective on Higher Education-Eight Disciplinary and Comparative Views. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 
Conant, J.B. 1946. Education in a Divide World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Crow, Michael M., (2011, June 19). Growing a better NIH-A radical way to fix the nation’s medical-research establishment. Boston Globe, from the Boston Globe web: http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2011/06/19/growing_a_better_nih/ (2016/5/30)
Cross, K Patricia. 1971. Beyond the Open Door. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass Inc.
Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Statistics of U.S. Department of Education, 1998. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/ (2016/5/14)
Eisenberg, Rebecca S. 1996. “Public Research and Private Development: Patents and Technology Transfer in Government-Sponsored Res”.  Virginia Law Review, 82(8), 2-48.
Etzkowitz, Henry and Leydesdorff, Loet. 1997. Universities and the Global Knowledge Economy: A Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations. Boston, MA: Thomson Learning. 
Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. 2000. The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and '‘Mode 2'’ to a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109-123.
Fildes, R.A. 1990. “ Strategic challenges in commercializing biotechnology”, California Management Review, 32(3), 63-72.
Formisano, Ronald P. 2012. Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (2nd edition). Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.
Gittleman, Sol. 2004. An Entrepreneurial University: The Transformation of Tufts, 1976-2002. Boston, MA: Tufts University.
Gottmann, Jean, and Heckscher, August. 2012. Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard Of The United States. Whitefish, MT: Literary Licensing, LLC.
Hall, Peter, and Pfeiffer, Ulrich. 2000. Urban Future 21: A Global Agenda for Twenty-First Century Cities (1st ed). Abingdon, UK : Routledge.
Harvard University. 2015. 2015 Harvard and the Massachusetts Economy FACTS & IMPACT, Boston, MA: Harvard University.
Haskins, Charles Homer. 1957. The Rise of Universities. Ithaca, NY: Cornell 
      University Press.
Hechinger, Fred, M. 1975. Growing up in America. Columbus, Ohio: McGraw-Hill. 
Howard, David M. 1979. Student power in world missions. Westmont, IL: InterVarsity Press.
Huang, J., Hu, R., Meijl, H.V., and Tongeren, F.V. 2004. “ Biotechnology Boosts to Crop Productivity in China: Trade and Welfare Implications.”, Journal of Development Economics, 75(1), 27-54.
Hutchin, 	Robert Maynard, and Ashmore, Harry S. 1995. The Higher Learning in America (2 edition). Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
Jackson, Anthony W, and Hawley, Willis D. 1995. Toward a Common Destiny: Improving Race and Ethnic Relations in America(1st edition). New York: Jossey-Bass. 
Kelly, Marry Sullivan. (2015, October 17). Boston Marks 21 Years On Top of NIH Research Funding. Boston Globe.
Kerr, Clark. 2001. The Uses of the University ( 5th ed). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Landro Laura, (2014, June 8). The Health-Care Industry Is Pushing Patients to Help Themselves. The Wall Street Journal, from the Wall Street Journal web: http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-health-care-industry-is-pushing-patients-to-help-themselves-1402065145 (2016/3/26)
Mandell, Patricia, and Vollmer, Ryan. 1991. Hidden Boston and Cape Cod: The Adventurer's Guide. Berkeley, CA: Ulysses Press.
Marquard, Bryan, (2013, February 19). Mass. officials, scientists warn about NIH cuts- In 2011, Boston’s public and private organizations received more than 3,600 grants for a total combined award of $1.7 billion. Boston Globe, from the Boston Globe web: http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/02/19/warren-capuano-menino-join-health-scientists-warn-sequester-cuts-impact-massachusetts/g9fszbBdV3kFDaDkt7L1gL/story.html (2016/4/5)
Medsker, Leland L. 1960. The Junior College: Progress and Prospect, California, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Metzger, Stanley D. 1965. “ The Prospects for Kennedy Round”. Journal of Business Law. 1(1), 103-113. 	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Law School.
Mumford, Lewis. 1970. The Culture of Cities. Fort Washington, PA: Harvest Books company.
Naylor, Natalie A. 1977. “The Theological Seminary in the Configuration of American Higher Education: The Ante-Bellum Years”. History of Education Quarterly, 17(1), 17-30. Champaign, Illinois: History of Education Society.
Nelson, R. 1993. National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
Newman, John Henry. 2015. The University: Its Rise & Progress. California: Creative Minority Productions.
Novak, Joseph D. 1977. A Theory of Education. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Parsons, C., Kermit. 2006. “A Truce in the War Between Universities and Cities: A  Prologue to the Study of City-University Renewal” [Electronic version].    Journal of Higher Education, 34(1), 16-28. 
Partners Health Care, http://www.partners.org/ (2016/3/11)
PHRMA. 2013. Pharmaceutical Research And Manufacturers of America. Washington, DC: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. 
Pollack, Andrew. (2005, June 29). Shift Seen Atop Millennium Pharmaceuticals. New York Times.
Pollack, Andrew. (2001, December 7). TECHNOLOGY; Deal for COR Continues Merger Trend In Biotech. New York Times, from the New York Times web: http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/07/business/technology-deal-for-cor-continues-merger-trend-in-biotech.html (2016/5/19)
Pollack, Andrew. (2005, June 29). Shift Seen Atop Millennium Pharmaceuticals. New York Times, from the New York Times web: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/29/business/shift-seen-atop-millennium-pharmaceuticals.html (2016/5/8)
Pulliam, J. D. 1987. History of education in America (4th ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill Publishing Co.
Pulliam, John D., and Patten, James Van. 1995. History of Education in America (6th ed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Quincy, Josiah. 2006. The history of Harvard University. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Publishing.
Robert, Edward B. 1991. An Environment for Entrepreneurs MIT: Sapping the Future. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Rogers, William, B., 2015, Act and Resolves Of The General Court Relating To The Massachusetts Institute Of Technology 1861, MIT History, from the MIT web: http://web.mit.edu/corporation/charter.pdf (2016/4/4)
Rowley, L., Larry. 2000. “The Relationship between Universities and Black Urban Communities: The Clash of Two Cultures” [Electronic version]. The Urban Review, 32(1), 45-65.
Sammarco, Mitchell, Anthony, and Kyprianos, Z., James. 2002. Downtown Boston. 
Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing.
Samuelson, J., Robert.1969. “Un-fair Harvard ? Faculty Report Surveys University-City, Relations”[Electronic version]. Science, 163(3868), 658-661.
Seasholes, S., Nancy. 2003. Gaining Ground: A History of Landmarking in Boston (1st ed). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Shapiro, Harold T. 2006. A Larger Sense of Purpose: Higher Education and Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Slings, Ellen. (2016, January 28). Boston Medical Center Receives $2 Million Grant from National Institutes of Health to Study Impact of Ambulance Diversion on Low-Income Patient Populations. Boston Medical Center News, from the BMCN web: http://www.bmc.org/about/news/Boston-Medical-Center-receives-2-Million-Grant-from-National-Institutes-of-Health-to-Study-Impact-of-Ambulance-Diversion-on-Low-Income-Patient-Populations.htm (2016/3/25)
Smart, John, and Tierney, William G. 1997. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, Volume XII. Berlin. Germany: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Smart, John C., and Paulsen, Michael B. 2011. Higher Education: Handbook Of Theory and Research. Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer Dordrecht.
Smith, Jason Owen., and Powell, Walter W. 2004. Knowledge Networks as Channels and Conduits: The Effects of Spillovers in the Boston Biotechnology Community. Organization Science, 15(1), 5-21.
Speicher, Ann Leigh. 2009. The Association of American Universities: A Century of Service to Higher Education 1900-2000. Washing, DC: AAU Public Affairs. 
Spring, Joel. 2013. American Education(16 edition). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. 
The Boston Globe Staff, (2008, November 16). Unhealthy System: Is medical giant Partners Health Care good for Massachusetts?, Boston Globe, from the Boston Globe web: http://www.bostonglobe.com/specials/2008/11/16/healthcare-system-badly-out-balance/j2ushYtZTBiCSxxUtQegbN/story.html (2016/5/22)
The Council for Aid to Education, CAE, 1994, < http://cae.org/>. (2016/4/29)
Thomke, Stefan H., and Nimgade, Ashok. 1999. Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A). Harvard Business School Case, 600-038. Revised August, 2001.
Trow, Martin. 1989. American higher education—Past, present and future. Studies in Higher Education, 14(1), 5-22.
United for Medical Research. (2013, December 10th). Medical Researchers Detail Impact of NIH Budget Cuts to Research, Patients and the Economy, from the United for Medical Research web: http://www.unitedformedicalresearch.com/medical-researchers-detail-impact-of-nih-budget-cuts-to-research-patients-and-the-economy/#.VzhrZvl97IV (2016/5/29)
Wallace, Amy. (1995, January 6). Study Criticizes College Cost Structure. Los Angeles Times.


Wallack, Todd. (2011, November 1 ). Fidelity move pays big dividend in Texas-Company brings jobs, becomes a civic force. Boston Globe, from the Boston Globe web: http://archive.boston.com/business/articles/2011/11/01/fidelity_move_pays_big_dividend_in_texas/?page=1 (2016/4/7)
Weisman, Robert. (2015, October 17). Cambridge biotech bids to become leading cancer drug maker. Boston Globe, from the Boston Globe web: https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/10/16/merrimack-pharmaceuticals-bidding-become-boston-area-leading-cancer-drug-maker/bh9PIOOu9I6f5A7lO5e17I/story.html (2016/6/6)
Weston, George F. 1975. Boston Ways: High, By, and Folk(3th edition). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
William, Stevens.(1969, May 5). MIT Curb on Secret Project Reflects Growing Antimilitary Feeling Among Universities Researchers. New York Times.
WYSS INSITUTE, (2009, September, 24). Boston University engineer to use $2.5 million NIH grant to cells' reaction to physical force. Boston, MA, Harvard University.