本論文的主旨在於提倡生態心理學的一個重要理念：也就是說要安撫人心(達到身心平衡的狀態)，我們必需要了解到人的本性與大自然環境之間的關係是密不可分的。為了達到這個目的，我引用了榮格分析心理學的理念輔助說明生態心理學的觀點。榮格對於本我意識結構動向的闡述(榮格的心靈地圖)，提供了一個很好的方向值得我們探索。其中，人類意識層次所能到達的層級包含安索羅波斯(神人/精神層面)、人類、蛇座(蛇/動物)、玄石(石頭意象/四大元素)、及圓極(粒子/純能量)的部份。為了探索生態心理學的主張及榮格對於個性化或個體化(非利己主義)的理念，我選擇了尾關露絲的文學作品作為研究的課題。原因在於尾關露絲的早期作品(1998-2003)涉及到文化(社會)與大自然(動物、植物)之間的衝突(於本論文第二章及第三章探討)。其晚期的作品(2013-2015)在她2010年受戒為禪師後，提升到了一個意識覺醒、較為精神層面的創作(在本文第一章及第五章中討論)。羅賓遜的文學作品也被納入了討論的範圍(第四章)。《綠色地球》這本小說涉及到自然界非有機領域的部分，探討四大元素(水、火、風、土)失衡所帶來的氣候變遷議題，其所造成不可避免的天然災害。簡言之，尾關露絲及羅賓遜的文學作品，透過榮格分析心理學及生態心理學的角度分析，可以使我們從中獲得寶貴的經驗，讓我們內在的心靈世界與外在的大自然環境能夠和平共處，達到永續發展的目標。

The objective of this dissertation is to advocate the theme of Ecopsychology: to heal the soul (that is to maintain the balance between our body and mind), we must understand the interconnectedness between human nature and the nature world. To achieve this goal, I introduce Carl Jung’s psychological approach to Ecopsychology. Jung’s structure and dynamic of the self (Jung’s map of the soul) provides the framework for this dissertation, including the different levels of human consciousness (or the unconscious self) presented in the archetypal images of Anthropos (our spiritual self), Homos (human conscious), Serpens (Snake/Animal relationship), Lapis (stone image/four elements), and Rotundum (molecule/pure energy).
 
Ruth Ozeki’s literary works have been chosen to illuminate the propositions of Ecopsychology and Jung’s concept of Individuation (against Individualism). The reasons are because Ozeki’s early novels from 1998 to 2003 (in Chapters Two and Three of this dissertation) deal with the conflicts between culture (society) and nature (on animals and plants), while her latter works from 2013 to 2015 (in Chapter Five and Chapter One) elevate to the spiritual discourse of self-realization after she was ordained as a Soto Zen Buddhist priest in 2010. Kim Stanley Robinson’s novel Green Earth (2015) is also introduced to explain the inorganic realm of nature, how the imbalance of the four classic elements (fire, water, air, and earth) might well affect climate change causing inevitable natural disasters. 

In short, the Jungian psychological and ecopsychological approaches to works by Ruth Ozeki and Robinson provide invaluable perspectives for us to achieve a sustainable civilization with peace and harmony from both within and without.

Table of Contents

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………1
I. Ecopsychology……………………………………………………………………………………9
II. Jungian Ecopsychology…………………………………….…………………………..……15
III. Jungian Psychology and the concept of the Self…………………………....………20

Chapter One
Ozeki’s The Face: A Time Code and Jungian Psychology’s Spirit (to Homo): the Self …………………………………………………………………………………………………26
I. Intersections with Platonic Idealism / Western Metaphysics…………………..29
II. Intersections with Buddhism………………………………………………………………33
III. The Jungian Psychological Concept of Persona……………………………..……39

Chapter Two
Ozeki’s My Year of Meats: Homo (to Serpens)………………………………..….……48
I. Jungian Psychology: Humans and Society 
(and the Jungian Psychological Concept of Shadow)…………………..…………50
II. Jungian Ecopsychology: Animals and Humans………………………….…………64

Chapter Three
Ozeki’s All Over Creation and Jungian Ecopsychology’s Serpens (to Lapis)  
…………………………………………………………………………………………………72
I. The Mutualism of Human Beings and Plants: Monocultures versus 
Hetero-cultures……………………………………………………………..……………………74
II. Genetic engineering …………………….…………………………………………….………81
III. Accepting (In)Finitude, or Cyclical Being……………………………………………85

Chapter Four
Robinson’s Green Earth and Jungian Ecopsychology’s Lapis (to Rotundum): Climate Change…………………………………………………………………….……………….88
I. Science …………………………………………………………………..…………....…..………99
II. Knowledge and Happiness………………………………..……………………..……….101

Chapter Five
Ozeki’s A Tale for the Time Being and Jungian Psychology’s Rotundum
(back to Anthropos [Spirit]): Suffering, Death, and Rebirth…………………..…107
I. Bullying and Suicide……………………………………………………..……………………110
II. Quantum Mechanics………………………………………………………………………...117

Chapter Six
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..……………………125

Appendices…………………………………………………………………………..……………..136

Works Cited and Further References……………………………………………….…….140

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Further References

Badiner, Allan Hunt, editor. Dharma Gaia: A Harvest of Essays in Buddhism and Ecology. Parallax Press, 1990.

Black, Shameen. “Fertile Cosmofeminism: Ruth L. Ozeki and Transnational Reproduction.” Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism, vol. 5, no. 1, 2004, pp. 226-256.

Chiu, Monica. “Postnational Globalization and (En)Gendered Meat Production in Ruth L. Ozeki's my Year of Meats.” Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory, vol. 12, no. 1, 2001, pp. 99–128.

Clarke, J. J.  Jung and Eastern Thought. Routledge, 1994.

Estok, Simon. “Diethylstibestrol, Ecocriticism, Nation: Ruth Ozeki Goes Where No One Has Gone Before.” Foreign Literature Studies, vol. 32, no. 1, 2009, pp. 34-43. 

Fish, Cheryl J. “The Toxic Body Politic: Ethnicity, Gender, and Corrective Eco-Justice in Ruth Ozeki’s My Year of Meats and Judith Helfand and Daniel Gold’s Blue Vinyl.” MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the U.S., vol. 34, no. 2, 2009, pp. 43–62.

Gaard, Greta. “Vegetarian Ecofeminism: A Review Essay.” Frontiers, vol. 23, no.3, 2003, pp. 117-46. 

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Jung, Carl Gustav. Aspects of the Feminine. Trans. R. F. C. Hull. Princeton UP, 1982.

---. Four Archetypes: Mother, Rebirth, Spirit, Trickster. Trans. R. F. C. Hull. Routledge, 1976.

---. Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Trans. Richard and Clara Winston. Ed. Aniela Jaffe. Pantheon Books, 1963.

---. Psychological Types. Trans. H. G. Baynes. Princeton UP, 1971.

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---. “The Structure and Physics of Mind.” Buddhism and Science, March 2016, pp. 6-16, www.obf.org.tw/article/rab/RAB032_03.aspx

---. “The Yin-Yang Entangled Qi Field—the Scientific Origin of Feng Shui (風水).” Buddhism and Science, September 2017, pp. 40-54, www.obf.org.tw/article/rab/RAB035_04.aspx

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