調查是取得統計資料的一種方法，一般可以分為普查與抽樣調查兩種。考慮人力、財力及時間等因素時，若不使用抽樣調查，則會喪失或減低其原有的價值；而且可以節省大量的人力、物力、縮短時間，也可能比大規模的普查更有效率。但是過低的回收率所產生的無反應偏差(nonresponse bias)卻是一個嚴重的問題。
    通常抽樣調查只看到以所回收的部分樣本資料推估母體特性，事實上，所回收的部分樣本資料只能作為可回收子母體的樣本，不能代表不可回收子母體，所推估的結果也只是推估可回收子母體的特性，若以其作為推估原母體的特性，準確度當然令人懷疑。因此，本研究以韓森-霍維茲(Hansen- Hurwitz)所提出有關對未回收樣本之處理的觀念，以簡單隨機抽樣法，探討抽樣調查中，只以回收的樣本資料推估原整個母體的影響；以及探討如何處理以所設計的資料蒐集方式無法回收樣本資料的問題，本研究將採固定數額追蹤方式追蹤原未回收資料的樣本，並結合原已回收的樣本資料，提出新的估計量，以為調查實務應用之參考。

Survey is one of the ways to collect statistical data which include census and sampling approaches. To consider the factors of manpower、financial and time, sampling survey is more effective than census. Besides, it could gain important information somehow. However, non-response always got the serious mistakes to influence result. So we need to discuss the response rate to check if it has big biased
problem.
    In practical, people often use the response date to substitute to the whole date of the number of surveys. People will doubt if it is accurate enough to only use the response data. The method of my paper is from the paper of “ The Problem of Non-response in Sampling Survey “ of Hansen and Hurwitz which thought of the approach to deal with non-response problems. Not only I try to discuss the mistakes which we just use response sample to estimate population, but also consider non-response sample to correct the former biased problem. I make the constant number from non-response sample to be the new non-response sample instead of the original non-response sample to find a new sample by using the simple random sampling method. I provide the new approach to provide the decision persons to
make the sample what they want when they do the sampling survey.

目錄

第一章 緒論	1
1.1 研究背景與動機	1
1.2 研究目的	3
第二章 文獻探討	4
第三章  研究方法	11
3.1前言:	11
3.2符號定義：	13
3.3 以所設計的資料蒐集方式未完全回收樣本之問題探討	14
3.3.1 評估 與 的關係	14
3.4舉例	18
3.4.1  假設 是母體比例	18
3.4.2 模擬	20
3.5 在簡單隨機抽樣下，追蹤未回收樣本之探討	27
第四章 結論與未來研究方向	46
參考文獻	48
 
表目錄

表3.1 固定 , 求出的樣本數 	19
表3.2.1 在取 , ,求出之誤差值 	22
表3.2.2 在取 , ,求出之誤差值 	23
表3.2.3 在取 ,  ,求出之誤差值 	24
表3.2.4 在取 ,  ,求出之誤差值 	25
表3.2.5 在取 ,  ,求出之誤差值 	26
表3.5.1  在 到  ,累加二項分配函數值	35
表 3.5.1(續)  在 到  ,累加二項分配函數值	36
表 3.5.2  在 到  ,累加二項分配函數值	37
表 3.5.2(續)  在 到  ,累加二項分配函數值	38
表 3.5.2(續)   在 到  ,累加二項分配函數值	39
表 3.5.3  在 , , ,求出之樣本數 	43
表 3.5.4  在 , , ,求出之樣本數 	43
表 3.5.5  在 , , ,求出之樣本數 	44
表 3.5.6  在 , , ,求出之樣本數 	44
表 3.5.7  在 , , ,求出之樣本數 	45
 
圖目錄

圖3.1 抽樣調查樣本數分配圖	14
圖3.2 考慮追蹤未回收樣本下之樣本數分配圖	28

參考文獻
[1]Dillman, D. A., 1972, Increasing mail questionnaire response in large samples of the general public, Public opinion Q.36(summer),254-257.
[2]Dillman, D. A., J. G. Gallegos and J. H. Frey, 1974, Reducing refusal rates for telephone interviews, Presented at the annual meetings of the pacific sociological association, San Jose, California.
[3]Dillman, D. A., J. A. Christanson, E. H. Carpenter and R. M. Brooks, 1974,  Increasing mail questionnaire response:A four state comparison, Presented at the meeting of the Rural Sociological Society.
[4]El – Badry, M. A. , 1956, A sampling procedure for mailed questionnaires, Journal of the American Stat. Assn, 51(Jun.), 209-227.
[5]Erdos P., 1970,  Professional mail surveys,Mcgraw – Hill , New York, 144-145.
[6]Erickson, W. A., 1967, Optimal sample design with nonresponse, Journal of the American Stat. Assn., 62(Mar.), 63-78.
[7]Hansen, M. H. and Hurwitz W. N., 1946, The problem of nonresponse in sample surveys, Journal of the American Stat. Assn, 41(Dec.), 517-529.
[8]Kish., L. and Hess, I. ,1959, A replacement procedure for reducing the bias of nonresponse, American Statistician, 13, 17-19.
[9]Bates N., Doyle P. and Winter F. , 2000, Survey nonresponse: New definitions and measurement methods, Presented at Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology.
[10]Campanelli P. and O`muircheartaigh C. , 2002, The importance of experimental control in testing the impact of interviewer countinuity on panel survey nonresponse, Quality & Quantitiy 36, 127-144.
[11]Ravindra Singh and Naturang S. M.,1996,Elements of survey sampling, Kluwer academic publishers.
[12]Richard Maisel and Caroline H. P., 1996, How sampling works, Pine forge press.
[13]Srinath K. P., 1971, Multiphase Sampling in nonresponse problems, Journal of the American Stat. Assn., 66(Sep.), 583-586 
[14]張紘炬, 1992, 郵寄問卷回收率問題之探討, 研考雙月刊第十六卷第一期, 13-21.
[15]溫博仕, 1994, 郵寄問卷調查樣本資料不完全回收時之問題研究, 淡江大學管理科學研究所博士論文
[16]陳鷹強, 1994, 應用抽樣調查, 臺灣商務印書館
[17]鄭光甫和韋端, 1995, 抽樣方法 –理論與實務,三民書局