RFID和GPS這兩種技術分別在室內或室外的定位系統上都有廣泛的應用。我們將整合這兩種技術達成後勤管理的目標，不管送貨人在室內或室外，系統中都能夠即時性顯示送貨人位置，然而無可避免會有換手的情況發生，整個系統對於換手的發生也能真實呈現。就我們所知，這將會是第一個研究，實作RFID和GPS來達成後勤管理的目標。

RFID and GPS are the two technologies that receive significant attention in the field of indoor and outdoor location systems, respectively. In this research, the need of integrating multiple heterogeneous location systems is identified. We propose a hybrid system that combines both RFID and GPS technologies to achieve the goal of true end-to-end logistics management. With our system, the real-time location of a deliveryman can be tracked both indoors and outdoors. More importantly, the deliveryman with a mobile terminal can experience seamless positioning handover between outdoor and indoor environments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that implements RFID and GPS positioning handover in the application of end-to-end logistics management.

第一章	緒論	1
1.1  研究背景和動機	1
1.2  研究目的和重要性	2
1.3  論文架構	6
第二章  相關研究	8
2.1  室內定位技術	8
2.2  室內定位原理	11
2.3  室內定位演算法	16
2.3.1 	Cluster Filtered KNN Scheme	17
2.3.2  LANDMARC	19
2.4   GPS	21
2.5  現有整合式定位技術	25
第三章  研究方法與系統架構分析	29
3.1  系統架構	29
3.2  Handoff機制	30
3.3  系統服務	34
第四章  系統實作	38
4.1  開發工具與環境	38
4.2  系統架構實做	42
4.2.1  Google Map	42
4.2.2  定位系統	45
第五章  結論與未來展望	49
5.1  結論	49
5.2  對未來研究方向	50
參考文獻	51
附錄—英文論文	53
圖目錄：
圖2-1：AOA示意圖	12
圖2-2：使用3個天線做定位	13
圖2-3：雙曲線示意圖	15
圖2-4：Deterministic Training-based Approach	16
圖2-5：KNN定位結果	18
圖2-6：CFK定位結果	18
圖3-1：系統架構圖	30
圖3-2：Handoff的偵測範圍	31
圖3-3：儲存GPS座標的程式介面	35
圖4-1：Mobile Terminal 攜帶的GPS Receiver和RFID Tag	42
圖4-2：RFID Location System	42
圖4-3：定位系統的啟始畫面	45
圖4-4：Mobile Terminal處於室外	46
圖4-5：Mobile Terminal由室外進入室內	47
圖4-6：Mobile Terminal處於室內	47
圖4-7：Mobile Terminal由室內進入室外	48
表目錄:
表2-1：RFID在不同頻率上的應用[9]	10
表2-2：RFID和條碼的比較[9]	11
表2-3：定位環境比較	28
表4-1：RFID定位套件	41
表4-2：GPS格式表	44
表4-3：GPS室外資料表	44

[1]	Tesoriero, R., Gallud, J.A., Lozano, M., Penichet, V.M.R.,” Using active and passive RFID technology to support indoor location-aware systems”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 54 (2), pp. 578-583.
[2]	Bluetooth, https://www.bluetooth.org/
[3]	ZigBee, http://www.zigbee.org/
[4]	GPS, http://www.gps.gov/
[5]	GLONASS, http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/
[6]	Zhihong, T., Jianguo, Z., Jinsheng, Y.,”Location-based services applied to an electric wheelchair based on the GPS and GSM networks “, 2009 International Workshop on Intelligent Systems and Applications, pp.1-4, May, 2009.
[7]	Xiaopeng, C., Donghai, Y., Huan, W.,” Design and Implementation of Logistics Information Terminal Positioning Technology”, 2008 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, pp. 1-4, Oct, 2008.
[8]	He, F., Wang, F.,”Position aware vertical handoff decision algorithm in heterogeneous wireless networks”, 2008 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, pp. 1-5, Oct, 2008.
[9]	RFID的應用, http://www.eettaiwan.com/http://tcit.tzuchi.net/Portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67:rfid&catid=49:rfid&Itemid=91
[10]	悠遊卡, http://www.easycard.com.tw/
[11]	卓尚澤, "室內定位技術簡介", 元智大學老人福祉科技研究中心, http://designer.mech.yzu.edu.tw/article/articles/technical/file/(2009-07-03) 室內定位技術簡介.pdf
[12]	Blumenthal, J., Grossmann, R., Golatowski, F., Timmermann, D.,” Weighted Centroid Localization in Zigbee-based Sensor Networks”, 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing, pp. 1-6, Oct,2007.
[13]	Ma, J., Li, X., Tao, X., Lu, J.,”Cluster filtered KNN: A WLAN-based indoor positioning scheme”, 2008 IEEE International Symposium on A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, pp. 1-8., June, 2008.
[14]	Lionel, M.N., Liu, Y., Lau, Y.C., Patil, A.P., “LANDMARC: Indoor Location Sensing Using Active RFID”, Wireless Networks 10, pp.701–710, 2004.
[15]	NMEA標準格式, http://www.nmea.org/
[16]	Guillemette, M.G., Fontaine, I., Caron, C.,“Hybrid RFID-GPS Real-Time Location System for Human Resources: Development, Impacts and Perspectives”. In Proc. the 41th Hawaii International Conference on System Science, pp. 406-415, Jan, 2008.
[17]	Hansen, R., Wind, R., Jensen, C.S., Thomsen, B., “Seamless Indoor/Outdoor Positioning Handover for Location-Based Services in Streamspin”, In Proc. the 10th International Conference on Mobile Data Management: Systems, Services and Middleware, pp. 267-272., May, 2009.
[18]	Manodham, T., Loyola, L., Miki, T., “A Novel Wireless Positioning System for Seamless Internet Connectivity based on the WLAN Infrastructure”, Wireless Personal Communications, 44(3), pp.295-309. 
[19]	Local Positioning Systems: LBS Applications and Services , Krzysztof W. Kolodziej, Johan Hjelm, CRC Press, 2006.
[20]	Google Map API, http://code.google.com/intl/zh-TW/apis/maps/documentation/reference.html