血液透析廢水因含有高濃度的氨氮(約60~70 mg/L)，若未經處理直接將廢水排入水溝會造成嚴重污染。根據文獻指出好氧造粒程序能有效去除氨氮，且具有較佳的穩定性、維持高污泥濃度，以及能承受高有機負荷。故本研究於SBR系統內以好氧顆粒污泥處理某診所排放之血液透析廢水，探討好氧顆粒污泥及實廠之活性污泥對於血液透析廢水中COD及氨氮之去除效率。
初期為確認血液透析廢水能培養出好氧顆粒污泥，以血液透析廢水作為進流水，於實驗室培養好氧顆粒污泥，觀察顆粒之形成及水質處理狀況。經觀察發現SBR系統能培養出好氧顆粒污泥，且各水質分析結果皆有明顯的去除效率。SBR系統經過三周的培養期間，即可形成好氧顆粒污泥，且對於COD及氨氮之去除效率皆可達95%以上。此外，從SBR系統得知好氧顆粒污泥能將氨氮完全氧化為硝酸鹽氮。
後期將SBR系統搬至該診所之廢水處理廠進行培養，並定期至實廠採集SBR系統及實廠之進、出流水，於實驗室進行各項水質分析。由於該診所會針對血液透析機進行消毒，故SBR系統於實廠培養約六個月的期間，活性污泥因受到次氯酸鈉之影響，皆未形成好氧顆粒污泥，對於COD及氨氮之去除效率均降至85%左右，而從結果得知SBR系統之活性污泥僅能將氨氮氧化為亞硝酸鹽氮。因此，比較SBR系統於實驗室及實廠培養結果顯示，好氧顆粒污泥比起活性污泥更有利於硝化作用進行，且對於水質有較好之處理結果。

Hemodialysis wastewater contains high concentration of ammonia nitrogen (about 60~70 mg/L). It may cause serious water pollution if the wastewater is not properly treated. Literatures showed that aerobic granule process has good stability, maintains high sludge concentration, withstands high organic loadings, and can remove ammonia nitrogen effectively. In this study, aerobic granular process was used to treat hemodialysis wastewater collected from a local clinic. Both aerobic granular process and activated sludge process in the existing activated sludge process were compared side-by-side for removing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen of hemodialysis wastewater.
At first, cultivation of aerobic granule using hemodialysis wastewater was conducted in the laboratory to observe granule formation and treated water quality. The result shows that aerobic granule can be cultivated in SBR reactor using hemodialysis wastewater as substrate, having outstanding treatment efficiency. After a three-week operation, aerobic granules were formed in SBR reactor, achieving more than 95% of COD and ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency. Besides, complete oxidation of ammonia nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen was observed in the aerobic granule process.
Thereafter, SBR reactor was moved onsite to the clinic and was operated side-by-side with the activated sludge process in the existing wastewater treatment plant. Influent and effluent of SBR reactor and of the existing treatment process were collected and brought back to laboratory regularly for water quality analysis to compare the performance of two systems. No aerobic granules formed during the course of six-month study due to raw water containing sodium hypochlorite, which was used to sterilize medical devices at the end of each business day. Therefore, the onsite SBR reactor was operated as a normal activated sludge system. Less than 85% of COD and ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency was achieved for both systems. Furthermore, the SBR reactor was only capable of oxidizing ammonia nitrogen into nitrite nitrogen, while no ammonia nitrogen removal was observed for the activated sludge process of the existing treatment plant. Comparison of SBR reactor in the laboratory with SBR reactor onsite, this study confirmed that aerobic granule process achieved better nitrification efficiency and produced better treated water quality than activated sludge process.

目錄	I
圖目錄	IV
表目錄	VII
第一章、前言	1
1-1 研究緣起	1
1-2 研究目的	2
第二章、文獻回顧	3
2-1 水中之氨氮	3
2-1-1 水中氨氮的型態及危害	3
2-1-2 硝化作用	4
2-2 好氧顆粒污泥	6
2-2-1 碳源	7
2-2-2 沉澱時間	8
2-2-3 溶氧	9
2-2-4 水力停留時間	10
2-2-5 其他影響因子	10
2-3 好氧顆粒污泥之應用	11
2-3-1 去除廢水中之氨氮	11
2-3-2 降解有毒物質	14
2-3-3 去除水中重金屬離子	15
第三章、實驗材料與方法	16
3-1 實驗材料與設備	16
3-1-1 實驗材料	16
3-1-2 實驗設備	16
3-1-3 實驗藥品	18
3-1-4 實驗儀器	20
3-2 分析方法	20
3-2-1 水中化學需氧量(COD)檢測方法	21
3-2-2 污泥容積指數(SVI30)及總懸浮固體物	22
3-2-3 氨氮(NH3-N)檢測方法	22
3-2-4 硝酸鹽氮(NO3--N)及亞硝酸鹽氮(NO2--N)檢測方法	24
3-2-5 總氮(TN)檢測方法	26
3-2-6 總有機碳(Total organic carbon, TOC)分析	27
3-2-7 數值分析	27
第四章、結果與討論 29
4-1 好氧顆粒污泥之培養及分析  29
4-1-1 污泥容積指數及MLSS  29
4-1-2 COD 之去除效率  31
4-1-3 氨氮、亞硝酸鹽氮及硝酸鹽氮之去除效率  32
4-1-4 顆粒外觀  35
4-1-5 單一週期內各濃度變化情形  36
4-2 SBR 系統與實廠相比  43
4-2-1 pH 值之影響  43
4-2-2 污泥容積指數及MLSS  44
4-2-3 COD 之去除效率  49
4-2-4 氨氮、亞硝酸鹽氮及硝酸鹽氮之去除效率 50
4-2-5 水質變化  53
第五章、結論與建議 57
5-1 結論 57
5-2 建議 58
參考文獻 59

圖目錄
Figure 1. 實廠之處理程序：包含調節槽、接觸氧化槽、生物沉澱槽、消毒槽及放流槽	17
Figure 2. 本研究之SBR反應槽示意圖	18
Figure 3. 氨氮檢量線	23
Figure 4. 硝酸鹽氮檢量線	24
Figure 5. 亞硝酸鹽氮檢量線	25
Figure 6. 總氮檢量線	26
Figure 7. SBR系統之MLSS濃度及SVI30與操作天數之關係圖	30
Figure 8. SBR系統形成好氧顆粒後之MLSS濃度及SVI30與操作天數之關係圖	30
Figure 9. 進流水及SBR出流水之COD濃度與操作天數之關係圖	32
Figure 10. 進流水及SBR出流水之氨氮與操作天數之關係圖	33
Figure 11. 進流水及SBR出流水之亞硝酸鹽氮與操作天數之關係圖	34
Figure 12. 進流水及SBR出流水之硝酸鹽氮與操作天數之關係圖	34
Figure 13. 於不同天數(5th, 23rd, 31st, 36th, 44th, 49th day)SBR系統培養之顆粒形成圖	36
Figure 14. 不同水力停留時間下，SBR系統於一個周期內之COD濃度變化與時間之關係圖	37
Figure 15. 不同水力停留時間下，SBR系統於一個周期內之氨氮濃度變化與時間之關係圖	38
Figure 16. 不同水力停留時間下，SBR系統於一個周期內之亞硝酸鹽氮濃度變化與時間之關係圖	39
Figure 17. 不同水力停留時間下，SBR系統於一個周期內之硝酸鹽氮濃度變化與時間之關係圖	40
Figure 18. 為6小時水力停留時間下，SBR系統之氨氮、亞硝酸鹽氮及硝酸鹽氮濃度變化與時間之關係圖	41
Figure 19. 為4小時水力停留時間下，SBR系統之氨氮、亞硝酸鹽氮及硝酸鹽氮濃度變化與時間之關係圖	42
Figure 20. 為3小時水力停留時間下，SBR系統之氨氮、亞硝酸鹽氮及硝酸鹽氮濃度變化與時間之關係圖	42
Figure 21. SBR系統及實廠生物系統之pH值與時間之關係圖	44
Figure 23. SBR系統(植入實廠污泥)及實廠生物系統之MLSS濃度與時間之關係圖	47
Figure 24. SBR系統及實廠生物系統之SVI30與時間之關係圖	48
Figure 25. SBR系統(植入實廠污泥)及實廠生物系統之SVI30與時間之關係圖	48
Figure 26. 摒除系統不穩定之SBR系統及實廠生物系統之SVI30濃度與時間之關係圖	49
Figure 27. 進流水、SBR出流水及實廠生物系統出流水之COD濃度與時間之關係圖	50
Figure 28. 進流水、SBR出流水及實廠生物系統出流水之氨氮與時間之關係圖	51
Figure 29. 進流水、SBR出流水及實廠生物系統出流水之亞硝酸鹽氮與時間之關係圖	52
Figure 30. 進流水、SBR出流水及實廠生物系統出流水之硝酸鹽氮與時間之關係圖	53
Figure 31. 單一循環內之氨氮、亞硝酸鹽氮及硝酸鹽氮與時間之關係圖(9/2)	54
Figure 32. 單一循環內之氨氮、亞硝酸鹽氮及硝酸鹽氮與時間之關係圖(11/5)	55
Figure 33. 該診所生物處理系統之調節槽，每30分鐘之COD濃度變化	56
Figure 34. 該診所生物處理系統之調節槽，每30分鐘之氨氮、硝酸鹽氮及亞硝酸鹽氮之濃度變化	56


表目錄
Table 1. 探討不同好氧顆粒污泥之文獻對於氨氮之去除效率 12
Table 2. SBR 系統對於MLSS 及SVI30 兩種因子之統計量表：(a) SBR 系統之
MLSS 濃度統計；(b)為好氧顆粒污泥形成後，SBR 系統之MLSS 濃度統
計；(c) SBR 系統之SVI30 統計；(d)為好氧顆粒污泥形成後，SBR 系統
之SVI30 統計  31
Table 3. SBR 系統之進、出流對於COD、氨氮、亞硝酸鹽氮及硝酸鹽氮等四種因
子之統計量表 35
Table 4. 進流水、SBR 系統及實廠生物系統對於pH 值之中位數統計量表 44
Table 5. SBR 系統及實廠生物系統對於MLSS 及SVI30 兩種因子之統計量表：(a)
兩系統之MLSS 濃度統計；(b)為SBR 系統植入實廠污泥之MLSS 濃度
統計；(c)兩系統之SVI30 統計；(d)為8 月份以後系統趨於穩定之SVI30
統計 49
Table 6. SBR 系統及實廠生物系統對於COD、氨氮、亞硝酸鹽氮及硝酸鹽氮等四
種因子之統計量表 53

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