近年京都議定書即將於2012年到期，為儘速達成新的國際排放減量協議，UNFCCC於2007年起便展開後京都時期的氣候協商，重要議題包含2012年後減量目標、調適資金、碳交易以及技術移轉等，而在2009年底哥本哈根會議中，由美國等五國協商出的哥本哈根協定並不具法律規範之性質，而在該協定的擬定過程中，美國一直扮演著相當重要的主導角色，故美國後京都時期的動向普遍受到國際關注。
若從美國歷年相關立法來看，其潔淨空氣法（CAA）在Massachusetts v. EPA訴訟案後雖已納入溫室氣體管制，但因溫室氣體的影響層面過於廣泛，並不適合規範作為管制溫室氣體的主要規範，而美國總統歐巴馬在2008年上任後宣布將制訂新的能源與氣候政策作為其任內最優先執行的政策，為回應其綠色新政，眾議院及參議院分別在2009年提出新的氣候法案-美國潔淨能源與安全法（ACES）與潔淨能源工作與美國電力法（CEJAPA），兩法規範即使略有差異，皆不脫離氣候變遷調適措施與潔淨能源科技發展等架構，配合再生能源使用標準（RPS）與再生燃油標準（RFS）的實施，將可協助美國有效達成減量目標。
若從UNFCCC與美國之間的互動關係來看，因UNFCCC爭議問題遲遲無法解決，且美國後京都時期之主張容易引起已開發及開發中國家的對立，故美國須藉雙邊或多邊協談方式緩和兩方衝突，以促進UNFCCC協議的達成，此外，後京都時期UNFCCC協議的達成將對美國新氣候法造成影響，因此，美國可在後京都協商中積極推廣其氣候法的優點，並結合自身主張立場來影響國際氣候談判的結果，以利美國未來氣候法的進一步發展。

Recently the Kyoto Protocol would be expired at the end of 2012, in order to reach a new agreement of global emission reduction, the post-Kyoto negotiations under UNFCCC have been held since 2007. The major issues include reduction targets after 2012, adaptation fund, carbon trade and technology transfer. The 2009 conference was held in Copenhagen, Denmark. After the conference, delegates approved the Copenhagen Accord, which was discussed by U.S. and other four developing countries, is not legally binding. Even so, the America played an important role in the negoitation process, and most countries around the world usually pay attention to U.S. movements during the post-Kyoto negotiation period.

For the past years, the U.S. Clean Air Act（CAA）regulate greenhouse gas after Massachusetts v. EPA, however, the CAA is not appropriate to regulate greenhouse gas because the influence of greenhouse gas emission is extensive. In 2008, the U.S. President Obama announced that he would set a new energy and climate policy as a top priority during his presidential terms. To respond to Obama’s green policy announcement, the House of Representitives and Senate set two climate laws, American Clean Energy and Security Act（ACES）and Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act（CEJAPA）in 2009. Although these two laws have many different regulations, they both have a framework about climate mitigation, adaptation and clean energy technology development. If the U.S. government operate the framework with renewable portfolio standards（RPS）and renewable fuel standards（RFS）, they would reach their redution target effectively.

Focusing on the interation between UNFCCC and U.S., the dispute of UNFCCC could not be settled and the U.S. position on climate change would lead to some conflict between developed and developing countries. To reach an agreement among both side, U.S. must use bilateral or multilateral negotiation ways to mitigate the conflict between developed and developing countries. Besides, the UNFCCC agreement in post-Kyoto period may have some influnces on U.S. new climate law. If the U.S. can promote the advantages of their new climate law and stand their climate position to effect the result of the post-Kyoto negotiation, the U.S. new climate laws may be carry out more smoothly.

目錄
第一章 序論	1
第一節	研究背景與動機	1
第二節	研究目的	3
第三節	研究方法與架構	4
第四節	研究限制	6
第五節	名詞定義	7
第二章	後京都時期UNFCCC之發展	9
第一節	聯合國氣候變遷綱要公約（UNFCCC）	9
第二節	京都議定書（KYOTO PROTOCOL）	16
第三節	京都議定書執行概況	24
第四節	後京都時期UNFCCC協商之進展	33
第五節	小結	45
第三章 美國空氣污染管制規範	46
第一節	潔淨空氣法規範（CAA）	46
第二節	MASSACHUSETTS V. EPA	57
第三節	CAA之未來發展	64
第四節	小結	67
第四章 美國潔淨能源規範與措施	68
第一節	美國歷年能源政策法	68
第二節	美國潔淨能源標準	75
第三節	美國潔淨能源與安全法	82
第四節	潔淨能源工作與美國電力法	95
第五節	小結	107
第五章　UNFCCC與美國之互動與未來發展	108
第一節	後京都時期UNFCCC爭論之問題	108
第二節	美國後京都時期之主張立場	114
第三節	後京都時期UNFCCC與美國主張立場之關聯與互動	118
第四節	UNFCCC協議對美國未來氣候法之影響與發展	122
第五節	小結	127
第六章 結論與建議	128
第一節	研究結論	128
第二節	研究建議	130
第三節	後續研究之建議	131
參考文獻	132

圖目錄
圖1-1 1961-1990年全球均溫、海平面及北極白雪積雪變化圖	1
圖1-2 全球氣溫異常圖	2
圖1-3 研究架構圖	5
圖4-1 再生能源發電之來源範疇	76

表目錄
表2-1 聯合國氣候變遷綱要公約締約國之分類	13
表2-2 京都議定書下各國GHG減量目標(1990年排放為準)	17
表2-3 新大綱二氧化碳削減對策	28
表2-4 後京都時期聯合國氣後變遷會議與對話	41
表2-5 附件一國家中程減量目標（2020年以前）	43
表2-6 開發中國家中期減緩行動（2020年前）	44
表3-1 潔淨空氣法對運輸部門之排放管制	53
表4-1 美國各州再生能源使用之目標	77
表4-2 再生電力標準年度目標	82
表4-3 排放權拍賣後的所得分配	92
表4-4 潔淨能源工作與美國電力法溫室氣體減量目標（2005年排放水準）	99
表4-5 美國排放額度拍賣收益之用途與分配額度	104
表4-6 美國潔淨能源與安全法與潔淨能源工作與美國電力法規範差異	105
表5-1 後京都時期聯合國氣候變遷綱要公約議題與美國主張之關聯表	119

一、中文部分
（一）中文書籍
1.李叢禎，我國推行碳排放交易之要件與利基，生物能源、CDM計劃及排放交易研討會論文集，臺北出版，2007年11月。
2.托梅因、卡達希，美國能源法，台北：法律出版，2008年1月。
3.索尼雅‧拉巴特、羅德‧尼懷特, 碳交易：氣候變遷的市場解決方案，台北：財信出版，2008年3月。
4.唐風，新能源戰爭，台北：大地出版，2009年4月。

（二）期刊與論文
1.王登楷，聯合國第13屆氣候變化綱要公約大會紀要，綠基會通訊期刊，2008年4月，頁2-3。
2.呂學都，聯合國氣候變化大會進展及展望，世界環境期刊，第1期，2009年1月，頁21-23。
3.林子倫，後京都氣候談判的五大難題，能源報導期刊，2009年10月，頁9-13。
4.林子倫，哥本哈根會議後的全球氣候政治趨勢，能源報導期刊，2010年2月，頁9。
5.李堅明，美國「能源法案」及「租稅抵減」，能源報導期刊，2006年11月，頁8-9。
6.李涵茵，淺談碳捕捉及封存，能源報導期刊，2007年12月，頁15。
7.李堅明，COP14/MOP4發展與台灣啟示，能源報導期刊，2009年2月，頁9-13。
8.李堅明，國際推動低碳社會之策略與經驗，能源報導期刊，2009年6月，頁5-7。
9.李綱信，近年來世界主要國家新能源政策及對臺灣之啟示，臺灣經濟金融月刊，第44卷，第10期，2009年，頁38、44。
10.吳煌、黃啟峰，聯合國氣候變化綱要公約第十三屆締約國大會暨京都議定書第三屆締約國會議，UNFCCC資訊報導期刊，第50期，2007年12月，頁1。
11.徐怡雯，2008，歐盟能源政策研究（1997-2007），台北：淡江大學歐研所碩士論文。
12.張家澤，評析日本京都議定書執行對策，NRF Research Report，2002年9月，頁7。
13.楊達鑫，全球再生能源發展對我國之啟示，台灣經濟金融月刊，第45卷第5期，2009年5月，頁79。
14.楊斐喬，日本新大綱發展概況，住商部門溫室氣體電子報，第4期，工研院環安中心，2005年5月。
15.簡慧貞、胡文正、呂鴻光，溫室氣體減量及碳排放交易路線，碳經濟期刊，第12期，2009年2月，頁39-40。

二、英文部份
（一）英文期刊
1.Amy C. Christian（1992）, Designing A Carbon Tax: The Introduction of the Carbon-Burned Tax（CBT）, 10 UCLA J. ENVTL. L. & POL’Y 221, *233, p.7.
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3.Anita M. Halvorssen（2005）, Sustainable Development and Smart Energy: The Kyoto Protocol and Developing Countries-The Clean Development Mechanism, 16 COLO. J. INT'L ENVTL. L. & POL'Y 353, *364, p.6.
4.Andrew Schatz（2008）, Discounting the Clean Development Mechanism, 20 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 703, *708, p.3.
5.Ann E. Prouty（2009）, The Clean Development Mechanism and its Implications for Climate Justice, 34 Colum. J. Envtl. L. 513, *521, p.4.
6.Andrew Schatz（2009）, Learning From The European Union, Japanese, And Canadian Kyoto Experiences in Crafting a Superior United States Climate Change Regime, 70 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 593, p.13.
7.Arnold W. Reitze（2009）, Federal control of CO2 Emission: what are the options?, 36 B.C. Envl. Aff. L. Rev.1,*38-49, p.17-21.
8.Dr. Bruno Zeller（2009）, Systems of Carbon Trading, 25 Touro L. Rev. 909, *921, p.12.
9.D. Bart Turner and Chris J. Williams（2009）, In the Issue: Law in A Changing Climate, 70 ALA, LAW.358, p. 4.
10.David Montgomery & Robert Baron（2009）, Impact on the Economy of the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009, CRA International, p.3-5.
11.David Takacs（2009）, Forest Carbon Offsets, Climate Change Adaptation, and International Law, 15 Hastings W.-N.W. J. Env. L. & Pol'y 39, *54, p.8.
12.Daniel Bodansky（2010）, The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference: A Post-Mortem, p.7.
13.Justin Stolte（2006）, The Energy Policy Act of 2005: The Path to Energy Autonomy?, 33 J. Legis. 119,*128-137, p.6-10.
14.Joshua P. Fershee（2008）, The Impact of a National Renewable Portfolio Standards on the U.S. Energy Industry, 29 Energy L. J. 49, *72, p.12.
15.John R. Crook（2008）, U.S. Positions in International Climate Change Negotiations, 102 A.J.I.L. 164, *165, p.2.
16.Jody Freeman & Andrew Guzman（2009）, Climate Change and U.S. Interests, 109 Colum. L. Rev. 1531, *1598, p.29.
17.Joseph A. Siegel（2010）, Collaborative Decision Making on Climate Change in the Federal Government, 27 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 257, *310, p.54.
18.Kenneth G. Lieberthal（2009）, The U.S.-China Clean Energy Cooperation: The Road Ahead, Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, p.5.
19.Kyle Ingram & Matt Irwin（2009）, Exploring How Today’s Development Affects Future Generations Around the Globe: Feature: Poznan Cliamte Conference 2008, 9 Sustainable Dev. L. & Pol’y 15, p.2.
20.Kenneth R. Richards & Stephanie Hayes Richards（2009）, U.S. Senate Climate Change Bills in the 110th Congress: Learning by Doing, 33 Environs Envtl. L. & Pol'y J. 1, *83, p.47.
21.Lorelyn Hall（2005）, Focus on Climate Change: Report: Technology Transfers Under the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2005 COLO. J. INT'L ENVTL. L. & POL'Y 59, *61, p.3.
22.L Bossley & A Kerr（2007）, Climate Change and Emissions Trading: What Evergy Business Needs to Know, Consilience Energy Advisory Group Limited, Loden, p.51.
23.Lindsay F. Wiley（2009）, Healthy Planet, Healthy People: Integrating Global Health into the International Response to Climate Change , 24 J. Envtl. L. & Litig. 203, *216, p.14.
24.Lindsay F. Wiley（2009）, Integrating Global Health into the International Response to Climate Change, 24 J. Envtl. L. & Litig. 203, *220, p.7.
25.Maxine Burkett（2008）, Just Solutions to Climate Change: A Climate Justice Proposal for a Domestic Clean Development Mechanism, 56 Buffalo L. Rev. 169, *183, p.8.
26.Robin J. Lunt（2007）, Recharging U.S. Energy Policy: Advocating for a National Renewable Portfolio Standard, 25 UCLA J. Envtl. L. & Pol'y 371, *371, p.1.
27.Reuven S. Avi-Yonah and David M. Uhlmann（2009）, Why a Carbon Tax in Better Response to Global Warming Than Cap and Trade, 28 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 3, *4, p.2.
28.Rachael Rawlins & Robert Paterson（2010）, Sustainable Buildings and Communities: Climate Change and the Case for Federal Standards, 19 Cornell J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 335, *339, p.4.
29.Rolf H. Weber & Aline Darbellay（2010）, Regulation and Financial Intermediation in the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism, 22 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 271, *303, p. 33.
30.Rachael Rawlins & Robert Paterson（2010）, Sustainable Buildings and Communities: Climate Change and The Case for Federal Standards, 19 Cornell J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 335, *371, p.37.
31.Raymood J. Kopp（2010）, U.S Climate Policy and The Shape of International Agreements, February, p.4.
32.Ryan Vanden Brink（2010）, Competitiveness Border Adjustments in U.S. Climate Change Proposals Violate GATT: Suggestions to Utilize GATT's Environmental Exceptions, 21 COLO. J. INT'L ENVTL. L. & POL'Y 85, *111, p.11.
33.Stephen Silard （1994）, The Global Environment Facility: A New Development in International Law and Organization, 28 G.W. J.I.L.& E. 607, *633, p.27.
34.Shelley Welton（2008）, Building a National Renewable Energy Policy, 17 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 987, *1001, p.7.
35.Sam Headon（2009）, Sustainable Development under the Kyoto Protocol, the "Coldplay Effect," and the CDM Gold Standard, 20 COLO. J. INT'L ENVTL. L. & POL'Y 127, *138, p.5.
36.Stephen Kho & Bernd G. Janzen & Holly M. Smith（2009）, Border Adjustment Measures in Proposed U.S. Climate Change Legislation-A New Chapter in American’s Leadership on Climate Change?, 9 Sustainable Dev. L. & Pol'y 12, *18, p.10.
37.Steven Ferrey（2010）, The Failaure of International Global Warming Regulation to Promote Needed Renewable Energy, 37 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 67, *80, p.7.
38.Sol Oyuela & Liz Gallagher（2010）, Copenhagen－What Happened and Where Now?, CAFOD Climate Policy , p.1.
39.Tan Kai Liang（2009）, From Kyoto to Post-2012: The Implications of Engaging China for Environmental Norms and Justice, 17 U. Balt. J. Envtl. L. 33, *42, p.5.

（二）英文法規
1.Amy Abel, Electricity Restructuring Background: The Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 and the Energy Policy Act of 1992, Environment and Natural Resources Division, CRS Report for Congress, May 4 1998.
2.Amy Abel & Jon Shimabukuro Electricity Restructuring Bills: A Comparision of PURPA Provisions, RS 20146, April 7, 1999.
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4.Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. 7401, Public Law 91-604, 84 Stat. 1676, April 22, 1970.
5.Clean Air Act Amendents of 1990 , 42 U.S.C. 7407, Public Law101-549, 104 Stat. 2468, November 15, 1990.
6.Council Decision of 25 April 2002 concerning the approval, on behalf of the European Community of Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfillment of commitments thereunder, (2002/358/CE) OJ L 130/1,May 15, 2002.
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10.Commend on Energy and Commerce, Discussion Draft Summary: The American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009.
11.Directive 2001/77/EC, on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market, 27 September, 2001.
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13.Directive 2003/30/EC, Europa－on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport, May 8, 2003.
14.Directive 2003/87/EC, Europa－establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, October 13, 2003.
15.Directive 2003/96/EC, restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity, October 27, 2003.
16.Directive 2009/28/EC, Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 January 2008 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, May, 2009.
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52.The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Senate, National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Bill 2007－Revised Explanatory Memorandum, 2007, p.5.
53.The EU climate and energy package, L 140, Volume 52, June 5, 2009.
54.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change（UNFCCC）, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107, May 9, 1992.
55.U.S. House of Representatives, American Clean Energy and Security Act 2009, H.R. 2454, 111th Congress, June 26, 2009.
56.U.S. Senate , Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act 2009, S.1733, 111th Congress, September 30, 2009.
57.U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act, S. 1733 in the 111th Congress, November 5, 2009.

三、參考網址
1.EUROPA：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/
2.National Council for Science and the Environment：http://ncseonline.org/
3.聯合國氣候變遷綱要公約網站（UNFCCC）：http://www.unfccc.com.
4.跨政府氣候變遷研究小組官方網站（IPCC）：http://www.ipcc.ch/
5.美國環境保護署（EPA）：http://www.epa.gov/
6.聯合國環境規範署：http://www.unep.fr/en/
7.日本環境署：http://www.env.go.jp/
8.澳洲氣候變遷管理署：http://www.climatechange.gov.au
9.美國國務院：http://www.state.gov/
10.國際能源總署（International Energy Agency, IEA）：http://www.iea.org/