美國的都市為全美國最基層的行政單位，現今的大部分的大都市已採用強勢市長制度。強勢市長制度雖賦予市長較大的法定權力，市長法定的權力有時也要視府際關係是否能給予更多的權力或是經費而定。市長政績的好壞，仍需視府際關係、市長與企業菁英、社會菁英互動而定，和現實環境而定。

美國幅員廣大，都市治理方式因地而異。本文以底特律黑人市長柯爾曼．揚作為個案的研究。治理聯盟主要是以市長為中心，市長獲得法定權力後，與都市內的企業菁英建立聯盟。對於市長而言，可以鞏固個人的政治勢力。底特律市在1970年代，逐漸面臨逆都市化的挑戰，雖然底特律市政府雖有心轉型成以銀行業為主的的產業，但是底特律市並非聯邦政府銀行重要據點，因此失敗。另一方面，底特律市重要經濟命脈被三大汽車公司(福特、通用、克萊斯勒汽車)所控制；美國汽車工人協會又以工資問題緊勒住三大汽車公司的命脈。因此，柯爾曼．揚市長不得不遵循三大汽車公司(福特、通用、克萊斯勒汽車)建設方針。

然而，任何政策或措施的施行總有一體兩面。雖然，治理聯盟經由談判、利益衝突、到利益交換等過程之後，市長能夠牢牢掌控底特律市區，擺平市區內政治、社會、企業菁英的衝突，彌補黑人先天在政治地位的弱勢。一但市政府無法獲得充足的行政資源，治理聯盟就有土崩瓦解的可能。在1993年，柯爾曼．揚市長在底特律市主要企業菁英、白人、部分黑人菁英不支持下，放棄角逐底特律市長連任的選舉。

In the United States ,City Governments are  considered as primary administrative units, and most of the cities have adopt strong mayor system. Although Strong Mayor System offer mayor much power ,mayor obtain much power  variables depend on intergovernmental relationship ,real condition or budget condition.  Also ,Mayor’s Performance is interactive with political elite, business elite, social elite.

The Studies  objection stress on Detroit Mayor Coleman Young. Governing  coalition is Strength from Mayor. After Mayor obtain Legitimate power ,Mayor may build  governing  coalition ,and  solidify  Mayor’s power .Since 1970s ,Detroit is suffered from counterurbanization trends , Mayor Coleman Young fail to transform Detroit Economy Structure,  because  Ford ,General Mortors, Chrysler Company are dominate Detroit Political Economy Structure. Furthermore, United Auto Worker Union is dominate  Ford ,General Mortors, Chrysler Company structure. Therefore, Mayor Coleman Young must follow Ford ,General Mortors, Chrysler Company’s direction.

Although governing coalition has experienced interests conflict, exchange benefits , negotiate benefits …,and so on. Mayor Coleman Young may dominate political, social,  business elite through  governing coalition. Once Detroit City Government lost abundance budget , governing coalition ,governing coalition had gradually dissolve . In 1993, Mayor Coleman Young gave up reelection.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究範圍與問題 4
第三節 研究方法與研究設計 6
第二章 文獻探討 9
第一節 都市體制 9
第二節 底特律市發展史 13
第三節 底特律市人口結構改變與族群問題 17
第四節 柯爾曼•揚的崛起 20
第三章 柯爾曼•揚市長的法定權力 27
第一節 美國都市權力結構 27
第二節 底特律市憲章與市長權力 34  
第三節 底特律市政府的府際關係 40
第四章 治理聯盟建立之過程 47
第一節 底特律復興中心的興建與底特律河岸區工程 47
第二節 通用汽車公司中央工業園區興建 51
第三節 克萊斯勒汽車公司傑佛遜工業園區興建 62	
第五章 治理聯盟對底特律市的影響 67
第一節 就業問題 67
第二節 減稅與稅收 71
第三節 公共利益 75
第四節 治理聯盟的挑戰 78
第六章  結論 83
參考文獻 89

表目錄

表2-1 底特律市人口數及比例 16
表3-1 1974年底特律市警察局族裔結構 36
表3-2 1991年底特律市警察局族裔結構 36
表3-3 1918年版與1974年版底特律市憲章 39
表4-1 通用汽車公司新建廠房消耗費用 54
表4-2 1980年底特律市政府向聯邦政府申請經費表55
表5-1 底特律市兩大建設案就業機會人數 68
表5-2 底特律市與鄰近郡製造業廠商數與就業機會 68
表5-3 中央工業園區落成後預計各方收入 72
表5-4 1989年底特律市政府收入 74
表5-5 公共與私人行動者在核心事務、價值與策略的差異 79

壹、	中文文獻
王旭，《美國城市史》，北京：中國社會科學出版社，2000年。

王旭，《城市社會的變遷》，北京：中國社會科學出版社，1998年。

王佳煌，《都市社會學》，臺北：三民書局，2005年。

王雲東，《社會研究方法》，臺北：威仕曼文化事業公司， 2007年。

王蘭、劉剛，〈20世紀下半葉美國城市更新中的角色關係變遷〉，《國際城市規劃》
第22卷，第二期，(2007年)，頁24-26。

王輝煌，〈從Clarence N. Stone 的體制政治論民主治理理論〉，《東吳政治學報》，
第25卷第二期，(2007年)，頁1-64。

丘昌泰，《地方政府與自治》，臺北：三民書局，2005年。

江明宜，《都市再發展政策出國報告》，臺北：行政院經濟發展委員會，2006年。

朱浤源，《撰寫博碩士論文實戰手冊》，臺北：正中書局，1999年。
李本京，〈美國強權已慢慢走入歷史〉，《海峽評論》，第221 期，(2009年)，頁19-           24。
何家弘，《當代美國法律》，北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2011年。

林立樹，《美國通史》，臺北:五南出版社，2001年。

姬虹 ，〈美國城市黑人聚居區的形成、現狀及治理〉，《世界民族》，第六期， 
2001年 6月，頁44-52。

紀俊臣，《都市與區域治理》，臺北:五南出版社，2006年。

紀俊臣、陳陽德，《地方民主與治理》，臺北:時英出版社，2007年。

紀鎮江，《美國市議會功能之研究》，碩士論文，淡江文理學院美國研究所，1977         年。
徐和平、李明秀、李慶餘，《公共政策與當代發達國家城市化模式-美國郊區化的經
驗與教訓》。北京:人民出版社 ，2006年。

梁茂信，《都市化時代-20世紀美國人口流動與社會問題》，長春:東北師範大學出版 
社，2002年。

威廉•郝樂威(William V. Holloway )著，劉瓊譯，《美國州政府與地方政府》(臺北:正
中書局 ，1964年。

曾冠球，〈為什麼淪為不情願夥伴〉，《臺灣民主季刊》， 第八卷第四期，2011年，
頁83-113。

喬治•費德克森(George Frederickson)著 ，張成福等譯。《公共行政的精神》，北京:
中國人民大學出版社，2003年。 
                     
趙永茂、孫同文、江大樹，《府際關係》，臺北：元照出版社，2004年。

張金鑑，《美國政府》，臺北：三民書局，1981年。

葉至誠 、葉立誠 ，《研究方法與論文寫作》，臺北：商鼎文化出版社，1999年。

葉瑞芳，《紐約市長朱利安尼治理之研究》，碩士論文，淡江大學美國研究所，2008
年。

愛琳•魯賓(Irene S. Rubin )著，葉麗娟、馬 駿譯 ，《公共預算中的政治、收入與支
出借貸平衡》。北京：中國人民大學出版社，2001年。

鄧育承，《政治機器與政黨之關係:以芝加哥為例》，碩士論文，淡江大學美洲研究 
所，2010年。

羅伯•達爾(Robert .A Dahl)著 ，任元杰譯，《當代政治分析》，臺北：巨流圖書公
司，1988年。

羅瑟爾•史圖(Russell K. Schutt )著，高美英譯《社會研究法－歷程與實務》，臺北：
紅葉文化事業公司，2010年。

羅倫斯•紐曼(Laurence W. Neuman)著，朱柔若譯，《社會研究法－質化與量化之取
向》，臺北：揚智文化事業出版公司，2002年。

貳、英文文獻
Adrian ,Charles R.  Governing Urban America. New York:  Mcgraw Hill  Company 1972.

Adler, Jeffery S. ,ed. African-American mayors: race, politics, and the American city.         Urbana–Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois, 2001.

Babson, Steve. Working in Detroit: The Making of a Union Town. Detroit: Wayne State 
University Press, 1986.
Berry, Brian J.L,ed. Urbanization and Counterurbanization . Beverley, California: Sage 
Publication, 1976 .

Blair, Carole & Dickinson, Greg.  Place of Public Memory : The Rhetoric of Museums 

and Memorials  .Tuscaloosa,Alabama:University of Alabama Press , 2010.

Brickly, Alan. American History. New York: McGraw Hill, 1997.

Browning ,Rufus P . & Marshall, Dale R. &Tabb,David H. Racial Politics in
American  Cities. New York : Longman, 1990. 

Chandler,  Ralph C., ed. A Centennial History of the American Administrative State. 
New York： FreePress, 1988.

Citizen Research Council of Michigan . Powers of the Mayor of the City of Detroit.          Lansing ,Michigan : Citizen Research Council of Michigan ,2001.

Clark, Jim. ”Six  Urban Regime Types: the Effects of State Laws and Citizen
Participation on the Development of Alternative Regimes.”Public Administration, Vol.25,No.1 (2001),pp. 3-48.

Clemens, Paul. Made in Detroit.  Detroit ,Michigan :Anchor publishing ,2006.

Dahl, Robert A.Who governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Heaven , Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1961.


Darden , Joe T.Race and Uneven Development. Philadelphia, Pennelvensila:
Temple University  Press,1987.

Davis ,Jonathan S and Imbroscio ,David L. ,ed., Theory of Urban Poltics. Los Angeles: Sage 
Publication ,2009. 

Dempsey, Dave. William G. Milliken:Michigan Passionate Moderate. Ann Arbor,Michigan:     University of Michigan Press ,2008. 

Digaetano, Alan. & Klemanski, John S. Power and City Goverance: Comparative Perspectives
on Urban Development. Minneapolis ,Minnesota: University of Minnesota, 1998. 

Digaetano, Alan  and Lawless, Paul.” Urban Governance and Industrial Decline:
Governing   Structures and Policy Agendas in Birmingham and Sheffield, England, and
Detroit ,Michigan: 1980-1997 . ”Urban Affairs Review , Vol. 34, No. 4(1999) ,pp.546-577.

Elkin, Stephen. City and regime in the American Republic. Chicago: University of 
Chicago Press, 1987.

Ewen , Lynda A . Cooperate Power and Urban Crisis in Detroit. Princeton, New Jersey: 
Princeton University Press, 1978.

Fainstein ,Susan  S. ,ed . Restructuring the City: The Political Economy of Urban 
Redevelopment .   New York: Longman , 1986

Farley,  Reynolds.  Detroit Divided.  New York：Russell Sage Foundation Press, 2000.


Ford, Jenice M. City of Detroit City Charter Revision Commission.  Detroit : Detroit 
City  Government ,2011 .

Gray ,Virginia. & Eisinger, Peter. American states and cities.New York : HarperCollins,1997.
 
Hall, Leda M. and  Hall, Melvin F.  ” Detroit’s Urban Regime: Composition and  
Consequence.” American Review of Sociology , Vol. 152,No.2(1993) ,pp.19-37

Harding, Alan.  “Urban regimes and growth Machines: Toward a cross – national 
research agenda." Urban Affairs Quarterly, No.29 (1994),pp.256-82.

Herman, Max A. Fighting in the Streets: Ethnic Succession and Urban Unrest in Twentieth-Century America. New York : Peter. Lang Company,2005.

Holli ,Melvin G.  The American mayor: the best & the worst big-city leaders Poltics.

University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press ,1999.

Hyde ,Charles K, Riding the Roller Coaster: A History of the Chrysler Corporation.
Detroit :Wayne State University Press ,2003.

Jefferson, Lucius. New perspectives in American politics. New Brunswick, New Jersey: 
Transaction Publishers , 2004.
  
Jane Myer. “ Rites for Henry Ford II ;Active in Struggles for Civil and Human Rights.”
Jet,    October  19,1987. pp.12-14.


Jo, Hyung J.Regional Restructuring and Urban Regimes:A Comparison of the Pittsburgh and 
Detroit Metropolitan Areas. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Michigan :University of Michigan,2002.

Jones ,Bryan D. & Bachelor ,Lynn W.  The Sustaining Hand : Community Leadership
And Cooperate Power .Laurence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 1993. 
 
Judd, Dennis R. , Swanstrom ,Todd.City Poltics . New York: Longman: 2008.

Kantor ,Paul . Savitch ,Hank & Haddock, Serena V. “The Political Economy of Urban 
Regime:”A Comparative Perspective.”Urban Affairs Review,No.32(1997),pp.348-377. 
     
Kaufman, Burton I. The Carter’s Year.New York: Infobase Publishing, 2006

Lacey ,Robert. Ford: The Man and the Machine .Boston: Little Brown Company ,1986.

Lugar,Stan ,Cooperate Power ,American Democracy ,and the Automobile Industry.
Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Mackey, Sandra. The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation .New York : 
Plume Books, 1998.

Michigan Supreme Court. Poletown Neighborhood Council V. City of  Detroit.  Lansing
Michigan:  Michigan Supreme Court, 1981.

Orr,Marison E. and Stroker, Gerry.”Urban Regimes and Leadership in Detroit . ”Urban
    Affairs Review, Vol. 30(1) ,No.2(1994) ,pp.48-73.


Pelissero ,John P. Cities ,Politics & Public Policy Cooperative Analysis.Washington, 
DC: Congress Quarter Presss ,2003.

Rich,  Wilbur. C. Coleman Young and Detroit Politics: From Social Activist to Power

Broker. Detroit: Wayne State University Press ,1989.

Ross , Bernard H. & Levine , Myron  A. Urban Politics: Power In Metropolitan America.
Belmont, California: Thomson Higher Education,2006. 

Savitich ,Hank V.& Thomas ,John.C. ,ed.,Big City Poltics Transition . Newbury,
California: Sage  Publication,1990.

Schultz, David A. Property, Power, and American Democracy .Newbruswick,
New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1992.

Schultz, William A. Urban and Community Politics. Belmont, California: Duxbury Press,  
1980.
Schmandt, Henry J.&Goldbach,John C. &Vogel, Donald B. Milwaukee: A Contemporary
Urban  Profile .New York: Praeker Publish, 1971 .

Shaftitiz, Jay.M.& Hyde ,Albert C. ed, Classics Public Administration . Pacific Grove 
, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company,1992.

Shaw ,Todd. Now is the time: Detroit Black Politics and Grassroots Activism ,  
Durham, North Carolina : Duke University Press ,2009. 


Snipe ,Tracy D. ” The Role of African American Males in Politics and Government.” The
ANNALS of the American Academy,  Vol. 30(1) ,No.3(2000) ,pp.10-28.

Sorauf, Francis J. “The Public Interest Reconsidered.”Journal of  Political  Science,
Vol.19,No.4. (1957), pp. 616-639.

Stone , Calarence N. Regime Policy ：Governing Atlanta ，1946-1988. Laurence,
Kansas:  University of Kansas, 1989.

Stone , Calarence N. Power in the city: Clarence Stone and the Politics of Inequality.
Laurence,Kansas: University  of Kansas Press,2005.

                 “Preemptive power :Floyd Hunter’s Community Power Structure
Reconsidered.”American Journal of  Political Science ,Vol .32 , No.1. (1988), pp.            88-92.

                  ” Urban Regimes and the  capacity to Govern. ”Journal of Urban
Affairs , 569 (1) ,No.1(1993) ,pp.1-28.

Swanstorm, Todd . Growth Politics: Cleveland, Kucinich, and the Challenge of Urban 
Populism. Philadelphia, Pennselvenia, Temple University Press,1988.

Thompson,  Heather A. Who’s Detroit? : Politics,  Labor,  and Race in a modern 
American City. New York: Cornell University Press,2004.
  
Vexler, Robert I.,ed. Detroit:  A Chronological & Documentary History 1701-1976.
Dobbs Ferry,New York:Oceana Publications,1977.

Wassmer, Robert W., ed .Readings in Urban Economics: Issues and Public Policy.
Malden, Massachuset: Blackwell Publishing , 2000. 

Williams , Margo. ”Detroit’s Coleman Young Carves Up A Shrinking Economy Pie.” the 
Crisis,  March ,1990, pp.12-16.

Williams , Margo.” What Happened when the Police Department Goes from  White to 
Black?”  the Crisis,    December  1991, pp.15-17 .

Wylie, Jeanie.  Poletown: Community Betrayed. Urbana-Champaign, Illinois:  University 
of Illinois  Press ,1990.

Young, Coleman. Hard Stuff: The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young.  New  York:
             Viking ,1994.

Young, Coleman. The Quotations of Mayor Coleman A. Young . Detroit :Wayne  State
University Press ,2005.

參、網路資料
李本京，〈棒球、蘋果派還有雪佛蘭?〉演講，清華大學西階梯教室，北京，2009
年4月2日。清華大學中美關係研究中心，〈http://www.chinausa.org.cn/news/ 
news.php?i=UXZmQyRCJWM4MHhWQ00kYVRS〉(Rethrived  2012/9/1)

Citizen Research Council of Michigan ,” Effects of Population on Major Revenue 
Sources  In Detroit.”  Citizen Research  Council of Michigan . 1989,
〈http://crcmich.org/PUBLICAT/1980s/1989 /rpt291.pdf〉(Retrieved  2012/09/19)


Citizen Research Council of Michigan ,”Executive Branch Organization.” Citizen 
Research Council of Michigan .1993, 〈http://www.crcmich.org/PUBLICAT/1990s/1993
/rpt31007.pdf〉(Retrieved  2012/08/15)

Eisensten,Paul A. ” 1,700 Chrysler Workers Put In Final Day At Detroit Plant. ” Chicago 
Tribune.February 3 ,1990,
〈http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-3/business/9001100122_1_jefferson- avenue-plant-detroit-plant-assembly-plant〉 (Retrieved 2012/9/19 )

GilChrist, Brenda J. “Detroit Race Riot ,50 years today, still seems too near .” Crime in 
Detroit.1993,〈http://crimeindetroit.com/Documents/Detroit's%201943%20Race% 20Riot,%2050%20Years%20Ago.pdf 〉(Rethrived 2012/8/6)

Moreno,Paul.” Poletown Neighborhood Council V. Detroit . ”Michigan Supreme Court 
Historical Society.2009, 〈 http://www.micourthistory.org/pdfs/ MSC_Mar_ Poletown.pdf〉 (Rethrived 2012/9/19)

Myer ,Jane. “The Nation ”, Los Angles Times . August 4,1988, 
〈http://articles.latimes.com/1988-08-4/news/mn-10172_1_casino-gambling〉            (Rethrived 2012/8/30)

Myer ,Jane. “CRIME: A Sad Day for Detroit's Finest.  ”  Times . June 3,1991,〈http:
//www.time.com/times/magazine/article/0,9171,973064,00.html〉(Retrieved 2012/7/22 )   
      
U.S. Bureau of the Census . " Population  of  the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban 
 Place  in The United  States : 1790 to 1990. ” U.S. Bureau of the Census . 1998,
 〈 http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentationtwps0027/tab01.txt〉
 〈 http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentationtwps0027/tab08.txt〉
 〈 http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentationtwps0027/tab010.txt〉
 〈 http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentationtwps0027/tab013.txt〉
 〈 http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentationtwps0027/tab017.txt〉
 〈 http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentationtwps0027/tab018.txt〉          
 〈 http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentationtwps0027/tab019.txt〉       
 〈 http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab20.txt〉    
 (Retrieved  2012/04/07)

U.S. Bureau of the Census .” U.S. Census of 1950.” U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1951,
〈http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1950.html〉(Retrieved 2012/04/07)
         
U.S. Bureau of the Census .” U.S. Census of 1960.” U.S. Bureau of the Census.1961,
〈http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1960.html〉( Retrieved 2012/04/07)  
       
 U.S. Bureau of the Census .” U.S. Census of 1970.” U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1971,
〈http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1970.html〉( Retrieved 2012/04/07)

 U.S. Bureau of the Census .” U.S. Census of 1980.” U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1981,
〈http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1980.html〉( Retrieved  2012/04/07)
 U.S. Bureau of the Census,”U.S. Census of 1990.”  U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1991,
〈http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1990.htm〉( Retrieved 2012/04/07)
     
U.S. Bureau of the Census”Profile of General Detroit Demographic Characteristics: 2000,” U.S. Bureau of the Census,2001,〈http://censtats.census.gov/data/MI/1602622000.pdf〉(Retrieved 2013/01/10)   

U.S. Bureau of the Census”Profile of General Detroit Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010  ”〈http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages /productview.xhtml?src=bkmk〉(Retrieved 2013/01/10) 
       
Vega, Vivian.” Governor Anounces Agreement  on 1.8 Billion in Chrysler Projection . ” 
Associated  Press .September 9 ,1986 . 
〈http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1986/ Governor-Announces-AgreementProjects 
 /Projects/id-40beafab4775bfd71251e96ae29e87ee〉  (Retrieved 2012/09/19)

Wayne  State University Center For Urban Studies .”Detroit Crime Barometer.” 
Wayne  State University Center For Urban Studies.2005, 
〈http://www.cus.wayne.edu/content/publications/Detroit%20Crime%20Barometer%
 20October%2020 05.pdf〉(Retrieved   2012/04/05)  

Ward, George E. "Detroit Charter Revision-A Brief History.” Citizen Research  Council of  Michigan.1993, 〈 http://www.crcmich.org/PUBLICAT/1990s/1993/rpt31002.pdf〉 (Retrieved  2012/04/07)