系統識別號 | U0002-2306201617133100 |
---|---|
DOI | 10.6846/TKU.2016.00753 |
論文名稱(中文) | 美國境內非法移民對國民所得分配之衝擊 |
論文名稱(英文) | The Impact of Illegal Immigration on U.S. Income Distribution |
第三語言論文名稱 | |
校院名稱 | 淡江大學 |
系所名稱(中文) | 美洲研究所碩士班 |
系所名稱(英文) | Master's Program, Graduate Institute of the Americas |
外國學位學校名稱 | |
外國學位學院名稱 | |
外國學位研究所名稱 | |
學年度 | 104 |
學期 | 2 |
出版年 | 105 |
研究生(中文) | 官詠薪 |
研究生(英文) | Yung-Hsin Kuan |
學號 | 603250118 |
學位類別 | 碩士 |
語言別 | 繁體中文 |
第二語言別 | |
口試日期 | 2016-06-14 |
論文頁數 | 51頁 |
口試委員 |
指導教授
-
柯大衛
委員 - 陳思寬 委員 - 萬哲鈺 |
關鍵字(中) |
非法移民 所得分配 基尼係數 gretl統計軟體 技術性勞工 非技術性勞工 |
關鍵字(英) |
Illegal Immigration Income Distribution Gretl Gini Coefficient Skill Labor Unskilled Labor |
第三語言關鍵字 | |
學科別分類 | |
中文摘要 |
2014年美國境內非法移民為1130萬人,非法移民的移入不僅為美國提供勞動力,使得各產業生產成本降低,卻間接或直接地對社會及治安帶來不容小覷的問題。本研究探討非法移民對美國境內勞工所得分配之影響,首先蒐集各州之非法移民數量,統計時間為8個不同時間點,並利用gretl統計軟體及四種迴歸模型進行數據分析,藉此檢視非法移民與所得分配之間的關聯性。 理論模型指出:非法移民數量增加將會擴大所得分配的差距,實證結果符合先前的理論假設。此外,非法移民的數量確實影響所得分配,但影響之程度在數據上並不明顯,此為研究之重要發現。另外,美國所得分配不均之影響非法移民並非主因,即使迴歸分析闡明了非法移民確實對所得分配有影響,然而影響程度不大,不僅在數據以及整體勞工所得分配皆無顯著影響。因此,非法移民數量的增加並不能解釋美國整體經濟的走勢。 非法移民數量的變動使財富分配不均,促使所得分配的差距程度增加。本研究雖未對勞工對象進行區分,但勞工所得分配不均確實由非法移民數量的增加所造成。對於不同勞工影響程度也不盡相同。實證結果中不論是哪一種迴歸分析,非法移民人口比例若增加10%,四種迴歸模型之基尼係數皆增加大約0.2%,增加幅度並不大,並且四種迴歸分析之信心指數皆為1%水準下非常顯著,代表迴歸分析數據非常可靠。因此,本研究之結果顯示出,非法移民與所得分配確實存在著關聯性,但影響程度在數據上並不明顯,非法移民的流入並無法解釋美國整體經濟。 |
英文摘要 |
In 2014, there are roughly 11.3 million of illegal immigrants in America. They not only provide more labor force but reduce the cost of producing products in every industry; however, they both directly and indirectly bring some problems which should not be underestimated to the society and public security. This study focuses on the impact of illegal immigration to American income distribution. First, we collect the population of illegal immigration of each state. Our statistic time is 8 separately different years, using statistical software gretl and 4 regression models to analyze the data in order to examine the relation between illegal immigration and income distribution.The theoretical model indicates that population of illegal immigrants will increase the gap of income distribution, and the result of empirical model corresponds the previous theoretical model. In addition, illegal immigrants indeed affect the income distribution, but it is not statistically obvious which is an important research finding. Illegal immigration is not the major factor of American income distribution even though the analysis of regression explains that the illegal immigrants truly influence the income distribution; however, both in statistics and the whole labor income are not obviously impacted. Therefore, the increasing of illegal immigrants cannot explain the American economic trend.The change in the number of illegal immigrants causes the uneven income distribution. In conclusion, the entering of illegal immigration cannot explain the whole American economy. |
第三語言摘要 | |
論文目次 |
目錄 III 表目錄 IV 圖目錄 V 第一章 緒論 1 1-1 研究題目 1 1-2 研究動機與目的 5 1-3 研究方法 11 1-4 研究限制 11 第二章 文獻回顧 12 2-1 西文相關移民研究文獻 12 2-2 中文相關移民研究文獻 15 第三章 理論模型 18 3-1 簡介 18 3-2 非法勞工之簡易模型 19 3-3 非法移民之模型歸納 24 3-4 理論總結 27 第四章 實證分析 28 4-1 緒論 28 4-1.1 美國移民的典型化事實 28 4-1.2 勞動力 29 4-2 實證模型 33 4-3 資料來源與研究限制 35 4-4 實證結果之探討 37 4-4.1 混和迴歸模型 37 4-4.2 固定效果模型 39 4-4.3 隨機效果模型 41 4-4.4 組間估計模型 43 第五章 結論 45 參考文獻 47 表目錄 表1-1:移民犯罪依犯罪類型之估計數量與百分比 8 表2-1: 西文相關研究文獻整理表 14 表2-2: 中文相關研究文獻整理表 17 表4-1: 各族群之18-64歲依性別區分之勞動人口百分比 30 表4-3: 2013年非美國國土出生之勞工相對於美國勞工於各行業中所佔之比例 32 表4-4 :混和迴歸分析步驟表 38 表4-5 :固定效果迴歸分析步驟表 40 表4-6 :隨機效果迴歸分析步驟表 42 表4-7 :組間估計迴歸分析步驟表 44 圖目錄 圖1-1:非法移民估計數量變動圖 (1990-2014) 5 圖1-2:美國及移民中產家庭年收入變動圖(1970-2013) 9 圖1-3: 美國及移民貧窮率變動圖(1970-2013) 10 圖3-1合法與非法之非技術性勞工就業市場 19 圖3-2 非法移民之總供給量增加 21 圖3-3:對非法就業之生產者徵收費用(確定性等價模式) 24 圖3-4:PIKETTY對資本實際收益率與生產成長率之示意圖 26 圖4-1: 非法移民人數變動圖(1990-2014) 29 圖4-2:勞倫茲曲線 34 |
參考文獻 |
中文文獻: 閻學通,「中國國家利益分析」,天津人民出版社1997年版,頁10-11。 馮峰 (2008)。拉美裔移民對美國大選的影響及美國移民政策的調整。 梁茂信 (2012)。戰後美國的外來人才與移民:概念、類型與趨勢。 梁茂信 (2013)。外來移民在美國國家利益中的地位演變。 西文文獻: Passel,J.S.&Cohn,D.,2011. Unauthorized Immigrant Population: National and State Trends,2010. Borjas, G.J., George,J.& Hanson, G.H., 2006, Immigration and African-American Employment Opportunities: The Response of Wages, Employment, and Incarceration to Labor Supply Shock. Borjas, G.J., 2013. Immigration and the American worker. Borjas, G.J., “Immigration and the American Worker”, April 2013. Borjas, G.J., 2014. Immigration Economics. Harvard University Press. 期刊資源 Casarico, Alessandra, Giovanni Facchini, Tommaso Frattini,. 2015. Illegal Immigration: Policy Perspectives and Challenges. CESifo Economic Studies, 二月, ifv004. doi:10.1093/cesifo/ifv004. Grisworld, Daniel T.,. 2012. Immigration and the Welfare State. Cato Journal. 32: 159. Kahanec, Martin, & Klaus F. Zimmermann,. 2014. How Skilled Immigration May Improve Economic Equality. IZA Journal of Migration 3. (1): 1–13. doi:10.1186/2193-9039-3-2. Olney, William W.,. 2012. Offshoring, Immigration, and the Native Wage Distribution. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne D’economique. 45 (3): 830–56. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5982.2012.01717.x. Olney, William W.,. 2012. Offshoring, Immigration, and the Native Wage Distribution. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne D’economique. 45 (3): 830–56. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5982.2012.01717.x. Xu, Ping, James C. Garand, Ling Zhu,. 2015. Imported Inequality? Immigration and Income Inequality in the American States. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, Sep, 1532440015603814. doi:10.1177/1532440015603814. 網頁資料 Blau, Francine D., Lawrence M. Kahn,. 2012. 「Immigration and the Distribution of Incomes」. Working Paper 18515. National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w18515. Grundsten, Ronja, 2015. Immigration and Income Inequality in Sweden. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A819935&dswid=9430. Rossvoll, Ellen Marie, & Victoria Sparrman,. 2015. Labor Market Institutions and Wage Inequality in the OECD countries. Discussion Paper 826. Statistics Norway, Research Department. https://ideas.repec.org/p/ssb/dispap/826.html. 2015b. How Immigration Makes Income Inequality Worse in the US. Website. USApp – American Politics and Policy Blog. Oct 14. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/. Jens Manuel Krogstad, Jeffrey s. Passel, 5 facts about illegal immigration in the U.S. July 24, 2015. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/24/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/ Steven A. Camarota, “Immigration’s Impact on U.S. Workers”, November 19, 2009. http://cis.org/node/1582 CBS/AP, “U.S. to let illegal immigrants seek work permit,” CBSNEWS, August 18, 2011. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-to-let-illegal-immigrants-seek-work-permit/ Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA"), U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service. http://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca Executive Actions on Immigration, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service. http://www.uscis.gov/immigrationaction Federation for American Immigration Reform, Illegal Aliens Taking U.S. Jobs (2013). http://www.fairus.org/issue/illegal-aliens-taking-u-s-jobs Legal Information Institute, "8 U.S. Code § 1227 - Deportable aliens. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1227 Federation For American Immigration Reform, "Illegal Immigration is a Crime (2013)". http://www.fairus.org/issue/illegal-immigration-is-a-crime Chapter 3: The Changing Characteristics of Recent Immigrant Arrivals Since 1970, Pew Hispanic Center, September 28, 2015. http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/28/chapter-3-the-changing-characteristics-of-recent-immigrant-arrivals-since-1970/ Chapter 3: The Changing Characteristics of Recent Immigrant Arrivals Since 1970, Pew Hispanic Center, September 28, 2015. http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/28/chapter-3-the-changing-characteristics-of-recent-immigrant-arrivals-since-1970/ U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, Legal Immigration: Setting Priorities, 1995 Legal Immigration Report to Congress, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995, p.31. http://www.utexas.edu/lbj/uscir/exesum95.pdf Jeffrey S. Passel And D’Vera Cohn, Unauthorized Immigrant Population: National and State Trends, 2010 (Pew Research Center 2011). http://www.pewhispanic.org/2011/02/01/unauthorized-immigrant-population-brnational-and-state-trends-2010/ 研究報告: Council on Foreign Relations, U.S. Immigration Policy, (Council on Foreign Relations Press, 2009), p.4. Council on Foreign Relations, U.S. Immigration Policy, P12. |
論文全文使用權限 |
如有問題,歡迎洽詢!
圖書館數位資訊組 (02)2621-5656 轉 2487 或 來信