本研究的目的在探討董事會多樣性與審計品質之關聯性。以中國2009至2011年上市公司為樣本，共2743筆資料，並依照不同資料類型分別採用多元迴歸分析與Logit迴歸分析檢定假說。董事會多樣性以董事會成員的人口統計變數-性別、年齡、任期及教育程度衡量。本研究另以審計意見類型、審計公費與裁決性應計數三項代理變數捕捉審計品質。實證結果顯示董事會多樣性顯著正向影響審計品質。若以審計意見為代理變數時，董事會多樣性愈高，會計師出具非標準式無保留意見的機率愈高。董事會性別多樣性亦呈相同結果。而以審計公費為代理變數時，董事會多樣性愈高，審計公費會降低。董事會年齡與教育程度多樣性亦呈相同結果。另外以裁決性應計數為代理變數時，董事會年齡多樣性愈高，裁決性應計數愈低。本研究除補足董事會多樣性與審計品質相關管理議題文獻外，亦能提升社會對董事會多樣性之重視，因為董事會多樣性會提升企業內部監督機制，降低會計師之審計風險並提升審計品質。

This paper is to investigate the relationship between board diversity and audit quality. The research sample is from China listed companies between the year of 2009 and 2011, totaling 2,743 observations. Based on the different types of data, we use multiple regression analysis and logit regression analysis to test our research hypotheses. The variable of board diversity is measured by the demography of board members, i.e., gender, age, tenure and education. Moreover, we use audit opinion, audit fees and discretionary accruals as proxy variables of audit quality. The findings of our study indicate that board diversity has a significantly positive effect on audit quality. If using audit opinion as the proxy, the more diverse the board members, the more increasing probability of non-standard unqualified audit reports issued by the CPA. It can also be found in board gender diversity. If using audit fees as the proxy variables, the more diverse the board members, the less audit fees to be paid. There are similar results by using board age variable and education diversity. In addition, if using discretionary accruals as the proxy, the more age diverse the board members, the less discretionary accruals do companies have. The contributions of this paper are to make a supplementary on the management literature of the board diversity and audit quality, and to serve as suggestions to managers in supporting board diversity because enhancing corporate governance can reduce audit risk, so as to improve audit quality.

目錄
目錄	IV
表目錄	VI
圖目錄	VII
第壹章	緒論	1
第一節	研究背景與動機	1
第二節	研究目的	4
第三節	研究架構	5
第貳章	文獻探討	6
第一節	公司治理	6
第二節	董事會之功能	8
第三節	中國大陸之董事會	13
第四節	董事會多樣性	15
第五節	審計品質	18
第六節	董事會多樣性與審計品質	24
第參章	研究假說與研究方法	26
第一節	研究架構圖	27
第二節	研究假說之建立	27
第三節	變數定義與衡量	31
第四節	實證模型	38
第五節	資料分析方法	39
第肆章	實證結果與分析	40
第一節	敘述性統計	40
第二節	相關分析	42
第三節	迴歸結果分析	44
第四節	小結	48
第伍章	結論與建議	50
第一節	研究結論	50
第二節	管理意涵	52
第三節	研究限制與建議	53
參考文獻	55


 
表目錄
表 2 1董事會多樣性文獻整理	17
表 2 2審計品質文獻整理	23
表 3 1樣本選取表	26
表 3 2產業分類彙整表	37
表 4 1敘述性統計	41
表 4 2 Pearson相關係數矩陣	43
表 4 3董事會多樣性與審計品質之Logit迴歸分析結果(審計意見)	45
表 4 4董事會多樣性與審計品質之多元迴歸分析結果(審計公費)	46
表 4 5董事會多樣性與審計品質之多元迴歸分析結果(裁決性應計數)	47
表 4 6董事會多樣性與審計品質之迴歸分析結果彙總表	49

 
圖目錄
圖 1 1 研究流程圖	5
圖 2 1世界銀行公司治理架構圖	7
圖 2 2董事會	12
圖 2 3中國大陸董事會	14
圖 3 1觀念性架構	27

參考文獻
中文文獻
中國註冊會計師協會，2006，中國註冊會計師審計準則，北京：中華人民共和國財政部。
中國證券監督管理委員會，2002，上市公司治理準則，北京：中國證券監督管理委員會。
中華人民共和國全國人民代表大會常務委員會，2005，中華人民共和國公司法，北京：中華人民共和國全國人民代表大會常務委員會。
李桓伊，2012，董事會成員特性對會計師事務所選擇之影響，中興大學會計學研究所未出版碩士論文。
李建然、林秀鳳，2013，大型會計師事務所之審計品質真的比非大型會計師事務所好嗎? 從抑制盈餘管理的角度探討-控制自我選擇偏誤的重要性，中華會計學刊，第9卷第1期：77-110。
李建然、陳信吉、湯麗芬，2013，客戶重要性與審計品質-從簽證會計師角度分析，當代會計，第14卷第2期：147-174。
吳當傑原著，2004，公司治理理論與實務，初版，臺北：財團法人孫運璿學術基金會。
易明秋，2003，公司治理，初版，臺北市：弘智文化事業公司。
林子淇，2011，實質盈餘管理對會計資訊價值攸關性之影響，國立雲林科技大學會計所未出版碩士論文。
林宜勉、呂惠民、盧其群，2010，會計師審計品質與財務報表重編之關聯性， 中山管理評論，第18卷第2期：407-445。 
況學文、陳俊，2011，董事會性别多元化、管理者權力與審計需求，南開管理評論，第6期：48-56。

倪連成，2010，董事會資源對資訊揭露之影響—以臺灣上市公司電子業為例，國立高雄第一科技大學財務管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
時可、張娜，2011，推動女性董事發展的探討，中國國情國力，第7期：41-44。
戚務君原著，2011，高等審計學 : 實證視野下的審計研究，初版，新北市：指南書局有限公司。
楊炎杰、官月緞，2006，客戶重要性與非審計服務是否影響審計品質? Enron 後的觀察，會計評論，第43期：27-61。
楊震，2007，論董事會結構及其治理功能，湖北社會科學，第9期：98-100。 
廖益興，2010，董事會組成,股權結構與年報資訊揭露水準，臺大管理論叢，第20卷第2期：209-249。
廖秀梅、洪筱雯，2010，非審計服務,會計師任期與審計品質，當代會計，第11卷第2期：151-178。
鄒建中，2007，中國大陸《公司法》法制變遷及其公司治理之探究，財金論文叢刊，第6期：128-143。
蘇裕惠，2005，會計師任期與審計品質，當代會計，第6卷第2期：187-220。 
蘇珍慧，2014，學歷通膨年代-離開學校後才是關鍵，臺灣教育評論月刊，第3卷第12期：92-99。
英文文獻
Abbott, L. J., Parker, S., and Peters, G. F. 2004. Audit committee characteristics and restatements. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory 23 (1): 69-87. 
Ad Hoc Task Force on Corporate Governance. 1999. OECD principles of corporate governance.
Adams, R. B., and Ferreira, D. 2009. Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics 94 (2): 291-309. 
Agrawal, A., and Knoeber, C. R. 1996. Firm performance and mechanisms to control agency problems between managers and shareholders. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 31 (3): 377-397. 
Arfken, D. E., Bellar, S. L., and Helms, M. M. 2004. The ultimate glass ceiling revisited: The presence of women on corporate boards. Journal of Business Ethics. 50 (2): 177-186. 
Barua, A., Davidson, L. F., Rama, D. V., and Thiruvadi, S. 2010. CFO gender and accruals quality. Accounting Horizons 24 (1): 25-39. 
Baysinger, B., and Hoskisson, R. E. 1990. The composition of boards of directors and strategic control: Effects on corporate strategy. Academy of Management Review 15 (1): 72-87. 
Becker, C. L., DeFond, M. L., Jiambalvo, J., and Subramanyam, K. 1998. The effect of audit quality on earnings management. Contemporary Accounting Research 15 (1): 1-24. 
Bowen, R. M., Rajgopal, S., and Venkatachalam, M. 2008. Accounting discretion, corporate governance, and firm performance. Contemporary Accounting Research 25 (2): 351-405. 
Boyd, B. 1990. Corporate linkages and organizational environment: A test of the resource dependence model. Strategic Management Journal 11 (6): 419-430. 
Burgess, Z., and Tharenou, P. 2002. Women board directors: Characteristics of the few. Journal of Business Ethics 37 (1): 39-49. 
Cadbury, A. 1992. Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance. Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance London. Gee.
Carcello, J. V., and Neal, T. L. 2000. Audit Committee Composition and Auditor Reporting. The Accounting Review 75 (4): 453-467. 
Carcello, J. V., Hermanson, D. R., Neal, T. L., and Riley, R. A. 2002. Board Characteristics and Audit Fees. Contemporary Accounting Research 19 (3): 365-384.
Carpenter, M. A., and Westphal, J. D. 2001. The strategic context of external network ties: Examining the impact of director appointments on board involvement in strategic decision making. Academy of Management Journal 44 (4): 639-660. 
Carter, D. A., Simkins, B. J., and Simpson, W. G. 2003. Corporate governance, board diversity, and firm value. Financial Review 38 (1): 33-53. 
Chi, W., and Huang, H. 2005. Discretionary accruals, audit-firm tenure and audit-partner tenure: Empirical evidence from Taiwan. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics 1 (1): 65-92.
Chan, K. H., and Wu, D. 2011. Aggregate quasi rents and auditor independence: Evidence from audit firm mergers in china*. Contemporary Accounting Research 28 (1): 175-213. 
Chapple, L., and Humphrey, J. E. 2014. Does board gender diversity have a financial impact? evidence using stock portfolio performance. Journal of Business Ethics 122 (4): 709-723. 
Chapple, L., Kent, P., and Routledge, J. 2012. Board gender diversity and going concern audit opinions. Financial Markets & Corporate Governance Conference.
Chiang, H., and He, L. 2010. Board supervision capability and information transparency. Corporate Governance: An International Review 18 (1): 18-31. 
Choi, J. N., Price, R. H., and Vinokur, A. D. 2003. Self‐efficacy changes in groups: Effects of diversity, leadership, and group climate. Journal of Organizational Behavior 24 (4): 357-372. 
Chtourou, S. M., Bedard, J., and Courteau, L. 2001. Corporate governance and earnings management. University of Laval, Quebec, Canada.
Coffey, B. S., and Fryxell, G. E. 1991. Institutional ownership of stock and dimensions of corporate social performance: An empirical examination. Journal of Business Ethics 10 (6): 437-444. 
Coffey, B. S., and Wang, J. 1998. Board diversity and managerial control as predictors of corporate social performance. Journal of Business Ethics 17 (14): 1595-1603. 
Cohen, D., A. Dey, and T. Lys. 2008. Real and accrual-based earnings management in the pre- and post-Sarbanes-Oxley period. The Accounting Review 83 (3): 757–787.
DeAngelo, L. E. 1981. Auditor size and audit quality. Journal of accounting and economics 3(3): 183-199.
Daily, C. M., and Dalton, D. R. 1994. Bankruptcy and corporate governance: The impact of board composition and structure. Academy of Management Journal 37 (6): 1603-1617. 
Dalton, D. R., Daily, C. M., Ellstrand, A. E., and Johnson, J. L. 1998. Meta-analytic reviews of board composition, leadership structure, and financial performance. Strategic Management Journal 19 (3): 269-290. 
Davidson, R. A., and Neu, D. 1993. A note on the association between audit firm size and audit quality. Contemporary Accounting Research 9 (2): 479-488. 
DeFond, M. L., and Jiambalvo, J. 1994. Debt covenant violation and manipulation of accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics 17 (1): 145-176. 
Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of Management Review 14 (1): 57-74. 
Erhardt, N. L., Werbel, J. D., and Shrader, C. B. 2003. Board of director diversity and firm financial performance. Corporate Governance: An International Review 11 (2): 102-111. 
Fama, E. F., and Jensen, M. C. 1983. Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics 26 (2): 301-325. 
Finkelstein, S., and Hambrick, D. C. 1988. Chief executive compensation: A synthesis and reconciliation. Strategic Management Journal 9 (6): 543-558. 
Gavious, I., Segev, E., and Yosef, R. 2012. Female directors and earnings management in high-technology firms. Pacific Accounting Review 24 (1): 4-32. 
Ghosh, A., and Moon, D. 2005. Auditor tenure and perceptions of audit quality. The Accounting Review 80 (2): 585-612. 
Gillan, S. L.2006. Recent developments in corporate governance: An overview. Journal of Corporate Finance 12 (3): 381-402. 
Gilpatrick, K. 2000. Invite youthful insight. Credit Union Management 23 (9): 28-29. 
Gramling, A. A., and Stone, D. N. 2001. Audit firm industry expertise: A review and synthesis of the archival literature. Journal of Accounting Literature 20: 1-29. 
Grosvold, J., Brammer, S., and Rayton, B. 2007. Board diversity in the united kingdom and norway: An exploratory analysis. Business Ethics: A European Review 16 (4): 344-357. 
Gul, F. A., and Leung, S. 2004. Board leadership, outside directors’ expertise and voluntary corporate disclosures. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 23 (5): 351-379. 
Gul, F. A., Srinidhi, B., and Tsui, J. S. L. 2009. Board diversity and the demand for higher audit effort. Rochester: Social Science Research Network. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1359450
Houle, C. O. 1990. Who should be on your board?.  Nonprofit World 8 (1): 33-35.
Huse, M., and Rindova, V. 2001. Stakeholders' Expectations of Board Roles: the case of subsidiary boards. Journal of Management and Governance: 153-178. 
Hafsi, T., and Turgut, G. 2013. Boardroom diversity and its effect on social performance: Conceptualization and empirical evidence. Journal of Business Ethics 112 (3): 463-479. 
Hambrick, D. C., Werder, A. v., and Zajac, E. J. 2008. New directions in corporate governance research. Organization Science 19 (3): 381-385. 
Harrison, D. A., and Klein, K. J. 2007. What's the difference? diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review 32 (4): 1199-1228. 
Hillman, A. J., and Dalziel, T. 2003. Boards of directors and firm performance: Integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives. Academy of Management.the Academy of Management Review 28 (3): 383-396.
Ingley, C., and Van der Walt, N. 2003. Board configuration: Building better boards. Corporate Governance 3 (4): 5-17. 
Iskander, M. R., and Chamlou, N. 2000. Corporate governance: A framework for implementation. World Bank Publications. 
Ittonen, K., and Peni, E. 2012. Auditor's gender and audit fees. International Journal of Auditing 16 (1): 1-18. 
Jelinek, M., and Adler, N. J. 1988. Women: World-class managers for global competition. The Academy of Management Executive 2 (1): 11-19. 
Johnson, R. H., Ciesielski, P. E., and Hart, K. A. 1996. Tropical inversions near the 0 C level. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 53 (13): 1838-1855. 
Jensen, M. C., Meckling, W. H. 1976. Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3 (4): 305-360.
Jensen, M. C. 1993. The modern industrial revolution, exit, and the failure of internal control systems. the Journal of Finance 48 (3): 831-880.
Knapp, M. 1991. Factor that audit committee members use as surrogates or audit quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 10 (1): 35-52.
Kang, H., Cheng, M., and Gray, S. J. 2007. Corporate governance and board composition: Diversity and independence of australian boards. Corporate Governance: An International Review 15 (2): 194-207. 
Kesner, I. F. 1988. Directors' characteristics and committee membership: An investigation of type, occupation, tenure, and gender. Academy of Management Journal 31 (1): 66-84. 
Kothari, S. P., A. J. Leone, and C. E. Wasley. 2005. Performance matched discretionary accrual measures. Journal of Accounting and Economics 39 (1): 163-197.
Kim, K. A., and Nofsinger, J. R. 2007. Corporate governance. 2nd Edition. Pearson/Prentice Hall: New Jersey. Pearson/Prentice Hall. 
Klai, N., and Omri, A. 2011. Corporate governance and financial reporting quality: The case of tunisian firms. International Business Research 4 (1): 158-166. 
Klein, B., and Leffler, K. B. 1981. The role of market forces in assuring contractual performance. The Journal of Political Economy: 615-641.
Leblanc, R., Bankes, J., Kam, A. F., Fraser, J. R., Gryglewicz, P., Hill, C., et al. 2012. General commentary on european union corporate governance proposals. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance 9 (1): 1-35. 
Luoma, P., and Goodstein, J. 1999. Research notes. stakeholders and corporate boards: Institutional influences on board composition and structure. Academy of Management Journal 42 (5): 553-563. 
Mahadeo, J. D., Soobaroyen, T., and Hanuman, V. O. 2012. Board composition and financial performance: Uncovering the effects of diversity in an emerging economy. Journal of Business Ethics 105 (3): 375-388. 
Milliken, F. J., and Martins, L. L. 1996. Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review 21 (2): 402-433. 
Minichilli, A., Zattoni, A., and Zona, F. 2009. Making boards effective: An empirical examination of board task performance. British Journal of Management 20 (1): 55-74. 
Myers, J. N., Myers, L. A., and Omer, T. C. 2003. Exploring the term of the auditor-client relationship and the quality of earnings: A case for mandatory auditor rotation? The Accounting Review 78 (3): 779-799. 
Nicholson, G. J., and Kiel, G. C. 2004. Breakthrough board performance: How to harness your board’s intellectual capital. Corporate Governance 4 (1): 5-23.
O’sullivan, N. 2000. "The impact of board composition and ownership on audit quality: Evidence from large UK companies. The British Accounting Review 32 (4): 397-414.
Palmrose, Z. V. 1988. 1987 Competitive Manuscript Co-Winner: An Analysis of Auditor Litigation and Audit Service Quality. Accounting Review: 55-73.
Palmrose, Z. V. 1986. Audit fees and auditor size: Further evidence. Journal of accounting research: 97-110.
Pfeffer, J. 1972. Merger as a response to organizational interdependence. Administrative Science Quarterly : 382-394. 
Porter, M. E. 1990. The competitive advantage of notions. Harvard Business Review. 
Powell, G. N. 1999. Handbook of gender and work. Sage Publications. 
Rhodes, S. R. 1983. Age-related differences in work attitudes and behavior: A review and conceptual analysis. Psychological bulletin 93 (2): 328-367.
Raghunandan, K., Rama, D. V., and Read, W. J. 2001. Audit committee composition,“gray directors,” and interaction with internal auditing. Accounting Horizons 15 (2): 105-118. 
Ramirez, S. A. 2000. Diversity and the boardroom. Stan.JL Bus.and Fin 6 (1): 85-134. 
Reeb, D. M., and Zhao, W. 2013. Director capital and corporate disclosure quality. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 32 (4): 191-212. 
Robinson, G., and Dechant, K. 1997. Building a business case for diversity. The Academy of Management Executive 11 (3): 21-31. 
Salancik, G. R., and Pfeffer, J. 1978. The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. Stanford University Press.
Sarbanes, P. 2002. Sarbanes-oxley act of 2002. In The Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act. Washington DC: US Congress. 
Shawver, T., Bancroft, P., and Sennetti, J. 2005. Can the'clan effect'reduce the gender sensitivity to fraud? the case of the IPO environment. Journal of Forensic Accounting 7 (1): 185-208.
Simunic, D. A., and Stein, M. T. 1987. Product differentiation in auditing: Auditor choice in the market for unseasoned new issues. Canadian Certified General. 
Stewart, J., and Munro, L. 2007. The impact of audit committee existence and audit committee meeting frequency on the external audit: Perceptions of australian auditors. Internationad. Journal of Auditing 11 (1): 51-69. 
Teoh, S. H., and Wong, T. 1993. Perceived auditor quality and the earnings response coefficient. Accounting Review: 346-366. 
Thomas, D. A., and Ely, R. J. 1996. Making differences matter: A new paradigm for managing diversity. Harvard Business Review 74 (5): 79-91. 
Vafeas, N. 2003. Length of board tenure and outside director independence. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 30 (7‐8): 1043-1064. 
Watkins, A. L., Hillison, W., & Morecroft, S. E. 2004. Audit quality: A synthesis of theory and empirical evidence. Journal of Accounting Literature 23(1): 153-193.
Walsh, J. P., and Seward, J. K. 1990. On the efficiency of internal and external corporate control mechanisms. Academy of Management Review 15 (3): 421-458. 
Wang, J., and Dewhirst, H. D. 1992. Boards of directors and stakeholder orientation. Journal of Business Ethics 11 (2): 115-123.
Willingham, J., & Jacobson, P. 1985. A research response to the dingell hearings. The Auditor’s Report: 1-4. 
Xie, B., Davidson III, W. N., and DaDalt, P. J. 2003. Earnings management and corporate governance: The role of the board and the audit committee. Journal of Corporate Finance 9 (3): 295-316. 
Zahra, S. A., and Pearce, J. A. 1989. Boards of directors and corporate financial performance: A review and integrative model. Journal of Management 15 (2): 291-334.
Zanani, W., Abdullah, W., Shahnaz, I., and Nurasyikin, J. 2008. The impact of board composition, ownership and CEO duality on audit quality: The malaysian evidence. Malaysian Accounting Review 7 (2): 17-28.