近年來氣候極端異常，使得氣候變遷成為全球性議題。1992年聯合國《氣候變化綱要公約》之簽訂，奠定世界各國對抗氣候變遷之框架，並於1997年簽訂《京都議定書》，其規定附件一簽約國家應以1990年之二氧化碳排放量為基準，減低其量5.2%。歐盟在全球對抗氣候變遷之中表現積極。訂立《京都議定書》隔年，歐盟達成分擔協議，依照會員國經濟發展來減低其碳排放，並提出氣候變遷政策，以一系列措施顯示歐盟邁向低碳與提高能源效率之決心。歐盟成立排放交易機制，利用市場機制達到減碳之效果，並鼓勵再生能源使用，以達到節能與潔能之效果。

歐盟會員國都執行《京都議定書》之際，一向和歐洲持有不同立場的英國於以積極配合實施歐盟之措施。在80年代，英國因對於其國家主權的執著，使英國一直對於歐盟整合持有排斥之態度，並將環境議題視為國內事務，不允許歐盟插手，這使得英國獲得 “Dirty Man of Europe”之汙名。到了90年代在全球時勢驅駛以及外界對其輿論與當局領導者之利益偏好改變，使氣候變遷議題在英國變得受到重視。因當時美國之環境領導地位逐漸下滑，並在退出《京都議定書》時降至谷底，因此提供給歐盟大好機會有所展現。這些因素使英國改變態度，選擇積極配合歐盟之氣候變遷之政策與執行相關措施。本文擬透過理性選擇制度主義理論，分析英國在歐盟對抗氣候變遷中扮演的角色，並探討英國基於理性選擇，改變其態度與行為，以及研究英國執行歐盟氣候變遷政策之成效，和最後英國轉變對歐洲之意涵。

In recent years, the weather has moved towards global weirding making climate change an ad hoc issue universally. The United Nations Framework of Climate Change was signed in 1992 upon which member states combating climate change will be based and started off a series of consultative conferences, among which signed the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 regulating the Annex B countries to reduce CO2 emissions by 5.2% on the premise of the level of 1990. The European Union (EU) plays an active role in fighting climate change. EU reached a Burden Sharing Agreement in 1998 which EU member states decreases its emissions according to respective economic development and proposed a climate change policy unfolding a series of measures that reveals the determination of EU moving towards a low-carbon, high-energy efficient economy. The establishment of EU emissions trading scheme uses market mechanism to cut carbon emission and the renewables are encouraged so as to reach both clean and efficient energy.    

Britain, unlike it used to hold different positions within the EU, this time actively ties in and puts EU policy into practice. In the 80s, Britain, due to the obduracy to its national sovereignty, always remained doubted and kept defensive while EU came to approach. Britain considered environmental issues domestic affairs without the interference of the EU contributing to Britain obtaining the name of Dirty Man of Europe. During 90s, the spur of global trend in climate change, the stress from the public, and the change of leader’s intended interests affected Britain to value climate change. At that time, the leading position of the U.S., especially in the environmental matters, was downgrading, reaching to the bottom after withdrawing from Kyoto Protocol which, hence, provided a window of opportunity for EU to take the lead. Both exogenous and endogenous reasons caused Britain to alter her attitude to tie up with the EU and implement relating climate change measures. This thesis analyzes Britain’s position towards EU combating climate change via Rational Choice Institutionalism as well as explores Britain based on rational choice that altered her attitude and behavior, the performance of implementation in EU climate change policy, and the implication of the change of Britain towards the EU and the world.

目次
第一章 緒論	1
第一節 研究動機與目的	1
第二節 研究途徑與方法	6
第三節 論文架構與研究範圍	11
第四節 資料來源與研究限制	13
第二章 國際氣候變遷之背景、發展與規範	19
第一節 京都議定書之背景與發展	19
一、背景	19
二、發展	21
第二節 京都議定書主要內容與規範	28
一、《京都議定書》之目標	28
二、規範氣體	28
三、規範機制	29
第三節 京都機制形成的重要性	30
第三章 歐盟因應氣候變遷政策之形成與實踐	33
第一節 歐盟氣候變遷之形成	33
一、責任分擔協議	33
二、氣候變遷政策	35
第二節 歐盟實踐氣候變遷政策措施	38
一、歐盟排放交易機制	38
二、再生能源	45
第四章 英國的角色轉變	51
第一節 消極抵抗時期	51
一、歐盟層次-1970年代至1980年代	51
二、英國層次-柴契爾在位時期	52
三、歐盟層次-1990年代	55
四、英國層次-梅傑在位時期	56
第二節 積極配合時期	59
一、歐盟層次-1997年以後	59
第三節 英國轉變的原因	64
一、國內因素	64
二、國外因素	69
第五章 英國執行歐盟氣候變遷政策之成果	81
第一節 英國減低排放之效果	81
一、歐盟訂定目標之達成	81
二、科技創新	84
三、交通部門排放	87
第二節 再生能源使用之效果	89
一、再生能源發電提高	89
二、能源市場競爭力	92
三、再生能源使用之加強	93
第六章 評估	96
第一節 對內評估	96
一、氣候變遷制度規範對英國的影響	96
二、相關制度下行為者之選擇	99
第二節 對外評估	105
一、強化歐盟氣候變遷政策執行	105
二、增加歐盟氣候變遷領導之優勢	109
第七章 結論	116
參考文獻	122





















圖目次
圖 1 1研究架構圖	18
圖 2 1國家自願減排溫室氣體之發展	30
圖 4 1環境相關議題與措施之聲望	78
圖 5 1歐盟主要溫室氣體排放國	81
圖 5 21990-2007歐盟前5大溫室氣體排放比例之國家變化圖	82
圖 5 3英國溫室氣體排放趨勢	83
圖 5 4 2008年碳權市場交易表	85
圖 5 5 2007年歐盟與英國產業部門之溫室氣體排放	87
圖 5 6交通部門溫室氣體排放	89
圖 5 7 2009年英國再生能源產發電力之成長	90
圖 5 8 2008歐盟能源市場競爭力	92
圖 5 9再生能源發電比例	94
圖 6 1評估圖	96

表目次
表 3 1歐盟15國溫室氣體排放責任分擔表	34
表 3 2歐盟氣候交易機制指令中附錄一規定納入管制的活動項目	42

一、中文書籍
李河清(2006)，「歐盟與環境:以京都議定書為例」，張亞中主編，《歐盟全球戰  
  略與對外關係》，113-135，台北：晶典文化事業出版社。
何景榮譯(2002)，Jan-Erik Lane and Svante Ersson著，《新制度主義政治學》，
  台北：韋伯文化國際。
孫國祥(2003)，「國際環境政治學」，張亞中主編，《國際關係總論》，407-433，
  台北：揚智文化。
張亞中(2003)，《國際關係總論》，台北：揚智文化。
二、英文書籍 
Blair, T. (2003), “Speech at the Lunch of the Britain in Europe Campaign, in Andrew Chadwick and Richard Heffernan (eds.) The New Labor Reader, Cambridge: Polity Press.
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Bulmer, S. (1992), “Britain and European Integration: of Sovereignty, Slow Adaptation, and Semi-Detachment,” in Stephen George (ed.) Britain and the European Community, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. 
Cameron, J. (2002), “The Precautionary Principle” in Gary P. Sampson and W. Bradnee Chambers (eds.) Trade, Environment and Millennium, New York: United Nations University Press. 
Cass, L. (2007), “The Indispensible Awkward Partner: the United Kingdom in European Climate Policy”, in Paul G. Harris (ed.) Europe and Global Climate Change, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
Cass, L. (2007), ”Measuring the Domestic Salience of the International Environmental Norms: Climate Change Norms in American, German, and British in Climate Policy Debates in Mary E. Pettenger, (ed.) The Social Construction of Climate Change: Power, Knowledge, Norms, and Discourses, Aldershot: Ashgate publishing. 
Chadwick, A. and Heffernan, R. (2003), “Britain in the World, Labor in the European Union,” in Andrew Chadwick and Richard Heffernan (eds.) The New Labor Reader, Cambridge: Polity Press. 
Elliott, L. (2004), The Global Politics of the Environment. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition.  
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George, S. (1994), An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European Community, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
Golub, J. (1998), “New Instruments for Environmental Policy in the EU, ” in Jonathan Golub (ed.) New Instruments for Environmental Policy in the EU, London: Routledge. 
Gore, A. (2007), The Assault on Reason, London: Bloomsbury. 
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Harris, P. (2007), “Europe and the Politics and Foreign Policy of Global Climate Change”, in Paul G. Harris (ed.) Europe and Global Climate Change, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.  
Harrison, D. and Radov, D. (2007), “United Kingdom,” in A. Denny Ellerman, Barbara K. Buchner and Carlo Carraro (eds.) Allocation in the European Emissions Trading Scheme: Rights, Rents and Fairness, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hass, E. (1983), “Words can Hurt You; or, Who Said What to Whom about Regimes," in Stephen D. Krasner (ed.) International Regimes, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
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Humphrey, M. (2003), “Environmental Policy,” in Patrick Dunleavy, Andrew Gamble, Ricahrd Heffernan, and Gillian Peele (eds.) Developments in British Politics 7, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Jordan, A. and Schout, A. (2006), The Coordination of the European Union: Exploring the Capacities of Networked Governance, Oxford: Oxford University 
  Press.  
Jordan, A. (2004), “The United Kingdom: From Policy ‘Taking’ to Policy ‘Shaping’,” in Duncan Liefferink and Andrew Jordan (eds.) Environmental Policy in Europe: The Europeanization of National Environmental Policy, Oxfordshire: Routledge. 
Keohane, Robert O., “The Demand for International Regimes,” in Stephen D. Krasner (ed.) International Regimes, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983), pp. 114-172.
Krasner, S. (1983), “Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables," in Stephen D. Krasner (ed.) International Regimes, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.  
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三、中文期刊 
徐人全(2010)，「英國低碳再造日不落」，《遠見雜誌》，頁87-92。
吳明陵(2007)，「英國氣候變遷政策之探討」，《萬能商學學報》，第12期，頁217-228。
李河清(2001)，「環境外交與氣候議題談判–以京都議定書為例」，《國家政策論壇》，第1卷，第9期。
阮國棟、吳婉怡、楊智淵，「綠色化學的產業技術」，第65卷，第4期，頁1-17。
李堅明(2009)，「國際推動低碳社會之策略與經驗」，《能源報導》，2009年，6月，頁5-7。
李堅明(2008)，「聯合國氣候變化綱要公約最新發展與觀察」，《能源報導》，2008年，2月，頁5-9。
李堅明(2007)，「英國氣候變遷法案概述」，《碳經濟》，8月，第6期，頁9-17。
李堅明、利秀蘭(2008)，「歐盟後京都責任分擔與排放權核配規劃對台灣的啟示」，《碳經濟》，2008年，5月，第9期，頁2-19。
李顯峰(2006)，「歐盟執行「京都議定書」之策略機制」，《淡江大學歐盟文獻中心通訊》，第9 期，頁12-18。
宋燕輝(2001)，「析論波昂氣候變化會議之得與失並探究台灣參與可能模式」，《國家政策論壇》，第1卷，第7期。
林唐裕、吳再益、陳玲慧、莊銘池、盧誌銘(2007)，「會議成果研究報告–能源產業溫室氣體減量策略暨實務管理國際研討會」，《碳經濟》，11月，第7期，頁 63-69。
侯萬善(2006)，「歐盟的CO2排放交易機制」，《碳經濟》，10月，第2期，頁2-22。
翁鳳英(2007)，「國際能源透視」，《能源報導》，3月，頁23-26。
孫慶龍(2009)，「再生能源」，《金融家月刊》，2009年，7月，頁85-90。
陳谷汎(2007)，「歐洲綠皮書：安全、競爭、與永續發展的能源策略」，《碳經濟》，8月，第6期，頁18-24。
康尚文、賴宇松(2008)。「歐盟溫室氣體排放交易制度」，《科技發展政策報導》，4:51-73。
陳敦源(2001)，「新制度論的範圍與方法：一個理性選擇觀點的方法論檢視」，《行政暨政策學報》，第3期，頁129-184。
張憶琳、呂錫民、陳發林(2007)，「歐盟溫室氣體排放交易機制–第一階段實施之回顧」，《工程》，8(40):98-106。
游姵瑜(2007)。「環保科技–為英國經濟再創巔峰」，《卓越雜誌》，第274期，6月。 
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四、英文期刊
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Philibert, C. and Pershing, J. (2001), “Considering the Options: Climate Targets for All Countries,” Climate Policy 1, 211-227.
Porter, M. and Linde, C. (1995), “Green and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate,” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 73, 120-134.
Trippier, D. (2007), “Developments in Environmental Policy at the European Level – A Government View,” European Environment, Vol. 1, Issue 6, pp. 7-9.
Vogler, J. (2005), “The European Contribution to Global Environmental Governance,” International Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 4, 835-850.
Vogel, D. (2003), “The Hare and the Tortoise Revisited: The Politics of Consumer and Environmental Regulation in Europe,” British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 33, No. 4, 557-580.
Wallace, H., “At Odds with Europe,” Political Studies, Vol. 45, Issue4, 677-688.
Wynne, B. (1993), “Implementation in the Greenhouse Gas Reductions in the European Community,” Global Environmental Change, Vol. 3, Issue 1, 101-128.
“Slightly Greener,” The Economist, April 3rd, 2004. 
五、網路資源
(一)網路專文
Bang, G., Heggelund, G. and Vevatne, J. (2005), “Shifting Strategies in the Global Climate Negotiations,” CICERO and FIN Research, 1-34. 參見，Center for International Climate and Environmental Research和The Fridtjof Nansen Institute，http://www.fni.no/publ/global.html, 2009.5.28. 
Binder, M. and Twes, K. (2004), “Goal Formulation and Goal Achievement in  National Climate Policies in Annex-1 Countries,” Forschungsstelle für Umweltpolitik, 1-42. 
http://www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/polwiss/forschung/systeme/ffu/publikationen/2004/binder_manfred_tews_kerstin_2004/rep_2004_02.pdf參見，www.fu-berlin.de/ffu/
Brandt, U. and Svendsen, G. (2003), “The Coalition of Industrialists and Environmentalists in the Climate Change Issue,” WORKING PAPER 03-18, pp. 1-22. 參見，www.hha.dk/nat/wper/03-18_gtsusb.pdf 
Dechezleprêtre, A. et al (2008), Invention and Transfer of Climate Change Mitigation Technologies on Global Scale: A Drawing Study on Paten Data-Final Report, Paris, CERNA, .1-49. 參見，http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/conferences/climate_policies/working_papers/Dechezlepretre.pdf
Jordan, A., Schout, A., and Zito, A. (2004), “Coordinating European Union Environmental Policy: Shifting from Passive to Active Coordination,” CSERGE Working Paper EDM 04-05, 1-36. 參見， http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/cserge/pub/wp/edm/edm_2004_05.htm
Moravcsik A. (1994), Why the European Union Strengthens the State: Domestic Politics and International Cooperation, Center for European Studies Working Paper Series #52, New York: Harvard University, 1-79.  
Grubb, M., Hourcade, J. and Oberthür, S. (2001), “Keeping Kyoto: A Study of Approaches to Maintaining the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change,” Climate Strategies Report, 1-64. 
Knill, C. and Lenschow, A. (1998), Change as "Appropriate Adaptation": Administrative Adjustment to European Environmental Policy in Britain and Germany, European Integration online Papers, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1-22. 參見，http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/1998-001.htm
Olsen, J. (1995), Europeanization and Nation Dynamics, Arena Working Paper, No. 9/95.  
Ott, H. and Oberthür, S. (2001), “Breaking the Impasse: Forging an EU Leadership Initiative on Climate Change,” World Summit Papers of the Heinrich Böll Foundation, No. 3, 1-34.
Wurzel, R. (2004), “The EU Presidency: ‘Honest Broker’ or Driving Seat?”, Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society, 1-40. 參見，http://www.policypointers.org/Page/View/1344
Wurzel, R. (2008), “The Politics of Emission Trading in Britain and Germany,” Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society, 1-44. 

 (二)、官方文獻
1. 歐盟
EU Action against Climate Change-Leading global Action to 2020 and beyond, (Luxemburg: Office for Official Publication of the European Communities, 2009)
European Commission (2008), “20 20 by 2020 Europe’s Climate Change Opportunity,” COM(2008) 30 final
European Commission (2008), “EU Policy and Measures to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Toward A Climate Change Program,” COM(2008) 88 final
European Commission (2007), “An Energy Policy for Europe,” COM(2007) 1 final
European Commission (2007), “A European Strategic Energy Technology Plan(SET-PLAN),” COM(2007) 723 final
European Commission (2006), “ A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive, and Secure Energy,” COM(2006) 105 final
European Commission (2004),“ The Share of Renewable Energy in the EU,” COM(2004) 366 final 
European Commission (2004), “Integrating Environmental Considerations into Other Policy Areas-a stocktaking of the Cardiff Process,” COM (2004) 394 final
  2. 聯合國
The World Bank (2009), State and Trends of the Carbon Market, Washington D.C.
The World Bank (2008), State and Trends of the Carbon Market, Washington D.C. 
UNFCCC (2007), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change, Working Group III Contribution to the International Panel of Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, New York: Cambridge University Press. 
UNFCCC (2001), Climate Change 2001: Mitigation, Working Group III Contribution to the International Panel of Climate Change Third Assessment
Report, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future 參閱，http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm
International Energy Agency (2009), CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Highlights, Paris: IEA Publications. 
  3. 英國政府
Her Majesty Treasury (2009), Budget 2009 – Building Britain’s Future, London: The Stationery Office 詳見http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/bud_bud09_index.htm 
Her Majesty Government (2009), The UK Renewable Energy Strategy, London: The Stationery Office
(三)、網路新聞與其他
Global Wind Energy Council (2006), Global Wind 2006 Report, Global wind industry trade association: Belgium.   
European Photovoltaic Industry Association (2007), “Solar Generation IV,” EPIA: Belgium.
Harvey, F., “UK sets out plans for low-carbon economy,” Financial Times, July 15th, 2009, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e34fb6d0-7130-11de-877c-00144feabdc0.html
Helm, T., “Copenhagen: The Key Players and How They Rated,” The Guardian, December 20th, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/dec/20/copenhagen-obama-brown-climate 
Hirst, C., “Britain Attacks EU Partners over Pollution,” The Independent,    
September 5th, 2004, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/britain-attacks-eu-partners-over-pollution-551359.html 
Knox, A., “Sinking Feeling in Tuvalu,” BBC News, August 28th, 2002 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2219001.stm
McCarthy, M., “A Revolution on the Horizon: 7000 More Wind Turbines,” The Independent, June 27th, 2008, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/a-revolution-on-the-horizon-7000-more-wind-turbines-855422.html 
Ramesh, R., “Paradise Almost Lost: Maldives Seek to Buy a New Homeland,” The Guardian, November 10th, 2008 http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/nov/10/maldives-climate-change
Theil, S., “The Next Petroleum,” Newsweek, August 8th, 2005, http://www.newsweek.com/id/56334/page/1
“Blair Demands Green Revolution,” BBC News, May 29th, 2006,  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4854886.stm
 “EP Gives Green Light to Structural Funds 2007-2013 Package,” EurActiv, May 21th, 2007, http://www.euractiv.com/en/future-eu/ep-gives-green-light-structural-funds-2007-2013-package/article-156567 
  “EU Wants Regional Policy to Become ‘Launch-Pad for SMEs,” EurActiv, July 10th, 2008, http://www.euractiv.com/en/innovation/eu-wants-regional-policy-launch-pad-smes/article-174113 
 “Offshore Wind Farms could Meet a Quarter of the UK’s electricity needs,” The Guardian, June 25th, 2009, http://green.chron.com/link/?http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/jun/25/offshore-wind-uk-homes;;;%23reader-comment-list;;;%23discussions
REN21 (2009), Renewables Global Status Report 2009.   
 “US Blows to Kyoto Hopes,” BBC News, March 28th, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1247518.stm
 “Renewables could Drive EU Market Integration,” EurActiv, June 23th, 2009 http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/renewables-drive-eu-market-integration/article-183407
“Start Planning for Pacific Global Warming Refugees,” The China Post, October 20th, 2009 http://www.chinapost.com.tw/life/environment/2009/10/20/229341/Start-planning.htm
“The New EU Cohesion Policy (2007-2013),” EurActiv, May 21th, 2007. http://www.euractiv.com/en/future-eu/new-eu-cohesion-policy-2007-2013/article-131988
  “WWF Report: Green Industry Create More Jobs,” EurActiv, June 17th, 2009 http://www.euractiv.com/en/enterprise-jobs/wwf-report-green-industries-create-jobs/article-183230
六、參考網站
21世紀能源政策網絡 (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21 Century)
http://www.ren21.net/default.asp
卓越雜誌 (Excellence Monthly)
http://www.ecf.com.tw/index.php
政府間氣候變遷小組政府(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) http://www.ipcc.ch/index.htm
英國石油 (British Petroleum) 
http://www.bp.com
英國政府官網
http://www.number10.gov.uk/
英國環境糧食與鄉村部門 (Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs) http://www.defra.gov.uk
英德基金會 ( Anglo-German Foundation) 
www.agf.org.uk
英國財政部 (HM Treasury) 
http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/home.htm
紐約時報 (The New York Times)
www.nytimes.com
氣候變遷綱要公約資訊網　(Climate Change Taiwan)
http://sd.erl.itri.org.tw/fccc/en/index.html
國家政策發展研究基金會　(National Policy Foundation)
http://www.npf.org.tw/
經濟部溫室氣體減量資訊網 (Greenhouse Office of Ministry Economic Affairs)
http://proj.moeaidb.gov.tw/ghg/TIGO/e_page1-1.asp
歐盟現況 (EurActiv)
http:www.euractiv.com/
歐洲環境總署 (European Environment Agency)
http://www.eea.europa.eu/
歐洲環境局 (European Environment Bureau)
http://www.eeb.org 
國際能源總署 (International Energy Agency)
http://www.iea.org/
歐盟整合文獻 (Archive of European Integration) 
http://aei.pitt.edu/
環境表現指數 (Environmental Performance Index)
http://epi.yale.edu/Home
環境資訊中心 (Taiwan Environmental Information Center)
http://e-info.org.tw/