自第一次世界大戰結束後的巴黎和會召開以來，外高加索地區新成立的三個國家中其二─亞美尼亞與亞塞拜然之間，針對納哥爾諾卡拉巴赫，或稱阿爾扎赫地區，產生領土紛爭。兩國於冷戰結束後重獲獨立，但其分歧不僅未能解決反而越演越烈，造成持續六年的納哥爾諾卡拉巴赫戰爭之爆發。
　　後冷戰時期，世界各地受蘇聯解體之影響，許多前蘇聯勢力範圍因其退出而產生權力真空，促使當地勢力相互爭奪領導權。域外強權如美國、歐盟等試圖以民主、自由、國際貿易等手段影響新興國家，以掌握重要資源、能源與戰略要地。然而，俄羅斯聯邦從蘇聯的廢墟中崛起，雖然能力不比已消逝的蘇聯或目前的超級強權美國，但其對周邊區域，例如東歐、中亞及外高加索地區的掌握能力，畢竟因其國土緊鄰之故，仍舊有莫大的影響能力。
　　亞美尼亞、亞塞拜然與身為衝突標的物的阿爾扎赫，最終接受俄羅斯聯邦調停，簽訂停火協議。此後俄羅斯聯邦持續作為最重要的第三方調停者，與以歐洲國家為主組成的明斯克集團合作，共同推動本衝突的調停進程，試圖終局性地解決此一衝突。然而，此衝突自1988年爆發至今已逾三十年，顯示衝突之解決並不容易。本研究相信，透過深入地探討衝突發生之原因、理解衝突各方之利益、以及第三方調停者的介入動機與策略等等，或許可以展現出1994年為何得以成功簽訂停火協議，而後卻陷入停滯的可能問題。

Since the end of World War I and Paris Peace Conference, two of three newly founded states in Transcaucasia – Armenia and Azerbaijan, had territorial dispute on Nagorno-Karabakh or so-called Artsakh region.  These two nations regained its independence after the Cold War, but their disagreements couldn’t be solved and only flared up more bitter, caused the burst of “Nagorno-Karabakh War” which lasting six years.
　　In Post-Cold War era, due to the dissolution of Soviet Union and decline of its power, there were many power vacuum that made local powers to compete against each other for grasping leadership.  Great powers such as United States, European Union were trying to influence new countries by means of democracy, freedom and international trade, to control important resources, energies, and strategic points.  However, Russian Federation rose from Soviet ruins, though its abilities couldn’t compare to former Soviet Union or superpower like United States nowadays, but still had a good influence over its border regions, such as Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Transcaucasia.
　　Armenia, Azerbaijan and the disputed Artsakh region itself accepted mediation from Russian Federation, finally signed a ceasefire agreement.  After then, Russian Federation as the most important mediator, co-operates with Minsk Group which organized by European countries, and together facilitate mediation process, trying to solve this conflict once and for all.  However, it has been more than thirty years since the conflict exploded, showing that it is not so easy to make a settlement.  This essay believes that, by deeply researching reasons which caused conflict, interests of conflict parties, motives and strategies of third party mediators, can reveal the success of 1994 ceasefire agreement, and possible problems which make mediation trapping into stalemate now.

目錄

圖次..............................................................................................................................VI
表次............................................................................................................................VII

第一章　緒論................................................................................................................1
　第一節　研究背景....................................................................................................1
　第二節　研究動機與目的........................................................................................4
　第三節　文獻檢閱....................................................................................................5
　第四節　研究範圍..................................................................................................19
　第五節　研究途徑與方法......................................................................................21
　第六節　研究架構與章節安排..............................................................................21

第二章　歷史背景研究..............................................................................................23
　第一節　古典時期（8th BCE-476 CE）..............................................................24
　第二節　中世紀（476-1453 CE）........................................................................32
　第三節　近現代（1453 CE-）..............................................................................43
　第四節　小結..........................................................................................................52

第三章　俄羅斯調停進程研究..................................................................................54
　第一節　俄羅斯於六年戰爭期間之調停..............................................................55
　第二節　俄羅斯於六年戰爭結束後之調停..........................................................64
　第三節　俄羅斯作為明斯克集團共同主席國之調停..........................................69
　第四節　小結..........................................................................................................81

第四章　阿爾扎赫案例調停分析..............................................................................84
　第一節　衝突當事國動機分析..............................................................................86
　第二節　俄羅斯介入動機分析............................................................................101
　第三節　俄羅斯權力來源與策略選擇分析........................................................110
　第四節　調停結果之分析....................................................................................121
　第五節　小結........................................................................................................123

第五章　結論............................................................................................................125
　第一節　研究發現................................................................................................125
　第二節　未來研究方向之建議............................................................................128

參考書目....................................................................................................................130














圖次

圖1-1　阿爾扎赫共和國地理位置圖..........................................................................3
圖1-2  研究架構圖....................................................................................................22
圖2-1  外高加索地形圖............................................................................................24
圖2-2  亞美尼亞王國鼎盛時期疆域圖....................................................................27
圖2-3  公元387至591年，外高加索地區邊界線變化圖....................................30
圖2-4  亞美尼亞七王國疆域圖................................................................................37
圖2-5  奇里乞亞亞美尼亞王國疆域圖....................................................................39
圖2-6  公元945年，哈里發帝國高加索區域疆域圖............................................41
圖2-7  公元1481至1683年，鄂圖曼帝國疆域圖................................................44
圖2-8  亞美尼亞、亞塞拜然、阿爾扎赫歷史時序圖............................................53
圖3-1　六年戰爭期間重要城鎮與戰略地點圖........................................................56
圖3-2　四日戰爭主要戰鬥發生地點示意圖............................................................67
圖3-3　明斯克集團成員國示意圖............................................................................69
圖3-4　重要調停事件時序與各國領導人在位期間對照圖....................................83
圖4-1　亞塞拜然能源輸出管線示意圖....................................................................94








表次

表3-1  俄羅斯聯邦重要調停進程時序表................................................................68
表3-2  明斯克集團重要調停進程時序表................................................................80
表4-1  亞美尼亞與亞塞拜然全球軍事化指數比較表............................................96
表4-2  亞美尼亞、亞塞拜然與阿爾扎赫經濟數據比較表（上）........................99
表4-3  亞美尼亞、亞塞拜然與阿爾扎赫經濟數據比較表（下）........................99
表4-4  衝突當事國接受調停動機分析表..............................................................100
表4-5  調停參與國介入調停動機分析表..............................................................110
表4-6　調停者權力來源分析表..............................................................................119
表4-7　調停者策略使用建議表..............................................................................120
表4-8　調停者建議策略與實際策略對照表..........................................................120
表4-9　調停結果評估表..........................................................................................122

參考書目

一、中文資料
（一）書籍
卡羅琳‧芬寇爾（Caroline Finkel）著。鄧伯宸、徐大成譯。《鄂圖曼帝國三部
　　曲1300-1923：奧斯曼的黃粱夢。第一部：帝國視野》。新北：立緒文化，
　　2016年。
卡羅琳‧芬寇爾著。鄧伯宸、徐大成譯。《鄂圖曼帝國三部曲1300-1923：奧斯
　　曼的黃粱夢。第二部：帝國鬆動》。新北：立緒文化，2016年。
布萊恩‧柯洛齊（Brian Crozier）著。林添貴譯。《蘇聯帝國興衰史（上）》。臺
　　北：智庫，2003年。
吳興東著。《土耳其史：歐亞十字路口上的國家》。臺北：三民書局，初版五
　　刷，2011年。
亞歷山大‧溫特著。秦亞青譯。《國際政治的社會理論》。上海：上海世紀出版
　　社，2014年。
拉爾斯‧布朗沃思著（Lars Brownworth）。吳斯雅譯。《拜占庭帝國：拯救西方
　　文明的東羅馬千年史》。北京：中信出版，2018年。
帕特里克‧貝爾福（Patrick Balfour）著。欒力夫譯。《鄂圖曼帝國六百年：土
　　耳其帝國的興衰》。北京：中信出版，2018年。
尚勸余著。《阿拉伯帝國》。北京：中國國際廣播出版社，2014年。
張日銘著。《伊斯蘭世界》。臺北：明文書局，1998年。
陳志強著。《拜占庭帝國通史》。上海：上海社會科學院出版社，初版四刷，
　　2014年。
陳志強著。《拜占庭歷史研究入門》。北京：北京大學出版社，2012年。
麥克‧安斯沃西（Michael Axworthy）著。苑默文、劉宜青譯。《伊朗：從瑣羅
　　亞斯德到今天的歷史》。新北：廣場出版，2018年。
喬納森‧哈里斯（Jonathan Harris）著。龐國慶、昌麗蓉、陳悅譯。《拜占庭簡
　　史》。北京：中信出版，2018年。
愛德華‧吉朋（Edward Gibbon）著。席代岳譯。《羅馬帝國衰亡史》，第三卷。
　　臺北：聯經，初版五刷，2012年。
愛德華‧吉朋著。席代岳譯。《羅馬帝國衰亡史》，第四卷。臺北：聯經，初版
　　三刷，2012年。
諾曼‧斯通（Norman Stone）著。劉昌鑫譯。《土耳其簡史》。北京：中信出
　　版，2017年。
鹽野七生著。徐越譯。《海都物語─威尼斯一千年（上冊）》。北京：中信出版，　　
　　二版四刷，2017年。
（二）期刊
李大中。〈小國調停：挪威與以、巴奧斯陸協商〉。《兩岸與國際事務季刊》，第四卷第一期，2008年，59至103頁。
二、外文資料
（一）書籍
Atabaki, Touraj. Azerbaijan: ethnicity and the struggle for power in Iran. London: I. 
　　B. Tauris Publishers, revised ed., 2000.
Bercovitch, Jacob. “Mediation and Conflict Resolution.” in Jacob Bercovitch, Victor Kremenyuk and I. William Zartman, ed., The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2009, pp. 340-357.
Bercovitch, Jacob. “Mediation in International Conflict: Theory, Practice, and Development.” in I. William Zartman, ed., Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods & Techniques, DC: United States Institute of Peace, revised ed., 2007, pp. 163-194.
Bercovitch, Jacob. “The Structure and Diversity of Mediation in International 
Relations.” in Jacob Bercovitch and Jeffrey Z. Rubin, ed., Mediation in International Relations: Multiple Approaches to Conflict Management. NY: St. Martin’s Press, reprinted, 1994, pp. 1-29.
Bercovitch, Jacob and Allision Houston, “The Study of International Mediation: Theoretical Issues and Empirical Evidence.” in Jacob Bercovitch ed., Resolving International Conflict: The Theory and Practice of Mediation. CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995, pp. 11-36.
Bercovitch, Jacob and Scott Sigmund Gartner. “Is there method in the madness of mediation? Some lessons for mediators from quantitative studies of mediation.” in Jacob Bercovitch and Scott Sigmund Gartner, ed., International Conflict Mediation: New approaches and findings, NY: Routledge, 2009, pp. 19-42.
Bournoutian, George A. A Concise History of the Armenian People: from Ancient 
　　Time to the Present. CA: Mazda Publisher Inc., 5th ed., 2006.
Bournoutian, George A. The 1823 Russian Survey of the Karabagh Province: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of Karabagh in the Early 19th Century. CA: Mazda Publishers, Inc., 2rd printing, 2012.
Bulter, Michael J. International Conflict Management. NY: Routledge, 2009.
Cameron, Averil, “The Byzantine Conquest and Byzantine Rule.” in Averil Cameron, 
　　Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby ed., The Cambridge Ancient History, 
　　Vol. 14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4th printing, 2007.
Cheterian, Vicken. War and Peace in the Caucasus: Ethnic Conflict and the New Geopolitics. NY: Columbia University Press, 2008.
Geukjian, Ohannes. Negotiating Armenian-Azerbaijani Peace: Opportunities, Obstacles, Prospects. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2014.
Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago 
　　Press, 2001.
Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabagh. NY: Human Rights Watch, 1994.
Jafarova, Esmira. Conflict Resolution in South Caucasus: Challenges to International 
　　Efforts. London: Lexington Books, 2015.
Jackson, Richard. “Constructivism and Conflict Resolution.” in Jacob Bercovitch, Victor Kremenyuk and I. William Zartman, ed., The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2009, pp. 172-189.
Kazemzadeh, F. “Iranian Relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921.” in Peter Avery, Gavin Hambly and Charles Melville, ed., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3rd printing, 2007, pp. 314-349.
Kazimirov, Vladimir N. translated into English by Alexei Zverev and Margret Satterwaite. Peace to Karabakh: Russia’s Mediation in the Settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict. Moscow: Ves Mir Publishers, 2014.
Kurkjian, Vahan M. A History of Armenia. NY: Indo-European Publishing, 2014.
Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. NY: 
　　Columbia University Press, 1995.
Thomson, R. W. “Armenia in the Fifth and Sixth Century.” in Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby ed., The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4th printing 2007, pp. 662-677.
Zardabli, Ismali Bey. The History of Azerbaijan: from ancient times to present day. 
　　London: Rossendale Books, 2014.
Zartman, I. William. “Ripeness: The Hurting Stalemate and Beyond.” in Paul C. Stern and Daniel Druckman, ed., International Conflict Resolution after the Cold War. DC: National Academy Press, 2000, pp. 225-250.
Zartman, I. William and Saadia Touval. “International Mediation.” in Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela R. Aall, ed., Leashing the Dogs of Wars: Conflict Management in a Divided World. DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2007, pp. 437-454.
Zartman, I. William and Saadia Touval. “International Mediation in the Post-Cold War Era.” in Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela R. Aall, ed., Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1996, pp. 445-461.
（二）期刊
Balci, Bayram. “Between Sunnism and Shiism: Islam in post-Soviet Azerbaijan.” Central Asian Survey, 2004, 23(2), p. 205-217.
Dragadze, Tamara. “The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict: structure and sentiment.” Third World Quarterly, 1989, 11(1), pp. 55-71.
doi: 10.1080/01436598908420139
Gahramanova, Aytan. “Paradigms of Political Mythologies and Perspectives of Reconciliation in the Case of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict.” International Negotiation, 2010, 15(1), pp. 133-152. doi: 10.1163/157180610X488218
Gül, Murat. “Russia and Azerbaijan: Relations after 1989.” Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 2008, 7(2&3), p. 47-66.
Hamp, Eric P. “The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-
　　Europeanist’s Evolving View.” Sino-Platonic Papers, 2013, 239, p. 1-14.
Imranli-Lowe, Kamala. “The Paris Peace Conference and the Armenian arguments on Garabagh.” Central Asian Survey, 2014, 34(2), pp. 219-236. 
doi: 10.1080/02634937.2014.978628
Kasim, Kamer. “American Policy toward the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict and Implications for its Resolution.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 2012, 32(2), pp. 230-244. doi: 10.1080/13602004.2012.694667
Nuriyev, Elkhan. “Azerbaijan and the European Union: new landmarks of strategic partnership in the South Caucasus-Caspian basin.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 2008, 8(2), pp. 155-168. doi: 10.1080/14683850802117773
Potier, Tim. “Referendum to Determine Nagorno Karabakh’s Final Status: A Critical Appraisal.” Journal of Muslim Minority, 2012, 32(2), pp. 269-276.
Rossi, Daniel. “Caucasian Powder Keg: Ramil Safarov’s Transfer and its Effect on Armenian-Azerbaijani Relations.” Loyala of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 2015, 36(3), pp. 413-446
Souleimannov, Emil, Maya Ehrmann and Huseyn Aliyev. “Focused on Iran? Exploring the rationale behind the strategic relationship between Azerbaijan and Israel.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 2014, 14(4), pp. 1-18.
doi: 10.1080/14683857.2014.967945
Tchilingirian, Hartch. “Nagorno Karabagh: transition and the elite.” Central Asia Survey, 1999, 18(4), pp. 435-461. doi: 10.1080/713656168
Vaserman, Arie and Rami Ginat. “National, Territorial or Religious Conflict? The 
　　Case of Nagorno-Karabakh.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1994, 17(4), pp. 
　　345-362. doi: 10.1080/10576109408435961
Zarifian, Julien. “Christian Armenia, Islamic Iran: Two (Not So) Strange Companions: Geopolitical Stakes and Significance of a Special Relationship.” Iran and the Caucasus, 2008, 12, pp. 123-152. doi: 10.1163/157338408X326244
Zourabian, Levon. “The Nagorno-Karabakh Settlement Revisited: Is Peace Achievable?” Demokratizatsiya, 2006, 14(2), pp. 252-265.
（三）官方組織聲明與文件
Astrakhan Declaration. 2010. https://www.peaceagreements.org/masterdocument/
　　1686
Bishkek Protocol. 1994. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/
Bishkek%20Protocol.pdf
Budapest Document 1994: Toward a Genuine Partnership in a New Era. CSCE, 1994. https://www.osce.org/mc/39554?download=true
Constitution of the Republic of Artsakh. 2017. http://www.president.nkr.am/media/
documents/constitution/Constitution-eng2017.pdf
Dmitry Medvedev’s meeting with President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan. The Russian Government, 2016. http://government.ru/en/news/22513/
Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s comment on the outcome of the meeting between presidents of Russia, Azerbaijan and Armenia on the Nagorno-Karabakh settlement, St Peterburg, June 20, 2016. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2016. http://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_
publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2324697
Foreign Ministry Sergey Lavrov’s opening remarks at meeting with President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, Baku, April 6, 2016. The Ministry of Foreign Affair of the Russian Federation, 2016. http://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_
publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2212053
GECF Annual Statistical Bulletin 2018. GECF, 2018. https://www.gecf.org/
_resources/files/events/launch-of-the-gecf-annual-statistical-bulletin-2018/
gecf-asb-2018-.pdf
Hassan, Hussein D. “Iran: Ethnic and Religious Minorities.” CRS Report for Congress, 2008. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL34021.pdf
Helsinki First Additional Meeting of the CSCE Council. CSCE, 1992.  https://www.osce.org/mc/29121?download=true
Joint press statements of Presidents of Azerbaijan and Turkey. Official web-site of President of Azerbaijan Republic, 2010. https://en.president.az/articles/736/print
Joint Statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Secretary of State of the United States of America and State Secretary for Europe Affairs of France. OSCE, 2016. https://www.osce.org/mg/240316
Lisbon Document 1996. OSCE, 1996. https://www.osce.org/mc/39539?download=
true
Meiendorf Declaration. 2008. https://www.peaceagreements.org/masterdocument/823
Obama II, Barack. “Barack Obama on the Importance of US-Armenia Relations.” Vote Smart, 2008. https://votesmart.org/public-statement/314330/barack-obama-on-the-importance-of-us-armenia-relations&speechType=6#.XNKdxzAzaUk
OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs issue statement. OSCE, 2011. https://www.osce.org/
　　mg/76932
Resolution 884. UNSC, 1993. http://unscr.com/files/1993/00884.pdf
Resolution 1416: The conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference. PACE, 2005. http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/Ref/
Xref-XML2HTML-EN.asp?fileid=17289&lang=en
Sixth Meeting of the Ministerial Council. OSCE, 1997. https://www.osce.org/mc/
40427?download=true
Statement by the OSCE Minsk Co-Chair countries. OSCE, 2009. https://www.osce.org/mg/51152
World Population 2017. UNDESA, 2017. https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/
Files/WPP2017_Wallchart.pdf
Zheleznovodsk Declaration. 1991. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/
files/Azerbaijan_ZheleznovodskDeclaration1991.pdf
（四）非官方組織聲明與文件
Broers, Laurence. The Nagorny Karabakh Conflict: Defaulting to War. Chatham House, 2016. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/
research/NK%20paper%2024082016%20WEB.pdf
Gurbanov, Ilgar. “Karabakh Peace Talks Break Down as Azerbaijan and Armenia Operate at Cross-Purposes.” The Jamestown Foundation, 2019. https://jamestown.org/program/karabakh-peace-talks-break-down-as-azerbaijan-and-armenia-operate-at-cross-purposes/
Military expenditure by country, in constant (2017) US$ m., 1988-2018, SIPRI, 2019.
http://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988%E2%80%932018%20in%20constant%20%282017%29%20USD%20%28pdf%29.pdf
Nagorno-Karabakh: New Opening, or More Peril? International Crisis Group, 2016. https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/azerbaijan/nagorno-karabakh-new-opening-or-more-peril
Parfenov, Evgeni and Renny Nancholas. “The Caucasus – Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia: Emergency and Assistance.” IFRC, 1996. https://www.ifrc.org/docs/
　　appeals/EMERG98/399803.PDF
Wezeman, Pieter D., Aude Fleurant, Alexandra Kuimova, Nan Tian and Siemon T. Wezeman. “Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2017.” SIPRI, 2018. https://
www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-03/fssipri_at2017_0.pdf
（五）網路新聞
Armenia seeks to boost population. BBC News, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/
europe/6382703.stm
Armenia, Azerbaijan Sign Joint Declaration Over Nagorno-Karabakh. RFE/RL, 2008. https://www.rferl.org/a/Kremlin_Hosts_Peace_Talks_Over_NagornoKarabakh/1337420.html
Armenian, Azerbaijani Clashes Continue in Karabakh. RFE/RL, 2010. http://www.
rferl.org/a/Armenian_Azebaijani_Clashes_Continue_In_Karabakh/2078581.html
Azerbaijan inaugurates European gas pipeline. Hürriyet Daily News, 2018. 
http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/azerbaijan-inaugurates-european-gas- pipeline-132528
Azerbaijan Says Shot Down Armenian Military Helicopter. RFE/RL, 2014. https://
　　www.rferl.org/a/armenia-azerbaijan-karabakh-helicopter-down/26687375.html
Azerbaijani Kills Armenian at Peace Program. The Washington Post, 2004. 
　　http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A54979-2004Feb19.html
Belarus Ready to ‘Unite’ With Russia, Lukasheko Says. The Moscow Times, 2019. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/02/15/were-ready-unite-with-russia-belarus-leader-lukashenko-says-a64517
Danielyan, Emil. “Russian State Presence in Armenian Energy Sector Declining.” eurasianet, 2016. https://eurasianet.org/russian-state-presence-armenian-energy-sector-declining
de Waal, Thomas. “Nagorno-Karabakh’s cocktail of conflict explodes again.” BBC News, 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35954969
Fatal Armenian-Azeri border clash. BBC News, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/
europe/7278483.stm
French Senate eyes genocide bill: Turkey bristles. Dawn, 2012. https://www.dawn.
com/news/690249/french-senate-eyes-genocide-bill-turkey-bristles. 
Fuller, Liz. “Armenian, Azerbaijani Presidents Agree On Preamble To ‘Madrid 
　　Principles’.” reliefweb, 2010. https://reliefweb.int/report/armenia/armenian-
　　azerbaijani-presidents-agree-preamble-madrid-principles
Harutyunyan, Mariam and Emil Guliyev. “Azerbaijan, Armenia forces clash as Putin urges ceasefire.” YAHOO!, 2016. https://www.yahoo.com/news/armenia-azerbaijan-fighting-surges-along-karabakh-frontline-090716406.html
Hostage Stand-off in Armenian parliament. BBC News, 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/
2/hi/europe/488383.stm
Huseynov, Javid. “Karabakh Peace Progress Must Be Fully Inclusive.” RFE/RL, 2009. https://www.rferl.org/a/Karabakh_Peace_Process_Must_Be_Fully_
Inclusive_/1812056.html
Jacobs, Frank. “Transnistrian Time-Slip.” The New York Times, 2012. https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/22/transnistrian-time-slip/
Keller, Bill. “Armenia Yielding Claim on Enclave.” The New York Times, 1991. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/23/world/armenia-yielding-claim-on-enclave.
html?scp=1&sq=Armenia%20Yielding%20Claim%20on%20Enclave&st=cse
Lucian Kim. “A New Law in Lativa Aims to Preserve National Language by Limiting Russian In Schools.” NPR, 2018. https://www.npr.org/2018/10/28/654142363/a-new-law-in-latvia-aims-to-preserve-national-language-by-limiting-russian-in-sc
Mejlumyan, Ani. “Armenian ex-president Kocharyan arrested again.” eurasianet, 2018. https://eurasianet.org/armenian-ex-president-kocharyan-arrested-again
Nagorny Karabakh conflict: 109 detainees released. reliefweb, 1996. https://reliefweb.
int/report/azerbaijan/nagorny-karabakh-conflict-109-detainees-released
Nagorno-Karabakh violence: Worst clashes in decades kill dozens. BBC News, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35949991
New Mining Complex Inaugurated in Karabakh. Asbarez, 2016. http://asbarez.com/
143995/new-mining-complex-inaugurated-in-karabakh/
Ohanyan, Anna. “Armenia’s Democratic Dreams.” Foreign Policy, 2018. 
https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/11/07/armenias-democratic-dreams/
Russia styles itself lead mediator in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. EURACTIV, 2016. https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/russia-styles-itself-lead-mediator-in-nagorno-karabakh-conflict/
Russia’s State Duma welcomes Astrakhan declaration on Nagorno-Karabakh. TODAY.AZ, 2010. http://www.today.az/news/politics/75736.html
Soviets Halve Estimate Of Earthquake Deaths. The New York Times, 1988. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/30/world/soviets-halve-estimate-of-earthquake-deaths.html?scp=87&sq=Armenia+Earthquake&st=nyt
Specter, Michael. “Armenians Suffer Painfully in War, But With Pride and Determination.” The New York Times, 1994. https://www.nytimes.com/
1994/07/15/world/armenians-suffer-painfully-in-war-but-with-pride-and-determination.html
Turkey: Mass arrests after coup bid quashed, says PM. BBC News, 2016. https://
www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36813924
Turkey’s downing of Russian warplane – what we know. BBC News, 2015. https://
www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34912581
（六）官方網站
Artsakh Republic National Statistical Service. http://stat-nkr.am/en
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Artsakh. http://www.nkr.am/
Official website of the President of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic. http://www.
president.nkr.am/
Official web-site of President of Azerbaijan Republic. https://en.president.az/
OSCE Minsk Group. http://www.osce.org/mg/
President of Russia. http://en.kremlin.ru/
Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. https://www.armstat.am/en/
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. http://www.mid.ru/
　　main_en
The Russian Government. http://government.ru/en/
The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. https://www.stat.
gov.az/?lang=en
UN Peacemaker. https://peacemaker.un.org/
UNSCR. http://unscr.com/
World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/
（七）其他
Bonn International Center for Conversion. https://www.bicc.de/
Droysens, Gustav. Allgemeiner Historischer Handatlas, Leipzig: Velhagen & 
　　Klasing, 1886. http://www.maproom.org/00/08/present.php?m=0077
Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/
Google Map. https://www.google.com.tw/maps/
Mapchart.net. https://mapchart.net/world.html
Maproom. http://www.maproom.org/
Persus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/
Strabo. ed. H. L. Jones. The Geography of Strabo, Vol. 11, chapter 14 section 5, 
London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1924. http://data.perseus.org/citations/
urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:11.14.5
Shepherd, William R. The Historical Atlas, NY: Henry Holt and Company, 1923.
　　https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/ottoman_empire_1481-
　　1683.jpg
University of Texas Libraries. https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/