1994年新加坡、馬來西亞、印尼三國簽署正式共同備忘錄，成立著名的「南成長三角」或稱「東協南部成長區」，Macleod和McGee (1996)認為此區域已足以被視為以新加坡為核心、而馬來西亞柔佛州和印尼廖內群島為擴張區的新加坡擴張型都會區。只是都會區「擴張」所指涉的實質內容在文獻中尚未定論，而且根據不同的研究目的，制定殊異的操作型定義。基於新加坡擴張型都會區的構成地區分屬三個不同發展階段的國家，此跨國性質應可引用Tsai和Tsay (2004)建構的「投資-移動-發展路徑」(IMDP)架構進行分析，該架構擷取資本與勞動力在東亞各國間試圖達到要素報酬均衡的經驗，說明境外直接投資、國際勞工移動與經濟發展階段之間的連結關係。本研究在方法上將跨國都會區的「擴張」定義為境外直接投資與國際勞工移動兩項生產要素在構成地區之間的移動，探討新加坡擴張型都會區的擴張過程。
　　研究發現，基於構成地區所屬國家對於因應失去勞動剩餘優勢的策略偏好，以及這些策略之間的不完全替代性，導致新加坡擴張型都會區的擴張內容隨著發展進程產生規模與性質上的變遷。在新加坡-柔佛端的擴張，由於馬來西亞在發展上已經進入境外直接投資與國際勞工移動的存量皆為淨輸入的階段，柔佛對新加坡輸出勞工已經不如新加坡對柔佛的直接投資在擴張過程中的重要性，在新加坡-廖內群島這端的擴張之中，無論是廖內群島對新加坡的勞工輸出或是新加坡對廖內群島的直接投資，短期之內將持續保有相當程度的重要性。除此之外，從新加坡擴張型都會區的實際經驗，我們也發現包括:產業保護對象、天然資源稟賦、從事非貿易產品生產和服務供給的中小企業規模、構成地區之間的距離和產業結構相似性、中央與地方政府之間的政治關係在內的因素，都是影響各構成地區在IMDP架構之中的位置和形態的實際變項。

Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia signed an official MOU symbolizing the establishment of South Growth Triangle or ASEAN South Growth Area in 1994. Macleod and McGee (1996) considered that the entire growth area which consists of the core area (Singapore) and the extended area (Johor and Riau Islands) is qualified to be named Singapore Extended Metropolitan Region. However, little consensus has been reached on the definition of “extended” activity. Researchers set up differential operational definitions according to various purpose. As the constituent areas of Singapore Extended Metropolitan Region belong to nation states at different stages of development respective. The Investment-Migration-Development Path (IMDP) developed by Tsai and Tsay (2004) appears to be a suitable framework for analyzing the extended activity of transnational metropolitan. The IMDP highlights the foreign direct investment (FDI), international labor migration (ILM) and economic development nexus observed in the East Asia, by focusing on the outcomes of market forces generated to equilibrate factor rewards across countries at different stages of development. The working definition of the extended activity of a metropolitan region adopted by this research is that the extended activities are FDI and ILM across constituent areas. This study tried to analyze the extended process of metropolitanization by utilizing the working definition mentioned before.
  To sum up, a bias of strategies toward labor shortage and incomplete substitution between them induced extended activities of metropolitan to have transformation in scope and quality. On the one hand, owing to the fact that Johor has reached the developmental stage the stocks of its net inward FDI and ILM were both positive. Labor migration from Johor to Singapore was no more than direct investment from Singapore to Johor in significance. On the other, both labor migration from Riau to Singapore and direct investment from Singapore to Riau continue to possess significant influence. According to the experience of Singapore Extended metropolitan Region, it was also found that other variables including protected industry, natural resource endowments, scale of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises engaged in non-tradable goods production and service supply, distance and similarity of industrial structure between constituent areas, political relation between central and local government, jointly determined the shape and position of the FDI and ILM curves in IMDP.

第一章 序論	1
第一節 問題意識	1
第二節 研究設計	6
第三節 相關理論回顧	9
第四節 「投資-移動-發展路徑」(IMDP)分析架構	14
第二章 經濟發展	18
第一節 新加坡—發展型城市國家	18
第二節 柔佛—馬來半島南部成長中心	22
第三節 廖內群島—從礦業重鎮到自由貿易區	27
第三章 境外直接投資	33
第一節 新加坡的高附加價值產業分工願景	33
第二節 柔佛電子業彈性積累生產制度	37
第三節 廖內群島的投資政策試行	44
第四節 涓滴效應在擴張區的迷思	49
第四章 國際勞工移動	52
第一節 新加坡的外國勞動力管制對策	52
第二節 柔佛在國際勞工移動體系的角色變遷	56
第三節 國際與國內勞工移動在廖內群島的交會點	62
第四節 本地與外地人口的利益衝突	67
第五章 結論	70
參考文獻	75
圖目錄
圖 1-1：東亞主要經濟體占美國商品貿易進口市場之結構	2
圖 1-2：新加坡擴張型都會區地理位置圖	5
圖 3-1：1980年-2008年新加坡境外直接投資之存量變遷	35
圖 3-2：1980年-2008年馬來西亞境外直接投資之存量變遷	38
圖 3-3：1980年-2008年印尼境外直接投資之存量變遷	46
表目錄
表 1-1 : 論文研究之問題、目的性質與時間面向	8
表 2-1：1980年-1990年新加坡製造業勞工之月薪成長與生產力、附加價值之變遷 (%)	19
表 2-2 : 1960年-1995年新加坡國內生產毛額貢獻結構, 按行業類別 (%)	20
表 2-3：1970年-1995年馬來西亞就業人口之變遷, 按產業類別 (%)	22
表 2-4：1970年-2005年柔佛與馬來西亞之經濟與人口成長情形	24
表 2-5：1970年-1990年柔佛與馬來西亞之國內生產毛額貢獻結構, 按行業類別 (%)	26
表 2-6：1971年-1980年印尼的就業變遷情形, 按產業類別	28
表 2-7：1971年和1972年廖內省生產毛額貢獻結構, 按行業類別 (%)	30
表 2-8：2002年-2007年巴譚經濟特區發展指標	32
表 3-1：1980年2008年新馬印三國境外直接投資存量年平均成長率 (%)	36
表 3-2：1965年-1995年新加坡製造業產品輸出結構, 按要素強度區別 (%)	37
表 3-3：1982年-2003年柔佛輸入境外直接投資之流量, 按來源國家區別(以百萬美元計)	40
表 3-4：1990年柔佛製造業輸入境外直接投資情形, 按產業類別	41
表 3-5：1995年-2003年新加坡擴張型都會區製造業外國直接投資之產業結構(%)	42
表 3-6：1967年-1981年准入境外直接投資分布情形, 按產業類別	45
表 3-7：1980年-1992年巴譚輸入境外直接投資之存量, 按來源國家區別(以百萬美元計)	48
表 4-1：1968年-2000年新加坡外國勞工之人口數與占勞動力之比率	54
表 4-2：1990年-2000年新加坡外國勞工之組成結構, 按行業類別	55
表 4-3：1991年和2000年馬來西亞非公民人口之分布情形, 按州屬	60
表 4-4：1985年-2004年馬來西亞外國勞工之人口數與占勞動力之比率	62
表 4-5：1983年-1997年印尼勞工主要移動目的國之流量與所占比率	63
表 4-6：1985年-1999年印尼勞工海外匯回以及平均年薪	65

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