本研究旨在探討科幻電影中之未來貌與青年可欲的未來兩者間之異同。作者透過討論十部賣座的科幻大片，與十四位伊朗籍及臺灣籍研究生進行訪談。研究結果指出多數賣座的科幻電影勾勒出反烏托邦的未來，與青年可欲的未來相差甚遠。再者，電影中的未來主題幾乎無法建構出一個令人嚮往的、可欲的未來。本研究使用因果層次分析(Causal Layered Analysis, CLA)與STEEP分析來解構電影主題與青年可欲的未來。同時利用以上兩種分析法探討在STEEP各領域中，青年所嚮往的未來及其因果層次；反之，亦探討科幻電影所呈現的分析結果。透過創新的觀點，本研究比較伊朗籍與臺灣籍學生對於科幻電影與個人可欲未來之觀點，研究結果有益於未來學研究與媒體研究中的多領域研究。

This research seeks similarities and differences between science fiction film futures and the preferred futures of youth. Ten high-grossing blockbuster science fiction films were reviewed through interviews with fourteen university graduates in Iran and Taiwan. The findings indicate that most blockbuster science fiction films show dark and dystopian futures that are very different from the futures youth prefer. Moreover, few futures themes were also found in these movies that could be developed to a preferable future. Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) and STEEP Analysis were used to deconstruct both movie themes and youth preferred futures. Simultaneously use of these two methods revealed what futures youth want in every Causal layer underneath the STEEP areas and what science fiction films provide in contrast. The findings of this novel comparative study between the youth of Iran and Taiwan and their views of science fiction films and preferred futures can assist other multi-disciplinary research in the fields of Futures Studies and Media Studies.

Foreword	1
Why Science Fiction and Why Futures?	1 
A Long Journey Towards the Futures	3
Why Futures Studies and Why Taiwan?	8
Taiwan, a Gate to the Futures	9
Why a Dissertation About Science Fiction, Preferable Future, and Youth?	11
Chapter 1 - Introduction and purpose of the study	13
Science Fiction	14 
Definition of science fiction and main characteristics	14 
Classification of science fiction works	15 
Beginning of science fiction film production and sub-genres	17 
Iran and Taiwan, some differences and similarities	19 
Futures studies, youth, and their images of the futures	23 
Science fiction films and youth’s images of the futures	25 
The objective of the study and Research Questions	26 
Significance of designing the present case study	27 
The scope of Science Fiction films in this research	28 
The scope of the study sample in this research	29 
Chapter 2 - Literature Review	31
Futures studies and science fiction films	32 
Science fiction films in Iran	34 
Science fiction films in Taiwan	37 
Common Images of the Future Shown in Science Fiction Films from the perspective of Authors and Critics	40 
Common Images of the Future Shown in Science Fiction from the perspective of Youth in Iran	47 
Common Images of the Future Shown in Science Fiction from the perspective of Youth in Taiwan	50 
Summary About Common Futures Images in Science Fiction Films	53 
Preferred futures of the youth in Iran	54 
Preferred Futures of the Youth in Taiwan	60 
Comparison between preferred futures and fears of youth in Iran and Taiwan	66 
Comparison between futures images in science fiction films and preferred futures of youth in Iran and Taiwan	68 
The Coverage of Existing Literature and Need for New Research	70 
Hypothesis and Anticipation of the Possible Findings	71 
Chapter 3 - Methodology	73
Main Steps of the Research	75 
Step 1: Comprehensive Literature Review	75 
Step 2: STEEP analysis of data from Literature Review for each Research Question	76 
Step 3: Designing interview questions	76 
Step 4: Selecting the science fiction films	79
Step 5: Selecting the study sample	81 
Step 6: Watching films and preparing for the interview	83 
Step 7: Conducting the interviews and documenting the data	83
Step 8: Thematic Analysis and categorizing the data	84
Step 9: Sorting the themes in the database tables	85
Step 10: STEEP Analysis towards the answers to the R.Q. 1,2 and 3	86
Step 11: CLA of STEEP aspects for R.Q. 1	86
Step 12: Examining the Hypothesis and anticipated results for R.Q. 1	87
Step 13: Comparison CLA of STEEP aspects for R.Q. 2 and 3	87
Step 14: Examining the Hypothesis and anticipated results for R.Q. 2 and 3	87
Step 15: Thematic Analysis of answers to the R.Q. 2 and 3 for finding answer to R.Q. 4	87
Step 16: Comparison CLA scenarios of films futures and youth preferred futures	88
Step 17: Conclusion of findings	88
The challenge to this research	88
Chapter 4 - Results and Discussions	89
Science Fiction Films Futures Society and People	90 
Aliens	98 
Diversity 	100 
Science Fiction Films Futures Technology	101 
Science Fiction Films Futures Environment	111 
Relocating	117 
Science Fiction Films Futures Economics	121 
Science Fiction Films Futures Politics	125 
Science Fiction Films Futures Fears	130 
Science fiction films futures Survival Solution	134 
Science Fiction Film’s Messages	138 
Science fiction films futures Myth	139 
Metaphors for the Futures in Science Fiction Films and Preferred Future	144 
Science fiction films futures’ Metaphors	144 
Preferred Futures’ Metaphors	146 
Chapter 5 - Analysis and Deepening	147
Analysis to Answer the Research Questions	147 
Research Question 1, Common Images of Futures in Science Fiction Films	148 
Analysis and CLA on Common Futures Images of Society and People	148 
Analysis and CLA on Common Futures Images of Technology	149 
Analysis and CLA on Common Futures Images of Environment	150 
Analysis and CLA on Common Futures Images of Economy	151 
Analysis and CLA on Common Futures Images of Politics	152 
Analysis of Common Futures Fears and Warnings	153 
Analysis of Common Science Fiction Solutions for Better Futures	154 
Analysis of Common Futures Myths	154 
Summary of the Analysis of Common Images of Futures in Science Fiction Films	155 
Examining the hypothesis for the Research Question 1	156 
Research Question 2 and 3, Comparison between Science Fiction Films Futures, Preferred Futures of Youth in Iran, and Preferred Futures of Youth in Taiwan	156
Comparative Analysis and CLA on Science fiction films futures Society and Youth Preferred Society	156 
Comparative Analysis and CLA on Science fiction films futures Technology and Youth Preferred Technology	158 
Comparative Analysis and CLA on Science fiction films futures Environment and Youth Preferred Environment	159 
Comparative Analysis and CLA on Science fiction films futures Economics and Youth Preferred Economics	160 
Comparative Analysis and CLA on Science fiction films futures Politics and Youth Preferred Politics	162 
Comparative Analysis of Science fiction films futures Myths and Youth Believed Myths	163 
Comparative Analysis of Science Fiction Films Futures Metaphors and Youth Preferred Future Metaphors	163 
Summary of Comparative Analysis of Science Fiction Films Futures, Preferred Futures of Youth in Iran, and Preferred Futures of Youth in Taiwan	164 
Examining the hypothesis for the Research Question 2	167 
Examining the hypothesis for the Research Question 3	167 
Research Question 4, futures images that might show preferred futures worlds to be considered in writing and directing of science fiction films	167 
Causal Layered Analysis Scenario of Science Fiction Films Futures compare to Preferred Futures of Youth	169 
CLA Scenario of Science Fiction Films Futures	170 
CLA Scenario of Youth Preferred Futures	173 
Chapter 6 - Conclusion	177
References	180
APPENDIX I: Futures images in science fiction films by perspective of authors and critics	191 
APPENDIX II: Futures images in science fiction films by perspective of youth in Iran, extracted from literature review	191 
APPENDIX III: Futures images in science fiction films by perspective of youth in Taiwan, extracted from literature review	192
APPENDIX IV: Preferred futures of youth in Iran, extracted from literature review	192 
APPENDIX V: Preferred futures of youth in Taiwan, extracted from literature review 	193
APPENDIX VI: 50 highest-grossing blockbuster science fiction films produced after 2000	194

List of Tables and Figures
Table 1-1. Sub-genres of Sci-fi films 	18
Table 1-2. Summary comparison between Iran and Taiwan 	22 
Table 2-1. Most common futures images in Sci-fi films by critics and youth	54 
Table 2-2. Common main focuses and differences of the youth in preferred futures 	67
Table 2-3. Common main focuses and differences of the youth in futures fears	67
Table 2-4. Comparison of common Sci-fi films film futures and preferred futures of youth 	69
Table 3-1. Criteria for selecting Sci-fi films for study	79 
Table 3-2. Major criteria for selecting the research sample 	82
Table 3-3. The list of Participants in this research 	83
Table 3-4. Phases of Thematic Analysis 	85
Table 4-1. Futures Social Themes in Sci-fi films and preference of the youth	90 
Table 4-2. Aliens in the films and Preferred future 	98
Table 4-3. Preferred Diversity in the futures society	100
Table 4-4. Futures Technological Themes in Sci-fi films and preference of the youth 	102
Table 4-5. Futures Environmental Themes in Sci-fi films and preference of the youth 	112
Table 4-6. Relocating preferences to live in the future 	118
Table 4-7. Futures Economic Themes in Sci-fi films and preference of the youth	121
Table 4-8. Futures Political Themes in Sci-fi films and preference of the youth 	126
Table 4-9. The most frequently shown futures fears in Sci-fi films	130
Table 4-10. Frequently shown survival solutions in Sci-fi films	135
Table 4-11. Messages received by participants from the Sci-fi films	139
Table 4-12. Futures Superheroes in Sci-fi films and real superheroes of youth	140
Table 4-13. Metaphors for the futures in the Sci-fi films	145
Table 4-14. Metaphors for the preferred futures of youth 	146
Table 5-1. CLA for common social futures in Sci-fi films	149
Table 5-2. CLA for common technological futures in Sci-fi films 	150
Table 5-3. CLA for common environmental futures in Sci-fi films	151
Table 5-4. CLA for common economic futures in Sci-fi films	152
Table 5-5. CLA for common political futures in Sci-fi films	153
Table 5-6. Comparative CLA - Social futures (films and youth preferred futures	157
Table 5-7. Comparative CLA - Technological futures in films and youth preferred futures	158
Table 5-8. Comparative CLA - Environmental futures in films and youth preferred futures 	160
Table 5-9. Comparative CLA - Economic futures in films and youth preferred futures	161
Table 5-10. Comparative CLA - Political futures in films and youth preferred futures 	162
Table 5-11. Concluding table for answers to three research questions together 	166
Table 5-12. Major themes for designing the preferable futures in Sci-fi films 	168
Table 5-13. CLA Scenarios for Sci-fi Films Futures and Preferred Futures of Youth	169


Figure 1. Ali Montazami in Egypt 	1 
Figure 2. The movie of King Kong and TV Series of The Six Million Dollar Man 	2 
Figure 3. Lamborghini Countach 	4
Figure 4. The concept of Natural Manufacturing Process by Ali Montazami	 6 
Figure 5. “biome” conceptual process of growing seed to body of car by Mercedes Benz	6 
Figure 6. A collage of some designs of Ali Montazami 	7 
Figure 7. A scene from short film The Universe	11
Figure 1-1. A poster for this research thesis by Ali Montazami	13 
Figure 1-2. Two examples of futures images by the youth, from Chen and Hoffman 	24 
Figure 2-1. Landing on Moon in the film A Trip to the Moon 	31 
Figure 2-2. Prisoners in the Department of Containment from the film Minority Report	33 
Figure 2-3. Sci-fi short films of Aliens Reaction and Mission 411 	35 
Figure 2-4. Flying UFO above Taipei City in the film Mars Men 	38 
Figure 2-5. The film Paradoxcial with the core concept of time traveling	38 
Figure 2-6. The film Lucy 	38 
Figure 2-7. Tony Stark is presenting his newly invented destructive weapon in Iron Man	46 
Figure 2-8. David is looking at many copies of himself - A.I. Artificial Intelligence 	49 
Figure 2-9. Time Machine in the film Back to the Future III 	52 
Figure 3-1. Science Lab of Wakanda in the film Black Panter 	73 
Figure 3-2. Flowchart of the research process 	74 
Figure 3-3. Official posters for ten films which reviewed in this research 	81 
Figure 4-1. Jake is explaining his findings after spying the Na'vi’s home tree in Avatar 	89 
Figure 4-2. High-Tech and traditional lifestyle in Wakanda 	97
Figure 4-3. Some examples of Killing Machines in Sci-fi films	104 
Figure 4-4. Norm beside his Na’vi-human hybrid avatar in film Avatar	108
Figure 4-5. No plant in all scenes showing the Earth in the film Avatar	113
Figure 4-6. Parker is showing Unobtainium in the film Avatar	123 
Figure 4-7. President Snow in film The Hunger Games	127 
Figure 4-8. Selecting tributes in the film The Hunger Games 	131 
Figure 4-9. Klaue is stealing Vibranium from the museum in the film Black Panther 	133 
Figure 4-10. Iron Man sacrifices himself for saving the Earth in the film Endgame 	141
Figure 5-1. Uses AI for data analysis in the film Iron Man 3 	147 
Figure 5-2. Metaphor: The Killing Machines	170 
Figure 5-3. Metaphor: Nightingale in the Flowers Garden with THORNS 	173

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